🚀 go-pugleaf

From article <1526@castle.ed.ac.uk>, by db@lfcs.ed.ac.uk (Dave Berry):
> [...]                                                       Are there
> any languages in which it is possible to ensure that  Real + Real  calls
> Real.+ and any combination of Reals and Complexes calls Complex.+ , without
> having to define all cases explicitly?

NEMESIS is an experimental language here which can do that.  Although
not explicitly intended to be Object Oriented, NEMESIS has several
features which make generic funcions (at least) easier to write and use.

The declaration of complex plus '+' might look something like this:

   Class Number is (integer, real, complex)

   Infix commutative associative operator '+' is
   Complex inline function Complex_Plus(Number::x, Complex::y)
      Complex_Plus.real = complex(x).real + y.real
      Complex_Plus.imag = complex(x).imag + y.imag
   End Complex_Plus

Since NEMESIS is based (loosely) on Fortran, the declaration syntax
for variables and functions puts the typename first.  Class isn't
like class in OOP, it is just a way of giving a name to a set of data
types so that generic programs can be coded more simply.  Note that
the degree to which the function is polymorphic is bounded since
only those types in the definition of Number are allowed as operands.
This may sometimes be useful.  If you disagree, then the first
operand (x) could have been declared as Object instead of Number
and then any type operand would be permitted.  There is a certain danger
in this because Complex(x) must also accept whatever type is passed,
and the result must have .real and .imag components, and those components
must be able to be added to reals.

Note that the operator is declared as commutative so that the non-complex
operand will always be matched to the first argument to the function.
If both operands are complex, the order of operands is irrelevant (the
compiler assumes this).  The complex(x) function is also generic and
is the no-op if x is already complex.

The function will be expanded inline (provided the operand types are known
at compile time and that the module containing the complex '+' definition
is available to the compiler).  If late binding must occur, the function
will be called as an external.

The above is not actually the declaration of Complex in NEMESIS since
there are more Number types than those given and there are more attributes
that operators and functions can be given.  Still, this is the bare
bones of the matter.

J. Giles