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In <22213@boulder.Colorado.EDU>, wolniewi@boulder.Colorado.EDU
(WOLNIEWICZ RICHARD HANSON) points out (in answer to my suggestion
about only using zero-based arrays where it makes sense to) that
Modula-2 _requires_ open arrays to be zero-based.

Agreed. In which case it may be better in some cases to avoid open
arrays, and resort to a lower-level technique, on the grounds that
this can make the code easier to understand.

The lower-level technique I'm thinking of looks like this:

	TYPE
	    ArbitraryArray = POINTER TO ARRAY [0 .. 32767] OF Whatever;

	PROCEDURE DoSomething
	  (
	    WithArray : ArbitraryArray;
	    LowBound, HighBound : CARDINAL
	  );

	    VAR
		Index : CARDINAL;

	BEGIN
	    FOR Index := LowBound TO HighBound DO
		DoSomethingWith(WithArray^[Index])
	    END (*FOR*)
	END (*DoSomething*);

	CONST
	    ThisLowBound = 99;
	    ThisHighBound = 243;
	VAR
	    MyArray : ARRAY [ThisLowBound .. ThisHighBound] OF Whatever;

    BEGIN (*Mainline*)
	DoSomething
	  (
	    ADDRESS(CARDINAL(ADR(MyArray)) - ThisLowBound * TSIZE(Whatever)),
	    ThisLowBound, ThisHighBound
	  )
    END (*Mainline*).

So long as LowBound is never passed as zero, you won't get "underflow"
problems with CARDINAL.

Yeah, sure it's yucky. But I submit that there may be sometimes when this
is better than the alternative. Not always, just sometimes.

Hanson goes on to give reasons for using FOR, WHILE and REPEAT instead
of endless-LOOP-with-EXIT:

"They more clearly express the intent of the programmer, and thus make the
program easier to understand in the future."

This is an unwarranted generalisation. Consider the following example
(it should be pretty much self-explanatory):

	LOOP
	    IF NrCharsLeft = 0 THEN
		StringsSame := TRUE;
		EXIT
	    END (*IF*);
	    INC(SourceIndex);
	    DEC(NrCharsLeft);
	    IF String1[SourceIndex] <> String2[SourceIndex] THEN
		StringsSame := FALSE;
		EXIT
	    END (*IF*)
	END (*LOOP*)

Do you think you could write it just as simply and clearly using something
other than LOOP? I don't think so. Do you think this is an unusual example?
I find that, in my programs, the majority of my loops are best written
using LOOP-with-EXIT rather than WHILE, REPEAT or FOR.

"Avoiding EXITs makes it easier (or trivial) to determine under what
conditions the loop will terminate, making post-condition verification much
easier."

See above example again.

The third point, about compiler optimisation--I admit Hanson has a
point here. But if compilers were smarter, there would be less of a
need for special-case constructs, so we can then avoid burdening the
language (and the programmer) with them.

Loops a religious issue? Now why would that be? In my days as a Computer
Science student we used to argue about this sort of thing all the time.
So long as the debate stays calm and reasonable, I'm happy to take part in
it!

Lawrence D'Oliveiro
Computer Services Dept                    fone: +64-71-562-889
University of Waikato                      fax: +64-71-384-066
Hamilton, New Zealand            electric mail: ldo@waikato.ac.nz
New mistakes are the only kind worth making.