🚀 go-pugleaf

In article <22569:05:10:24@stealth.acf.nyu.edu> brnstnd@stealth.acf.nyu.edu (Dan Bernstein) writes:
>I'm bored, it's a cloudy day, and I can't stand Ada.

>So what do you want in a compiled, imperative, perhaps object-oriented
>language? Take C as a starting point for good ideas and feel free to
>use parts of any other language. Remember: This isn't Ada. If it gets
>too complicated, trash it. Simple is beautiful. Modular design is
>beautiful. And above all, remember that this is going to be a language
>people can actually like.

Ok, I'll bite.  Here's a compiled language I'd like to see:

(1)	No semicolons.
(2)	Except for end of line comments.  /* These comments are evil */
(3)	Block structure indicated by indentation level:

		while a!=b
			int q		; Multi-line body
			q=z*5
			r+=foo(q)
		q=6

		while a!=b r=foo(z*5)	; Single line body
		q=6

		if a==b c=d
		
		if a==b
		  c=d
		  r=500
		else
		  q=r
		  s=t

		etc.

	So that you can blocks in single lines, [ and ] can also be used to
	indicate block structure in the conventional way.

(4)	Overloadable AND definable operators
(5)	All characters allowed in symbols.  For example, a typical definition
	might be:

		int :^&%&^*?: = 8

	This is so that operators can be defined.  There shouldn't be seperate
	character sets for operators and identifiers.  I.E., instead of
	detecting the end of identifiers with the presence of operator or
	whitespace characters, the longest possible string which can be
	a symbol is deteced:

		if these are symbols:

			abc
			def
			abcdef

		then when the input sees:

			abc	; abc is recognized
			abcdef	; abcdef is recognized
			defabc	; def is recognized and then abc is recognized

	This requires that special seperators be used to delimit symbols in
	declarations (or wherever they first appear).  Perhaps to save typing
	there might be a default identifier character set which doesn't
	require these delimiters.

	Symbol recognition should occure before constant recognition.  I.E.,
	this way you can define:
	
			int :4: = 5	; Make 4 equal to 5

(6)	Nifty C declarations which allow one type to be shared among multiple
	declarations each of which might have an initializer.

		Bad:
			it	: integer;
			this	: integer;

		Good:

			int it = 7, this = 5, that = 0, theother = 10

(7)	However, the convoluted C declaration system needs to be replaced:

		instead of:
		
			int **foo[]   an array of pointers to int pointers
			
		do this:

			[] * * int foo

(8)	Eliminate arrays.  They arn't needed.  Use pointers and macros
	instead.

(9)	For constants:

		$hex
		decimal
		%binary
		'c'		; Character
		'abc'		; String

		(sorry, no octal.  You could do it with 0777 but that's gross)

	These are equivelent strings:

		'a' \ 'b' \ 'c' \ 13 \ 10 \ 0
		'abc' \ 13 \ 10 \ 0
	
	I.E., no escape sequences needed.  Strings are just integer constants
	concatenated together.  And constant expression can be used in these
	constants soo:
	
		const int CR = 13
		const int LF = 10
		const int EOS = 0
	
		'abc' \ CR \ LF \ EOF
	
	I would prefer ',' for the concatenation character but it's needed
	elsewhere.

(10) Standard operators.  Grouped together in equal precidence:

	( )	Precidence
	[ ]	Block and precidence

	`	Get symbol from previous scope level (C++'s '::')

	@	Get object at address  (C's '*')
	#	Return address of object (C's '&')
	.	Member selector.  No need for '->'.  Why does C do use ->
		anyway?

	~	Bit-wise not
	-	Negate
	sizeof	Size of argument on right
	base	Distance between member indicated on right and base address
		of structure

	>> <<	Shift right and shift left

	*	Multiply
	/	Divide
	//	Modulous
	&	Bit-wise and

	+	Add
	-	Subtract
	|	Bit-wise or
	^	Bit-wise exclusive or

	= += -= |= ^= *= /= //= &= >>= <<=	Assignments
	&&= ||=
	: +: -: |: ^: *: /: //: &: >>: <<:	Assignments which work the
	&&: ||:					the other way:

						a += b	means add b to a
							and return the result

						a +: b	means add b to a but
							return the original
							value of a

	== >= <= != > <		Comparison

	!			Logical not
  
	&&			Logical and

	||			Logical or

(11)	Blocks return the last value generated:

		a = [ int q q=r r=t t=q ]	; a gets r

(12)	Statements return their last value:

		a = if b==c 500 else 1000	; if b equals c a gets 500
						; otherwise it gets 1000

	(This way, there is no need for the '?:' operator)

(13)	Like C++, declarations can be made anywhere.
(14)	Statements

		if expr expr
		else expr
		do expr until expr
		while expr expr
		return			(C's 'return expr' is 'expr return' in
					 this language)
		break
		continue
		goto expr		(gotos take code addresses)

(15)	Structure and code generation rules:

		int	a
		int	b
		
		these are always right next to each other and a is at
		a lower address.  (GNU C actually puts b at a lower address)
	
		The rules for this are the same as in structures
		
		Structure members are placed in the order they appear in
		the defenition- they are never sorted.  Bytes are first packed
		and then padded on machines with alignment problems.  I.E.,

			typedef IT
			 int a
			 char b
			 char c
			 char d
			 int e

		(oh did I mention that there is no 'struct' symbol?  Use
		typedef and blocks instead)
		
			b c and d are all in one integer.  that integer has
			1 extra byte of padding in it.

(16)    Basic types should be:

		int expr	; a signed of at least expr bits
		uint expr	; an unsigned integer of at least expr bits

	A set of macros might be used for the machine standard types.

(17)	More types shit:

		const		; for addressable constants
		inline		; for small non-addressable constants
				; (and inline functions)
		register	; non-addressable variable
				; fully addressable variable (blank)
		macro		; same as inline but with no type checking

		op LEFT RIGHT RETURN	; an operator or function
					; LEFT indicates left-side arguments
					; RIGHT indicates right-side arguments
					; RETURN is the return type

		op void RIGHT RETURN	; This is a traditional function

(18)	There should be a symbol for the automatic conversion stuff.  This
	way you can control how conversions can work:
	
		op void NSTRING s int CONVERT = atoi(s.text)

	This overloads the converion function CONVERT to allow automatic
	conversion from NSTRINGs (string with a number in it, say) to
	integers.

(19)	prec SYMBOL expr	sets the precidence of operator SYMBOL to
				expr (a number).

(20)	In this function, the right argument is a pointer to a string (s is an
	address of (#) a character (int 8)) and returns a 32 bit integer. 
	When it's called you actually give it an address.

		op void # int 8 s int 32 atoi =
		 ...

	This defines the '+=' operator.  a is a reference to an int.  When you
	call it you put a variable on the left as usual:  x += y  but the
	function will actually receive the address of the variable:
	
		op @ int 32 a int 32 b int :+=: =
		 @a = @a + b

	(and this is the '+:' operator)
	
		op @ int 32 a int 32 b int ::=: =
		 int 32 tmp
		 tmp=@a		; Remember original value of left side
		 @a = @a + b	; Add
		 tmp		; Return original value

	There should also be a modified so that the '@' is automatically
	assumed in the function (I.E., like pointers in pascal):

		op ref @ int 32 a int 32 b int ::=: =
		 int 32 tmp
		 tmp=a		; don't need @a since 'ref' is there
		 a = a + b
		 tmp

(21)	More about structures

		- Classes == structures
		- There should be a word 'inherit' which copies the contents
		  of the indicated structure defenition into the new one.
		  I.E.:
		  
		  typedef me
		   int a
		   int b
		  
		  typedef you
		   inherit me
		   int c

		  is the same as
		  
		  typedef you
		   int a
		   int b
		   int c

			- Inherits with clashing members are not allowed.  Use
		  instances instead.

		- Function arguments are really structures.  If a function
		  returns a structure, that structure is placed on the stack,
		  not a in a global variable. 

		- Member functions are indicated in function declarations.
		  There should be another type qualifyer which indicates a
		  function gets a pointer to the structure and all members of
		  that structure look like local variables to the function.

		- To get the instance.message form, function pointers should
		  be used in the structure.

		- There should be a way to indicate default structure values
		  for when structures are created.  Possibly this could be
		  done in a constructor/destructor system.

(22) Named arguments.  You should be able to call a function in two ways:
	func(10,20,30)	; position arguments
	func(`a=20, `c=30, `b=20)	; argumnents are specifically named


There's much, much more to do and there are problems with what I have.  But
this is the way my ideal language should sort of look like.  The general goal
is to make it both one step above assembly language and completely extendable.
-- 
            "Come on Duke, lets do those crimes" - Debbie
"Yeah... Yeah, lets go get sushi... and not pay" - Duke