🚀 go-pugleaf

CUCH, ISWIM, OWHY", Dana Scott, Oxford U 1969.  "Introduction to the CUCH",
C. Bohm et al, in Automata Theory, E.R. Caianiello ed, A-P 1966, pp.35-65.

Culler-Fried System - System for interactive mathematics.  Sammet 1969,
p.253-255.

CUPID - Graphic query language.  "CUPID: A Graphic Oriented Facility for
Support of Nonprogrammer Interactions with a Datablase",  N. McDonald, PhD
Thesis, CS Dept, UC Berkeley 1975.

CUPL - Cornell University Programming Language.  Simple math problems,
based on CORC, with PL/I-like syntax.  "An Instruction Language for CUPL",
R.J. Walker, Cornell U, Jul 1967,

CWIC - Compiler for Writing and Implementing Compilers.  Val Schorre.  One
of the early metacompilers.  (cf. Meta-II).

CYBIL - Control Data's system programming language in the 80's.  Major
parts of CDC systems written in this.

CYCL - Frame language.  "Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems", D.B.
Lenat et al, A-W 1990.

CypherText - Interactive language for text formatting and typesetting. 
"CypherText: An Extensible Composing and Typesetting Language", C.G. Moore
et al, Proc FJCC 37, AFIPS (Fall 1970).

D - 

  1. "The Data Language."  MS-DOS 4GL.

  2. A Haskell-like language, with type classes.
info: polar@cs.syr.edu

DACAPO - Broad-range hardware specification language.  "Mixed Level
Modelling and Simulation of VLSI Systems", F.J. Rammig in Logic Design and
Simulation, E. Horbst ed, N-H 1986.

DACTL - Declarative Alvey Compiler Target Language.  U East Anglia.  An
intermediate language.  "DACTL - A Computational Model and Compiler Target
Language Based on Graph Reduction", J.R.W. Glauert et al, ICL Tech J 5(3)
(1987).  Version: Dactl0.  (see Lean, Parallel SML).

Daisy - Functional.  "Daisy Programming Manual", S.D. Johnson, CS Dept TR,
Indiana U, 1988.

DAISY 201 - Early system on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

DAPLEX - "The Functional Data Model and the Data Language DAPLEX", D.W.
Shipman, ACM Trans Database Sys, 6(1):140-173 (Mar 1981).

DARE - Differential Analyzer REplacement.  A family of simulation languages
for continuous systems.  "Digital Continuous System Simulation", G.A. Korn
et al, P-H 1978.

Darms - Music language.  "The Darms Project: A Status Report", R.F.
Erickson, Computers and the Humanities 9(6):291-298 (June 1975).

Dartmouth BASIC - Term for the original BASIC by Kemeny & Kurtz.

DAS - Digital Analog Simulator.  Represents analog computer design.

DASL - Datapoint's Advanced System Language.  Gene Hughes.  A cross between
C and Pascal with custom features for Datapoint hardware (no stack), used
internally by Datapoint.

Data/BASIC - Also known as Pick BASIC.  A BASIC-like language with database
capabilities, the main programming language on the Pick OS.  "The
Data/BASIC Language - A Data Processing Language for Non-Professional
Programmers", P.C. Dressen, Proc SJCC 36, AFIPS (Spring 1970).

DATABUS - DATApoint BUSiness Language.  Like an interpreted assembly
language, used for custom applications on Datapoint machines.

DATACODE I - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
(May 1959).

Data Structures Language - MAD dialect with extensions for lists and
graphics, on Philco 212.  "A Compiler Language for Data Structures", N.
Laurance, Proc ACM 23rd Natl Conf 36 (1968).

DATA-TEXT - Harvard.  Numerical computations in the Social Sciences. 
"DATA-TEXT Primer", D.J. Armor, Free Press 1972.

DataVis - Dataflow language for scientific visualization.  "Data Flow
Visual Programming Languages", D. Hils, J Vis Langs and Comput, Dec 1991.

dBASE - Language used by the dBASE system.  First release was dBASE II, ca
1980.  (There never was a "dBASE I")  Later versions: dBASE III, dBASE
III+, and dBASE IV.

DBC - Data-parallel Bit-serial C.  SRC, Bowie MD.  Based on MPL.
info: maya@super.org

dBFAST - dBASE dialect for MS-DOS, MS-Windows.

DBPL - Procedural language with relational database constructs.  A
successor to Pascal/R and Modula/R.  "DBPL Report", J.W. Schmidt et al,
DBPL-Memo 111-88, Fachbereich Informatik, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universitaet, Frankfurt, Germany, 1988.

dBXL - dBASE-like interpreter/language for MS-DOS from WordTech, Orinda,
CA.

DCALGOL - Data Communications ALGOL.  A superset of Burroughs Extended
ALGOL used for writing Message Control Systems.

DCDL - Digital Control Design Language.  A language for simulating computer
systems.  "DCDS Digital Simulating System", H. Potash et al, Proc FJCC 35,
AFIPS (Fall 1969).

DCG - A variant of BNF.

DCL - 

  1. DIGITAL Command Language.  The interactive command and scripting
language for VAX/VMS.

  2. Delphi Common LISP.  An implementation of Common LISP that has been
used as a basis for CLOS.

DDL - 

  1. "A Digital System Design Language" (DDL)", J.R. Duley, IEEE Trans on
Computers c-17(9):850-861 (Sep 1968).

  2. M. Urban, C. Kostanick et al, UCLA Computer Club.  An adventure
language, the forerunner of ADL.

  3. Data Definition Language.  Specification language for a database based
on the entity-relationship model.  Used in the Eli compiler-compiler to
manage type definitions.  "DDL Reference Manual", ECE Dept U Colorado,
1991.

DDM - Dataflow language.  "The Architecture and System Method of DDM-1: A
Recursively Structured Data Driven Machine", A. Davis, Proc 5th Ann Symp
Comp Arch, IEEE 1978.

DEACON - Direct English Access and CONtrol.  English-like query system. 
Sammet 1969, p.668.

Delirium - An embedding coordinate language for parallel programming,
implemented on Sequent Symmetry, Cray, BBN Butterfly.  "Parallel
Programming with Coordination Structures", S. Lucco et al, 18th POPL,
pp.197-208 (1991).

Delta - J.C. Cleaveland 1978.  Expression-based.

Delta-Prolog - Prolog extension with AND-parallelism, don't-know
nondeterminism and interprocess communication using synchronous event
goals.  Distributed backtracking.  "Delta-Prolog: A Distributed Logic
Programming Language", L.M. Pereira et al, Intl Conf 5th Gen Comp Sys, Nov
1984.

DEMON - Program generator for differential equation problems.  N.W.
Bennett, Australian AEC Research Establishment, AAEC/E142, Aug 1965.

Design System language - J. Gaffney, Evans & Sutherland 1976.  Interpretive
FORTH-like language for 3-D graphics databases.  Earliest forerunner of
both Interpress and PostScript.  Mentioned in "PostScript Language
Reference Manual", Adobe Systems, A-W 1985.

DETAB - DEcision TABle.  A. Chapman, 1964.  Decision table preprocessor for
COBOL.  Sammet 1969, p.315.  Versions: DETAB 65, DETAB X.

DETOL - Directly Executable Test Oriented Language.  Simple language to
control a specific type of test equipment.  "Improved DETOL Programming
Manual for the Series 5500 Automatic Test System, Pub. 5500-31-0-1, AAI
Corp. (Sep 1973).

DFC - Dataflow language.

DG/L - 

  1. Descriptive Geometry Language.  Early CAD/CAE language, used light
pen.  "Interactive Graphic Consoles - Environment and Software", R.L.
Beckermeyeer, Proc FJCC 37 (1970).

  2. Data General ca 1973-1974.  Derivative of ALGOL 60, developed from
DG's Algol-5, used as the systems language under AOS and RDOS for the DG
Eclipse family of computers.  Replaced by PL/I in the early 80's.  Data
General manual 093-000229-01.

DIALOG - Illinois Inst Tech, 1966.  Interactive math using graphics tablet. 
"DIALOG: A Conversational Programming System with a Graphical Orientation",
S.H. Cameron et al, CACM 10:349-357 (1967).  Sammet 1969, p.255-258.

DIAMAG - An interactive extension of ALGOL.  Sammet 1969, p.195.

Diamond - One of five pedagogical languages based on Markov algorithms,
used in "Nonpareil, a Machine Level Machine Independent Language for the
Study of Semantics", B. Higman, ULICS Intl Report No ICSI 170, U London
(1968).  (cf. Brilliant, Nonpareil, Pearl[3], Ruby[2]).

DIANA - Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada.  Goos & Wulf,
CMU 1981.  A de facto standard intermediate representation for Ada
programs.  A tree-structured representation with an abstract interface
defined in IDL.  Resulted from a merger of AIDA and TCOL.Ada.  "DIANA - An
Intermediate Language for Ada", G.T. Goos et al, LNCS 161, Springer 1983.

DIBOL - DIgital Business Oriented Language.  DEC for RT-11.  FORTRAN syntax
with BCD arithmetic.

Dictionary APL - The standard version.  "A Dictionary of the APL Language",
K. Iverson, Pub 0402, Sharp Assocs, Toronto, 1985.

Dijkstra's guarded command language - Edsger Dijkstra, ca. 1974. 
Introduced the concept of guards and committed choice [=don't care]
nondeterminism.  Described and used in "A Discipline of Programming", E.
Dijkstra, P-H 1976.

DIMATE - Depot Installed Maintenance Automatic Test Equipment.  For
automatic equipment tests, on RCA 301.  "A Simple User-Oriented Source
Language for Programming Automatic Test Equipment", B.H. Scheff, CACM 9(4)
(Apr 1966).  Sammet 1969, p.647.

Dino - Data parallel language, a superset of C.  "Dino: Summary and
Examples", M. Rosing et al, "Third Conf on Hypercube Concurrent Computers
and Appls", pp. 472-481, ACM 1988.
ftp: ftp.cs.colorado.edu:pub/cs/distribs/dino

Disiple - DSP language.  "A Compiler that Easily Retargets High Level
Language Programs for Different Signal Processing Architectures", J.E.
Peters & S.M. Dunn, Proc ICASSP 89, pp.1103-1106, (May 1989).

Dislang - "Dislang: A Distributed Programming Language/System", C. Li et
al, Proc 2nd Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1981, pp.162-172.

Distributed Eiffel - "Distributed Eiffel: A Language for Programming Multi-
Granular Distributed Objects on the Clouds Operating System", L. Gunaseelan
et al, IEEE Conf Comp Langs, 1992.

Distributed Processes - (Also "DP").  First concurrent language based on
remote procedure calls.  "Distributed Processes: A Concurrent Programming
Concept", P. Brinch Hansen CACM 21(11):934-940 (Nov 1978).

Distributed Smalltalk - "The Deisgn and Implementation of DIstributed
Smalltalk", J. Bennett, SIGPLAN Notices 22(12):318-330 (Dec 1980).

DL/1 - Query language, linear keyword.

DMAD - Diagnostic Machine Aid-Digital.  Functional testing of digital
devices.  "DMAD M/MM Manual", BR-8392, Raytheon Co. (Oct 1973).

DMALGOL - ALGOL with extensions to interface to DMS II, the Burroughs
database.

DML - 

  1. Data Management Language.  Early ALGOL-like language with lists,
graphics, on Honeywell 635.  "DML: A Data Management Language", D.W. Bray
et al, GE, Syracuse NY.

  2. "DML: A Meta-language and System for the Generation of Practical and
Efficient Compilers from Denotational Specifications", M. Pettersson et al,
IEEE Conf Comp Langs, 1992.

Doc - Directed Oc.  "Programming Language Doc and Its Self-Description, or
'X=X Is Considered Harmful'", M. Hirata, Proc 3rd Conf Japan Soc Soft Sci
Tech, pp.69-72 (1986).

DOCUS - Display Oriented Computer Usage System.  Interactive system using
push buttons.  Sammet 1969, p.678

DOUGLAS - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

DOL - Display Oriented Language.  Subsystem of DOCUS.  Sammet 1969, p.678.

DOW COMPILER - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
(May 1959).

d-Prolog - Prolog extended with defeasible reasoning.
ftp: aisun1.ai.uga.edu:ai.prolog/dprolog for MS-DOS and Unix

DPL-82 - "DPL-82: A LAnguage for Distributed Processing", L. Ericson, PRoc
3rd Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1982, pp.526-531.

DPS - Real-time language with direct expression of timing requests. 
"Language Constructs for Distributed Real-Time PRogramming", I. Lee et al
Proc IEEE Real-Time Sys Symp pp.57-66 (Dec 1985).

draco - Chris Gray, 1987.  A blend of Pascal, C and ALGOL 68.  Implemented
for CP/M-80 and Amiga.

DRAGOON - Colin Atkinson, Imperial College 1989.  (current address:
<atkinson@cl.uh.edu>, U Houston-Clear Lake).  Ada-based language, bringing
object-oriented programming to embeddable systems.  Presently implemented
as a preprocessor to Ada.  "Object-Oriented Reuse, Concurrency and
Distribution: An Ada-Based Approach", C. Atkinson, A-W 1991, ISBN 0-2015-6-
5277.
info: adimaio@vms.eurokom.ie

DRUCO I - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

DSL - Digital Simulation Language.  Extensions to FORTRAN to simulate
analog computer functions.  "DSL/90 - A Digital Simulation Program for
Continuous System Modelling", Proc SJCC 28, AFIPS (Spring 1966).  Version:
DSL/90 for the IBM 7090.  Sammet 1969, p.632.

DSM - 

  1. Data Structure Manager.  J.E. Rumbaugh and M.E. Loomis, GE.  Object-
oriented language similar to C++, used in implementation of CAD/CAE
software.  DSM is written in itself and C, and produces C as output.  "DSM:
An Object-Relationship Modeling Language", A. Shah et al, SIGPLAN Notices
24(10):191-202 (OOPSLA '89) (Oct 1989).

  2. DIGITAL Standard MUMPS.  DEC.  (see MUMPS).

DSP/C - Numerical extension to C, for DSP applications.  "DSP/C: A Standard
High Level Language for DSP and Numeric Processing", K. Leary & W.
Waddington, Proc ICASSP 90, Apr 1990, pp.1065-1068.

DSP32 Assembly Language - A high-level assembly language for the DSP32
Programmable DSP Chip.

DSPL:  Digital Signal Processing Language.  A C-derived DSP language.  "The
Programming Language DSPL", A. Schwarte & H. Hanselmann, Proc PCIM 90,
1990.

DTALGOL - Decision Table Algol.  Victoria U, Wellington.  An ALGOL superset
that added Decision Tables.  On Burroughs Large System.

DUAL-607 - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Dual FCP - [?]

Durra - "Durra: A Task-level Description Language", M.R. Barbacci et al,
CMU/SEI-86-TR-3, CMU 1986.

DYANA - DYnamics ANAlyzer.  Early specialized language for vibrational and
other dynamic systems.  Sammet 1969, p.628.

DYNAMO - DYNamic MOdels.  Phyllis Fox & A.L. Pugh, 1959.  Continuous
simulation including economic, industrial and social systems.  Versions:
DYNAMO II, DYNAMO II/370, DYNAMO II/F, DYNAMO III and Gaming DYNAMO. 
"DYNAMO User's Manual", A.L. Pugh, MIT Press 1976.

DYSAC - Digital Simulated Analog Computer.  Sammet 1969, p.629.

DYSTAL - Package of embeddable subroutines used in other languages.  Sammet
1969, p.388.

E - An extension of C++ with database types and persistent objects.  Used
in the Exodus database system.  "Persistence in the E Language: Issues and
Implementation", J.E. Richardson et al, Soft Prac & Exp 19(12):1115-1150
(Dec 1989).

Eagle - dBASE-like dialect bundled with Emerald Bay, sold by Migent from
1986-1988, later renamed Vulcan when Wayne Ratliff reacquired the product.

Ease - General purpose parallel programming language, combining the process
constructs of CSP and the distributed data structures of Linda. 
"Programming with Ease: Semiotic Definition of the Language", S.E. Zenith,
<zenith-steven@yale.edu> Yale U TR-809, Jul 1990.

EASE II - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

EASIAC - Early system on Midac computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

EASY FOX - Early system on JOHNNIAC computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

EBASIC - Gordon Eubanks, now at Symantec.  Form of BASIC that led to
CBASIC.

ECAP II - Electronic Circuit Analysis Program.  Simple language for
analyzing electrical networks.  "Introduction to Computer Analysis: ECAP
for Electronics Technicians and Engineers", H. Levin, P-H 1970.

ECL -  Extensible CL.  Wegbreit, ca 1970.  "The ECL Programming System", B.
Wegbreit, Proc FJCC 39:253-261, AFIPS (Fall 1971).  "ECL Programmer's
Manual", B. Wegbreit, TR 23-74, Harvard U (Dec 1974).

ECMA - Subset of ALGOL.  Sammet 1969, p.180.

ECP - Extended Concurrent Prolog.  Concurrent Prolog with OR parallelism,
set abstraction and meta-inference features.  "AND-OR Queuing in Extended
Concurrent Prolog", J. Tanaka et al, Proc Logic Prog Conf '85, LNCS 193,
Springer 1985. [???]

ECRC-Prolog - Evidently Prolog with coroutine extensions.  "ECRC-Prolog
User's Manual Version 1.0", K. Estenfeld, TR-LP-08 ECRC, Feb 1986.  (see
SEPIA).

ECSP - An extension to CSP, supporting dynamic communication channels and
nested processes.  "Static Type Checking of Interprocess Communication in
ECSP", F. Baiardi et al, SIGPLAN Notices 19(6):290-299 (June 1984).

ECSS II - Extendable Computer System Simulator.  An extension of SIMSCRIPT
II.  "The ECSS II Language for Simulating Computer Systems", D.W. Kosy, R-
1895-GSA, Rand Corp.

ECSSL - Formerly APSE.  Equation-oriented specifications for continuous
simulations.  The compiler outputs HYTRAN, which must be run on an analog
processor.

Eden - Concurrent object-oriented language with both synchronous and
asynchronous message passing.  "The Eden System: A Technical Review", G.
Almes et al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-11(1):43-59 (Jan 1985).

EDIF - 

  1. Electronic Design Interchange Format.  Not a programming language, but
a format to simplify data transfer between CAD/CAE systems.  LISP-like
syntax.  "EDIF Electronic Design Interchange Format Version 200", ANSI/EIA
Standard 548.
info: edif-support@cs.man.ac.uk

  2. VLSI design specification language.  "Designer's Guide to EDIF", E.
Marx et al, EDN 1987. [?]

Edinburgh Prolog - Prolog dialect which eventually developed into the
standard, as opposed to Marseille Prolog.  (The difference is largely
syntax.)  Clocksin & Mellish describe Edinburgh Prolog.  Version: C-Prolog.

Edison - 

  1. (named for the American inventor Thomas Edison (1847-1931))  Brinch
Hansen.  A simplified Pascal, with modules and concurrency (cobegin/coend). 
"Edison - A Multiprocessor Language", P. Brinch Hansen, CS Dept, USC, Sep
1980.  "Programming a Personal Computer", Brinch Hansen, P-H 1977.

  2. Adds an OPS5-like system to C.  Translated by preprocessor into C. 
"Edison, A Unix and C Friendly Rete Based Production System", B. Thirion,
SIGPLAN Notices 27(1):75-84 (Jan 1992).

EDL - 

  1. Experiment Description Language.  J.S. Jenkins.  "A Programmable
System for Acquisition and Reduction of Respiratory Physiological Data",
J.S. Jenkins et al, Ann Biomed Eng, 17:93-108 (1989).

  2. Event Description Language.  "EDL: A Basis for Distributed System
Debugging Tools", P.C. Bates et al, in Proc Hawaii Intl Conf on Sys Sci,
Jan 1982, pp.86-93.

EFL - Extended FORTRAN Language.  Preprocessor for FORTRAN to provide
structured programming much like C.  A descendant of RATFOR, written in C. 
"An Informal Description of EFL", S.I. Feldman.

Eh - "A".  Software Portability Group, U Waterloo.  A typeless language
derived from (and similar to) B.  Provides guaranteed order of evaluation
for side effects in expressions.  Also character indexing operators.  "Eh
Reference Manual", R.S.C. Braga, RR CS-76-45, U Waterloo, Nov 1976.  (see
Zed.)

Eiffel - Bertrand Meyer <bertrand@eiffel.com> ca. 1986.  An object-
oriented language.  Classes with multiple and repeated inheritance,
deferred classes (like Smalltalk's abstract class), and clusters of
classes.  Objects can have both static and dynamic types.  The dynamic type
must be a descendant of the static (declared) type.  Dynamic binding
resolves clashes from the multiple inheritance.  Flattened forms of
classes, in which all of the inherited features are added at the same
level.  Generic classes parametrized by type.  Persistent objects, garbage
collection, exception handling, interface to routines written in other
languages.  Implemented as a preprocessor to C.  "Eiffel: the Language",
Bertrand Meyer, P-H 1990.  Interactive Software Eng, Goleta CA, (805) 685-
1006.  Version 2.3  (see Sather).
info: queries@eiffel.com

EL1 -  Extensible Language One.  B. Wegbreit, Harvard ca 1974.  An
extensible language, internally somewhat LISP-like, but fully typed with
records and pointers.  The external syntax is Algol-like and extensible,
supporting user-defined data structures, control structures and operations. 
The parser is table-driven, with a modifiable set of productions.  Used as
the basis for the ECL operating system. "Studies in Extensible Programming
Languages", B. Wegbreit, Garland Pub 1980.

el(alpha) - Aims to be a high-level language that knows about real
hardware, for systems programming.  "Essential Language el(alpha) - A
Reduced Expression Set Language for Systems Programming", T. Watanabe et
al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(1):85-98.

ELF - Binary format used by System V Release 4 Unix.

ELI - 

  1. Early system on IBM 705, IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

  2. Embedded Lisp Interpreter.  Bob Glickstein <bobg@andrew.cmu.edu> 
Small Common Lisp-like interpreter embedded in the Andrew mail system.

ELISP - Chuck Hedrick, Rutgers.  Implemented originally for DEC-20's, later
used as the LISP in EMACS.

Elk - Extension Language Kit.  Oliver Laumann <net@tub.cs.tu-berlin.edu>,
Tech U Berlin.  A Scheme interpreter, easily extendable with new types and
primitive procedures.  First-class environments, dynamic-wind, fluid-let,
macros, dynamic loading of object files, autoloading, and a dump.
ftp: export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/elk-1.4.tar.Z

ELLA - Hardware description language.  "The Design Rationale of ELLA, A
Hardware Design and Description Language", J.D. Morison et al, in Computer
Hardware Description Languages and their Applications, C.J. Koomen et al
eds, N-H 1985.

Ellie - Object-oriented language with fine-grained parallelism for
distributed computing.  Based on BETA, Smalltalk, and others.  "Ellie
Language Definition Report", Birger Andersen <birger@diku.dk>, SIGPLAN
Notices 25(11):45-65 (Nov 1990).
doc: diku.dk:ellie/papers

ELLIS - EuLisp LInda System.  An object-oriented Linda system written for
EuLisp.  "Using Object-Oriented Mechanisms to Describe Linda", P. Broadbery
<pab@maths.bath.ac.uk> et al, in Linda-Like Systems and Their
Implementation, G. Wilson ed, U Edinburgh TR 91-13, 1991.

ELP - 

  1. English Language Programs.  Language for testing avionics equipment,
on Varian 620/i.  "Multiband Automatic test Equipment - A Computer
Controlled Checkout System", T. Kuroda et al, Proc SJCC, 38 (1971).

  2. Equational Logic Programming.  O'Donnell <odonnell@cs.uchicago.edu>. 
Semantically pure, fully lazy.  "Equational Logic as a Programming
Language", M.J. O'Donnell, MIT Press 1985.  Current version: 4.2.
ftp: gargoyle.uchicago.edu for Sun and DEC.

ELSIE - A distributed version of ELLIS.  "Using Object-Oriented Mechanisms
to Describe Linda", P. Broadbery <pab@maths.bath.ac.uk> et al, in Linda-
Like Systems and Their Implementation, G. Wilson ed, U Edinburgh TR 91-13,
1991.

EM-1 - Intermediate language used by the Amsterdam Compiler Kit.
info: A.S. Tanenbaum, Vrije Univ

EMA - Extended Mercury Autocode.  (see Autocode).

EMACS LISP - Richard Stallman.  Variant of LISP used by the EMACS editor. 
(This is the "offical" name, based on the EMACS FAQ file.)

Emerald - U Washington, early 80's.  The successor of EPL[3].  An
object-oriented distributed programming language/environment.  Strongly
typed, uses signatures and prototypes rather than inheritance. 
"Distribution and Abstract Types in Emerald", A. Black et al, IEEE Trans
Soft Eng SE-13(1):65-76 (Jan 1987).

EML - Extended ML.  A language for formally specifying SML programs. 
"Formal Program Development in Extended ML for the Working Programmer", D.
Sannella, Proc 3rd BCS/FACS Workshop on Refinement", Springer 1990.

English - Database language used in the Pick OS.  "Exploring the Pick
Operating System", J.E. Sisk et al, Hayden 1986.

EOL-3 - Expression Oriented Language.  A low-level language for strings. 
"EOL - A Symbol Manipulation Language", L. Lukaszewicz,  Computer J 10(1)
(May 1967).

EPILOG -

  1. Extended Programming In LOGic.  PROLOG with several AND's having
different time constraints.  "Epilog: A Language for Extended Programming
in Logic", A. Porto in Implementations of Prolog, J.A. Campbell ed, Ellis
Horwood 1984.

  2. A data-driven PROLOG, with both AND and OR parallelism.  "EPILOG =
PROLOG + Data Flow", M.J. Wise, SIGPLAN Noices 17:80-86 (1982).

EPL -

  1. Early PL/I.  McIlroy, Morris et al.  PL/I subset dialect, the first
running PL/I compiler.  Used by Bell Labs and MIT to write Multics, EPL had
extensions to handle the segment/offset nature of Multics pointers.  "EPL
Reference Manual", Project MAC, April 1966.  Sammet 1969, p.542.  (see
REPL, TMG)

  2. Experimental Programming Language.  David May.  Influenced occam. 
"EPL: An Experimental Language for Distributed Computing", D.C. May, in
Trends and Applications: Distributed Processing Proceedings, NBS, pp.69-71.

  3. Eden Programming Language.  U Washington.  Based on Concurrent Euclid
and used with the Eden distributed OS.  Influenced Emerald and Distributed
Smalltalk.  "EPL Programmer's Guide", A. Black et al, U Washington June
1984.

  4. Equational Programming Language. Szymanski, RPI.  Equational language
for parallel scientific applications.  "EPL - Parallel Programming with
Recurrent Equations", B. Szymanski in Parallel Functional Languages and
Compilers, B. Szymanski et, A-W 1991.

EPSIMONE - Concurrent simulation language derived from Simone.  "EPSIMONE
Manual", J. Beziin et al, Pub Int No 90, IRISA, Sept 1978.

EqL - An equational language.  Bharat Jayaraman <bharat@cs.buffalo.edu>. 
"EqL: The Language and its Implementation", B. Jayaraman et al, IEEE Trans
Soft Eng SE-15(6):771-780 (June 1989).

EQLog - OBJ2 plus logic programming based on Horn logic with equality. 
"EQLog: Equality, Types and Generic Modules for Logic Programming", J.
Goguen et al in Functional and Logic Programming, D. DeGroot et al eds,
pp.295-363, P-H 1986.

Eqn - Language for typesetting mathematics.  "A System for Typesetting
Mathematics", B.W. Kernighan and L.L. Cherry, CACM 18(3):151-157 (Mar
1975).

Equel - Embedded Quel.  INGRES, Inc.  Combines QUEL theories with C code.

Erlang - Armstrong, Williams & Virding, Ellemtel, Sweden.  Concurrent
functional programming language for real-time systems.  Explicit
concurrency, asynchronous message passing.  "Erlang - an Experimental
Telephony Programming Language", J.L. Armstrong et al, 13th Intl Switching
Symposium, Stockholm 1990.  Interpreter in SICStus Prolog, compilers in C
and in Erlang, for several Unix platforms.
info: erlang@erix.ericsson.se

ERFPI - Early system on LGP-30 computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

ES-1 - Early text editing interpreter.  Sammet 1969, p.684.

ESCAPE - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

ESI - Dialect of JOSS.  Sammet 1969, p.217.

ESP -

  1. Extra Simple Pascal.  Subset of Pascal.

  2. Econometric Software Package.  Statistical analysis of time series. 
"Econometric Software Package, User's Manual", J.P. Cooper, Graduate School
of Business, U Chicago.  Sammet 1978.

  3. Chikayama.  An object-oriented extension of KL0.  Backtracking-based
control, unification-based parameter passing, object-oriented calling.  An
object in ESP is an axiom set.  A class definition consists of nature
definitions (inheritance), slot definitions (class variables) and clause
definitions.  Multiple inheritance similar to Flavors.  Implemented for
ICOT's PSI Sequential Inference machine.  "Unique Features of ESP", T.
Chikayama, Proc Intl Conf 5th Gen Comp Sys, ICOT 1984.
info: k-hata@air.co.jp

  4. Early symbolic math system.  A. Rom, Celest Mech 3:331-345 (1971).

ESPOL - An ALGOL superset used to write the MCP (Master Control Program) on
Burroughs 6700.  Superseded by NEWP.  "The B6700 ESPOL Reference Manual",
Burroughs, 1970.

Estelle - Specification language based on state transitions.  "The Formal
Description Technique Estelle", M. Diaz et al eds, N-H 1989.

Esterel - Distributed language for synchronous interaction of real-time
systems with their environment.  Uses explicit timing requests.  Esterel
programs are compiled into finite automata.  "The ESTEREL Programming
Language and its Mathematical Semantics", G. Berry & L. Cosserat, TR 327,
INRIA, 1984.

ET - Bernd Gersdorf, U Bremen.  An integration of functional and logic
programming.

ET++ - Weinand, UBILAB Zurich.  A smalltalk-like system built on C++.
ftp: cse.ogi.edu

ETC - ExTendible Compiler.  FORTRAN-like, macro extendible.  "ETC - An
Extendible Macro-Based Compiler", B.N. Dickman, Proc SJCC 38 (1971).

ETHER - Concurrent object-oriented language?

Euclid - (named for the Greek geometer, fl ca 300 BC.)  A Pascal descendant
for development of verifiable system software.  No goto, no side effects,
no global assignments, no functional arguments, no nested procedures, no
floats, no enumeration types.  Pointers are treated as indices of special
arrays called collections.  To prevent aliasing, Euclid forbids any overlap
in the list of actual parameters of a procedure.  Each procedure gives an
imports list, and the compiler determines the identifiers that are
implicitly imported.  Iterators.   "Report on the Programming Language
Euclid", B.W. Lampson et al, SIGPLAN Notices 12(2):1-79 (Feb 1977).

EULER - (named for the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)) 
Revision of ALGOL.  A small predecessor of Pascal.  "EULER: A
Generalization of ALGOL and Its Formal Definition", N. Wirth, CACM 9(1)
(Jan 1966) and 9(2) (Feb 1966).

EuLisp - 1985-present.  LISP dialect intended to be a common European
standard, with influences from Common LISP, Le LISP, Scheme and T.  First-
class functions, classes and continuations, both static and dynamic scope,
modules.  The class system (TELOS) incorporates ideas from CLOS, ObjVLisp
and Oaklisp.
info: eudist@maths.bath.ac.uk

Eva - A toy ALGOL-like language used in "Formal Specification of
Programming Languages:  A Panoramic Primer", F. G. Pagan, P-H 1981.

EXAPT - EXtended APT.

EXEC - Early batch language for IBM VM/CMS systems.  SC19-6209 Virtual
Machine/ System Product CMS Command and Macro Reference (Appendix F. CMS
EXEC Control Statements)

EXEC2 - IBM, late 70's.  SC24-5219 Virtual Machine/System Product EXEC 2
Reference.  Superseded by REXX.

Express - Concurrency through message-passing to named message queues.

Extended ALGOL - Used to write the ESPOL compiler on Burroughs B5500,
B6700.  "Burroughs B6700 Extended ALGOL Language Information Manual", No.
5000128 (Jul 1971)  Sammet 1969, p.196.

Extended ML - Don Sanella, Edinburgh.  Algebraic specification meets
functional programming.  "Program Specification and Development in Standard
ML", D. Sannella et al, 12th POPL, ACM 1985.

EXTRA - Object-oriented, Pascal style, handles sets.  "A Data Model and
Query Language for EXODUS", M.J. Carey et al, SIGMOD 88 Conf Proc, pp.413-
423, ACM SIGMOD Record 17:3 (Sept 1988).

FAC - Functional Array Calculator.  APL-like but purely functional and
lazy, allowing infinite arrays.  "FAC: A Functional APL Language", H.-C. Tu
and A.J. Perlis, IEEE Trans Soft Eng 3(1):36-45 (Jan 1986).

Facile - ECRC.  A concurrent extension of ML.  "Facile: A Symmetric
Integration of Concurrent and Functional Programming", A. Giacalone
<ag@ecc.de> et al, Intl J Parallel Prog 18(2):121-160 (Apr 1989).

FACT - Fully Automated Compiling Technique.  ca. 1959.  Pre-COBOL
English-like business DP language for Honeywell 800.  (Aka Honeywell-800
Business Compiler.)  Sammet 1969, p.327.

FAD - "FAD, A Simple and Powerful Database Language", F. Bancilon et al,
Proc 13th Intl Conf on VLDB, Brighton England, Sept 1987.

FAIR - Early system on IBM 705.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FAP - Assembly language for Sperry-Rand 1103 and 1103A.  Listed in CACM
2(5):16 (May 1959).

FAS - General purpose language sponsored by the Finnish government in the
70's and 80's.

FASE - Fundamentally Analyzable Simplified English.  L.E. McMahon, Bell
Labs.  Sammet 1969, p.720.

FAST - FORTRAN Automatic Symbol Translator.  Assembly language on IBM 650
by MITRE Corp.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).  Sammet 1969, p.526.

FC - Functional language.  "FC Manual", L. Augustsson, Memo 13, Programming
Methodology Group, Chalmers U, Sweden 1982.

F-code - Code for the FPM abstract machine, an optimized SECD machine. 
"FP/M Abstract Syntax Description", R. Bailey, Dept Computing, Imperial
College, U London, 1985.

FCP - Flat Concurrent Prolog.  "Design and Implementation of Flat
Concurrent Prolog", C. Mierowsky, TR CS84-21 Weizmann Inst, Dec 1984.

FEL - Function Equation Language.  "FEL Programmer's Guide", R. M. Keller,
AMPS TR 7, U Utah, March 1982.

FFP - Formal FP.  "Can Programming be Liberated From the von Neumann Style? 
A Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs", John Backus, 1977 Turing
Award Lecture, CACM 21(8):165-180 (Aug 1978).  (see FP, FL).

FGHC - Flat GHC.  A variant of GHC in which guard calls can be only to
primitives.  (See KL1).

FGL - Flow Graph Lisp.  A distributed dataflow language for AMPS
(Applicative Multi-Processing System).  "A Loosely-Coupled Applicative
Multi-Processing System", R. Keller et al, NCC, AFIPS June 1979, pp.613-
622.

FGL+LV - "Functional Programming and the Logical Variable", G. Lindstrom,
POPL 1985, pp.266-280.

FGRAAL - FORTRAN extended GRAph Algorithmic Language.  A FORTRAN extension
for handling sets and graphs.  "On a Programming Language for Graph
Algorithms", W.C. Rheinboldt et al, BIT 12(2) 1972.

FIDO - FInite DOmains.  A constraint language implemented on top of Prolog.
ftp: minnehaha.rhrk.uni-kl.de:pub/languages/fido/fido2

File Composition - Typesetting language.  "File Composition System
Reference Manual", No. 90388, Information Intl.

F+L - Equational clauses within function definitions to solve for logical
variable bindings.  ""Functions plus Logic in Theory and Practice", R.B.
Kieburtz, Feb 1987, unpublished.

FL - Function Level.  John Backus, ca. 1985.  Successor to FP.  Dynamically
typed.  Adds higher-order functions, exceptions, user-defined types, and
other features.  "FL Language Manual, Parts 1 & 2", J. Backus et al, IBM
Research Report RJ 7100 (1989).  (see FP, FFP).

FLAIR - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FLAP - Symbolic math, for IBM 360.  "FLAP Programmer's Manual", A.H. Morris
Jr., TR-2558 (1971) U.S. Naval Weapons Lab.  Sammet 1969, p.506.

Flavors - D. Weinreb & D.A. Moon <moon@cambridge.apple.com> 1980.  LISP
with object-oriented features.  "Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors",
D.A. Moon, SIGPLAN Notices 21(11):1-8 (OOPSLA '86) (Nov 1986).

Fleng - Parallel logic language.  "Massively Parallel Implementation of
Flat GHC on the Connection Machine", M. Nilsson, Proc Intl Conf on 5th Gen
Comp Sys, 1988, pp.1031-1040.

FLEX - 

  1. Faster LEX.  (Faster and free.)  "The FLEX Scanner Generator", Vern
Paxton, Real Time Systems, LBL, CA.
ftp: comp.sources.unix/Volume23

  2. Real-time language for dynamic environments.  "FLEX: Towards Flexible
Real-Time Programs", K. Lin et al, Computer Langs 16(1):65-79 (Jan 1991).

Flex 2 - ca. 1980.  A preprocessor designed to make FORTRAN look more like
Pascal.  DECUS?
 
FLIC - Functional Language Intermediate Code.  Intermediate language used
in the Chalmers LML compiler.  "FLIC - A Functional Language Intermediate
Code", S. Peyton Jones<simonpj@cs.ucl.ac.uk> et al., RR 148, U Warwick, Sep
1989.

FLIP - 

  1. Early assembly language on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

  2. "FLIP User's Manual", G. Kahn, TR 5, INRIA 1981.

FLIP-SPUR - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

F-Logic - "F-Logic: A Higher-Order Language for Reasoning about Objects,
Inheritance and Scheme", ACM SIGMOD May 1989, pp.134-146.

FLOP - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FLOW-MATIC or FLOWMATIC - (originally B-0).  Remington Rand, 1958. 
Possibly the first English-like DP language.  For UNIVAC I.  Sammet 1969,
pp.316-324.

FLPL - FORTRAN List Processing Language.  H. Gelernter et al, ca 1960. 
Package of FORTRAN subroutines for handling lists.  Sammet 1969, p.388.

FOCAL -

  1. FOrmula CALculator.  BASIC-style interpreter from DEC, designed 1969
for PDP-5/PDP-8's.  Versions: FOCAL-69, FOCAL-1971, FOCAL-11 (for PDP-11
under RT-11).

  2. Forty-One Calculator Language.  Programming language of the HP-41
calculator line.

FOCUS - Hierarchical database language.  Information Builders Inc.

FOIL - File Oriented Interpretive Language.  CAI language.  "FOIL - A File
Oriented Interpretive Language", J.C. Hesselbart, Proc ACM 23rd National
Conf (1968).

foogol - Per Lindberg.  A tiny ALGOL-like language based on the VALGOL I
compiler, G.A. Edgar, DDJ May 1985.
ftp: comp.sources.unix/V8
    wuarchive.wustl.edu: /systems/amiga/fish/fish/ff066

FOOL - Fool's Lisp.  A small Scheme interpreter.
ftp: scam.berkeley.edu:src/local/fools.tar.Z

FOOP - OBJ2 plus object-orientation.  "Extensions and Foundations for
Object-Oriented Programming", J. Goguen et al, in Research Directions in
Object-Oriented Programming, B. Shriver et al eds, MIT Press 1987.
 
FORC - Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Force - dBASE dialect for MS-DOS.

The Force - Data parallel language.  "The Force", H. Jordan in The
Characteristics of Parallel Algorithms, L. Jamieson et al eds, MIT Press
1987, pp.395-436.

ForceOne - Andrew K. Wright.  "Polymorphism in the Compiled Language
ForceOne", G.V. Cormack et al, Proc 20th Annual Hawaii Intl Conf on System
Sciences, 1987, pp.284-292.  "Design of the Programming Language ForceOne",
A.K. Wright, MS Thesis, U Waterloo 1987.

ForceTwo - Andrew K. Wright.  An unofficial successor to ForceOne.

FORM - Jos Vermaseren <t68@nikhefh.nikhef.nl>  Designed for speedy handling
of very large-scale symbolic math calculations.  Successor to SCHOONSCHIP. 
Available for many PC's and workstations.
ftp: acm.princeton.edu, nikhefh.nikhef.nl

FORMAC - FORmula MAnipulation Compiler.  J. Sammet & Tobey, IBM Boston APD,
1962.  Extension of FORTRAN for symbolic math.  "Introduction to FORMAC",
J.E. Sammet et al, IEEE Trans Elec Comp (Aug 1964).  Versions: PL/I-FORMAC
and FORMAC73.  Sammet 1969, pp.474-491.

FORMAL -

  1. FORmula MAnipulation Language.  An early FORTRAN extension for
symbolic math.  "FORMAL, A Formula Manipulation Language", C.K. Mesztenyi,
Computer Note CN-1, CS Dept, U Maryland (Jan 1971).

  2. IBM LASC.  Data manipulation language for nonprogrammers.  "FORMAL: A
Forms-Oriented and Visual-Directed Application System", N.C. Shu, IEEE
Computer 18(8):38-49 (1985).

FORMAT-FORTRAN - FORTRAN Matrix Abstraction Technique FORTRAN. 
Manipulation, printing and plotting of large matrices.  "FORMAT-FORTRAN
Matrix Abstraction Technique (Vol. V)" AFFDL-TR-66-207, Douglas Aircraft Co
(Oct 1968).

Formes - Object-oriented language for music composition and synthesis,
written in VLISP.  "Formes: Composition and Scheduling of Processes", X.
Rodet & P. Cointe, Computer Music J 8(3):32-50 (Fall 1984).

Formula - FORTH Music Language.  An extension of FORTH with concurrent
note-playing processes.  "Formula: A Programming Language for Expressive
Computer Music", D.P. Anderson et al Computer 24(7):12 (Jul 1991).  For Mac
and Atari ST, with MIDI output.

Formula ALGOL - ALGOL extension for symolic math, strings and lists. 
Carnegie, CDC G-20, 1962.  A.J. Perlis & R. Iturriaga.  Sammet 1969, p.583. 
"An Extension of ALGOL for Manipulating Formulae", A.J. Perlis et al, CACM
7(2):127-130 (Feb 1964).

FORTH - Fourth.  Charles H. Moore, 1960's.  An interactive extensible
language using postfix syntax and a data stack.  A program is a set of
recursive functions ("words") which are compiled by an outer interpreter
into bytecodes.  FORTH is small and efficient, but programs can be
difficult to read.  Used first to guide the telescope at NRAO, Kitt Peak. 
Versions include FORTH 79 and FORTH 83.  FORTH Interest Group, Box 1105,
San Carlos CA 94070.

FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator.  The first and still the most widely used
language for numerical calculations.

FORTRAN I - John Backus, IBM for the IBM 704.  Design begun 1954, compiler
released April 1957.

FORTRAN II - 1958.  Added subroutines.

FORTRAN III - This was only distributed to ca. 20 sites.  See Wexelblat.

FORTRAN IV - IBM 1962.  For the IBM 7090/94.  Many implementations went
well beyond the original definition.

FORTRAN V - Preliminary work on adding character handling facilities by IBM
ca. 1962.  This name never really used.

FORTRAN VI - Internal IBM name for early PL/I work ca. 1963.  Sammet 1969,
p.540.

FORTRAN 66 - FORTRAN IV standardized.  ASA X3.9-1966.

FORTRAN 77 - Block IF, PARAMETER, SAVE statements added, still no WHILE. 
Fixed-length character strings, format-free I/O, arrays with lower bounds. 
ANSI X3.9-1978.

Fortran 90 - Previously Fortran 8x and Fortran Extended.  An extensive
enlargement of FORTRAN 77.  Derived types, assumed shape arrays, array
sections, functions returning arrays, case statement, module subprograms
and internal subprograms, optional and keyword subprogram arguments,
recursion, and dynamic allocation.  ISO 1539:1991, soon to be adopted by
ANSI.  "Fortran 90 Explained", M. Metcalf et al, Oxford University Press
1990.

Fortran D - Ken Kennedy, Rice U.  A data-parallel Fortran.  TR 90-141, Rice
U.

Fortran-Linda - Scientific Computer Assocs <linda@sca.com>.

FORTRAN-Plus - FORTRAN for the DAP parallel machine, implements many
Fortran 90 features.

FORTRANSIT - FORTRAN Internal Translator.  Subset of FORTRAN translated
into IT on the IBM 650.  Sammet 1969, p.141.

FORTRUNCIBLE - A cross between FORTRAN and RUNCIBLE for the IBM 650. 
Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FoxBASE+ - dBASE III+-like product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH.

FoxPRO - dBASE IV-like product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH.

FP - Functional Programming.  Backus.  Combinator based.  "Can Programming
be Liberated From the von Neumann Style?  A Functional Style and Its
Algebra of Programs", John Backus, 1977 Turing Award Lecture, CACM
21(8):165-180 (Aug 1978).  (see FFP, FL, IFP).
ftp: apple.com:ArchiveVol1/unix_lang