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Tue, 03 Aug 1993 05:46
DECUS DFWLUG Aug 10th, NETnewsletter/Meeting Notice
Author: system
Date: Tue, 03 Aug 1993 05:46
Date: Tue, 03 Aug 1993 05:46
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62153 bytes
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= __________ =
=| ______ | THE DFWLUG =
=| / ---- \ | 10th Anniversary(*1982-1992*) =
=| | | | Celebrating over 10 Years of DECUS =
=| \ ____ / | in Dallas/Ft. Worth Texas =
=| ------ | =
= ---------- dfwlug@fallout.lonestar.org BBS: (214) 270-3313 =
= D E C U S =
= =
= The DFWLUG is the Local Users Group for the =
= Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS) =
= =
= *DECUS* DFWLUG NET/Newsletter =
= =
=Volume 3 Number 8 August 3rd, 1993 =
===========================================================================
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VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8 INDEX (in this issue)
PAGE 1 * The next DFWLUG meeting Info and Map (July 13th, 1993)
PAGE 2 * DFWLUG Speakers and Calendar DECUS of Events for 1993
PAGE 3 * TECHNICAL TIPS FOR MAX SPEED OUT OF ALPHA-AXP SYSTEMS
PAGE 4 * Fortune Magazine names Digital as an Environmental Leader in 1993
PAGE 5 * A Letter from Bob Palmer to All Digital Employees
PAGE 6 * Digital Posts a Profit of 110 Million Dollars in Q4
PAGE 7 * Digital/US Government Removes ALPHA-AXP Supercomputer from Internet
PAGE 8 * Digital Employees help Midwest to weather flooding
PAGE 9 * Microsoft released both WNT and WNT Advanced Server
PAGE 10 * DFWLUG Staff members and contact list
PAGE 11 * DFWLUG BBS Info
PAGE 12 * Digital's 1-800 Service Phone Numbers (Consulting and Sales)
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HOT TIP:
Lost or Forgot your DECUS number? Moved and want DECUS to find you again;-)
There are two ways you can obtain your DECUS membership number:
1) Call 1-800-DECUS55 and ask for it.
2) Send a mail message to "information@DECUS.ORG" with your
full name and full USPO mailing address.
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VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 1
8/10/93 -- >>>>>> The DFWLUG August meeting agenda is as follows:
"Information Engineering in the 1990s"
Presented by
Lon Crozier Vice President of Information Systems, Snelling and Snelling
Lon will talk about the exploding information technology and the tools
required to navigate the morass and turn Information into Knowledge.
State of the Practice and State of the Art information retrieval and
manipulation will be discussed.
Information Utilities, Superhighways, Data Repositories, and much much
more will be explored.
--
Robert Eden will also have the Fall 92 DECUS Symposia Software on
9-track reel tapes. Please Don't bring your 9 Tracks to trade, Robert
says he has enough to just give away. (but if you would like to donate
2 TK50 in trade...;-)
--
Chris Simon (The DFWLUG Meeting Coordinator) is looking for speakers
for our fall season If you'd like to give a 30-45 minute talk about
any technical topic you have expertise in, she'd like to talk with
you about getting on the DFWLUG meeting Schedule.
--
David Cathey (The DFWLUG Membership coordinator) can help you join
DECUS and the DFWLUG. Membership for both is free of charge and
will put you on our mailing list for our technical newsletter.
Membership forms for DECUS and the DFWLUG are available at our
regular meetings or log-on to our Electronic BBS system INFO
account at 214-270-3313 and request our information package.
You'll receive the membership forms and LUG information via
regular mail.
--
The DFWLUG staff will have information on the new DECUS Class-Pass
Program that discounts Digital ED Service Classes and the Free
DECUServe accounts for new members.
--
The DFWLUG BBS
DECUS and DFWLUG membership has always been free but we offer
private E-Mail and Newsreader accounts on our Electronic BBS
system. DFWLUG BBS users can upload and download from over
800MBytes of newsfiles, read and extract program sources,
read answers and news from over 1300 Internet Newsgroups,
and send and receive E-mail to anywhere in the Internet.
The DFWLUG charges a modest $10/Year for private accounts to
cover the costs of phone lines and supplies.
Join the LUG and the BBS! Plug into the best connected
and most diverse Computer users group in the DFW metroplex
-- The DFWLUG.
--
Refreshments will be served courtesy of Digital Equipment.
-----------ASCII MAP TO THE MEETING-----------------------------------------
Meeting Location:
7:00pm This meeting will be at the
- - - Digital's Application Center
|Enter| | for Technology (214) 702-4400.
| \|/ |
|-------| | |----|----|----|| |-----| 9th floor of the Digital Building
| Hilton| | |DEC |Bank|OXY || | | in North Dallas.
|-------| | |----|----|----|| |_____|Galleria
- - - - - - - - -|
______________________________|________________________
| LBJ Freeway I-635
D|T
A|O ^
L|L /|\
L|L |
A|W |North
S|A
|Y
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VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 2
THE DFWLUG 1993/1994 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS
Aug. 10th Lon Crozier V.P. Information Services Snelling & Snelling
"Information Engineering in the 90s"
Aug. 22-27th DECUS Symposia - Australia
Aug. 30th DECUS 93/San Francisco Session Submission Deadline
Sep. 6-10th DECUS Symposia - Europe
Sep. 14th Brendan Eagan Consultant Digital Equipment
Genroco's Velocitor 20Mbyte/sec Disk Subsystem for
Digital Systems
Oct 12th John Wisniewski Consultant Digital Equipment
*Major Digital Announcment in October*
Nov 9th DFWLUG Meeting (>Open< *Got a Topic Contact Chris Simon*)
Dec. 4-10th DECUS 93/San Francisco Event
Dec. 14th DFWLUG Meeting (>Open< *Got a Topic Contact Chris Simon*)
1994
Jan. 11th DFWLUG Meeting (>Open< *Got a Topic Contact Chris Simon*)
Feb. 8th DFWLUG Meeting (>Open< *Got a Topic Contact Chris Simon*)
Mar. 19-22 DECUS University Comes to Dallas, TX
-- 40 Seminars in 4 days on Streamed Topics
THE DECUS SCHEDULE OF LOCAL SEMINARS
Aug. 7-10th Sacramento, CA
Aug.14-17th Albany, NY
Aug.21-24th Indianapolis, IN
Aug.28-31th Nashua, NH
Sep.22&25th Minneapolis, MN Regional Conference
Sep.25-28th Nashville, TN
Oct.16-19th Newport, RI
Oct.16-17th Washington, DC Regional Conference
Oct.30-
Nov. 2nd Newark, NJ
Nov. 6-9th Salt Lake City, UT
PATHWORKS PC ROADSHOWS
Oct.23-25th Orlando, FL
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VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 3
TECHNICAL TIPS FOR MAXIMUM SPEED OUT OF ALPHA-AXP
Here are some tips for getting the most out of Alpha
Compiled by Andy Thomas
General Tips (Apply to BOTH OpenVMS and OSF/1)
o Get a pass 3 chip !
Alpha OSF/1 and OpenVMS have their run time libraries written for
pass 3 Alpha chips. As a result, the RTL does not perform as well on
the pass 2 chip as the pass 3 chip.
Check the version of the alpha chip from the console:
>>> Show conf
CPU ................. DECchip 21064 P2.1
^
|---- This is pass 2.1
If you have a pass 2 chip, call field service and ask for
FCO KN15-AA-O001 (part no. EQ-01659-01).
o Latest compilers
Always check with Digital to insure you have the latest releases of
the compilers and operating system.
o Alignment
It pays to avoid using a Fortran INTEGER*2 and C short data types on
Alpha. As the smallest unit of access in Alpha assembly is 32 bits,
accessing a 16bit (or 8bit) data type causes Alpha to issue LDx_U
instructions and some bitmasking instructions to get at the data,
rather than a single LDL instruction for the 32 bit datatype.
o Data structure alignment
Naturally align your data within structues (common blocks) to at least
64 bit boundaries. Also try to ensure that alignment within the common
block is proper. DEC Fortran has an option to align fields within a
COMMON block, and will give you a warning at compile time if fields
are not aligned.
o Multiple source files
When using multiple source files consider using:
$ fortran main.for + sub2.for + sub3.for (VMS)
# f77 -o main.exe main.f sub2.f sub3.f (OSF/1)
This allows the compiler to get at a bigger chunk of code to optimize
and reduces the amount of linkage generated which improves image
activation since less disk I/O and page faulting are required as the
image is fixed up.
o Integer division
Integer division is achieved by converting the integer to a float and
dividing and converting back to an integer. If possible, recode the
integer to a floating point data type to avoid the conversion or
just avoid division.
This isn't as bad as it sounds since the compiler will perform tricks
for certain compile-time known integers that don't require more bits
of precision than the floating point format can provide. In the
general case, the code calls a libots routine written in MACRO-64 for
performance.
o Integer to Float (& vice versa) casting.
It is a good idea to avoid integer <-> float conversions. The current
Alpha CPU chip has no direct connection between its floating point
unit and its integer unit, which mean such conversions require a
load/store operation and are thus less efficient.
o KAP Pre-Processors
Use the KAP pre-processors for Alpha; they are available for Fortran
and C on VMS and OSF/1 from your Digital sales representative. These
are the most cost-effective tools to improve your performance.
It's worth trying the KAP pre-processor without any qualifiers, which
will optimize away any seriously bad programming and acheive dramatic
results.
Please refer to the KAP manuals for more details. To use KAP
effectively on ALPHA with the GEM compilers:
1) Make sure you are running on a pass 3 chip in your system; the KAP
2-d unrolling will only "kick in" on a pass 3 chip.
2) FKAP by default will not do 1-d unrolling since GEM already does it.
If results for GEM unrolling are not sufficient try:
a) FKAP/ur=n/ur2=m (where n=4/8/16, and m=200/300/400)
Use FKAP/ur=12/ur2=320 to utilize all 32 registers in
its 2-D unrolling.
b) FKAP/lc=blas will attempt to make DDOT calls to DXML.
You must install DXML V2.0.
c) FKAP/inline/inll=4/ind=2 will inline small routines.
d) FKAP/ag=a is used to stagger arrays near a power of 2 to
avoid cache collisions.
All points are important and try them cumulatively; leave the switches
on for cases that KAP helped.
Consider inlining certain subroutines in deeply nested loops which
may be costing a lot in performance.
With C code use the C pre-processor first.
VMS
$ CC/preprocess_only=xxx.pre xxx.c
$ kapc/<your_switches> xxx.pre
$ CC/<your_switches> xxx.cmp
OSF
# cpp89 xxx.c xxx.pre (see cpp or cpp89 for DEC C man page)
o Fast Math Libraries
Consider using on VMS /math=fast
OSF/1 -math_library fast (DEC Fortran)
These libraries give faster routines for many common mathematical
functions like sqrt.
o DXML libraries
Install the DXML libraries. The KAP pre-processors will pick up the
more efficient DXML routines automatically. Tremendous performance
improvements have been seen using DXML.
o Avoid sharable images
Link files against ".OLB" object libraries rather than shareable
images whenever possible.
For a VMS fortran program do:
$ link/nosysshr mycode
rather than just:
$ link my_code
If you do use shareables, consider linking some of them /SECTION and
installing them /RESIDENT. This will not improve activation
performance but it should improve run time performance. You may want
your RTLs to be installed /RESIDENT if they aren't already.
OSF/1
# f77 -o myprog -O4 -non_shared myprog.f (-O4 and -non_shared should
be used togeather anyway)
The linker cannot do instruction replacement on calls to shareable
images. There is more linkage to read on activation and more Icache
misses because the top of the Icache tends to be more heavily utilized
than the bottom as the number of shareable images increases.
o Scrolling text
When possible, re-direct sys$output to a file. Code that causes a lot
of text output will slow you down because scrolling text in a terminal
window uses compute cycles.
A better thing to do is:
VMS OSF/1
$ define sys$output results.lis # myprog > results.lis
$ run myprog # more results.lis
$ deassign sys$output
$ type results.lis
o Multi Dimensional array access
Make sure multi-dimensional arrays are traversed in 'natural' order
(column major) for FORTRAN. Code written without this in mind can often
trash the CPU's cache.
o Tracking down LDx_U & STx_U instructions
Track these down by inserting assembly code into the listing file:
$ FORTRAN/LIST/MACHINE/NOOPT file.for (VMS)
# f77 -V -machine_code (OSF/1)
Are there any Unaligned instructions?
$ search file.lis _U /stat (VMS)
# grep _u file.l (note: lowercase 'u') (OSF/1)
If this search returns anything then look at the listing file and
back track from the LDx_U instruction to the problematic source
code line and then figure out what data or data structure is causing
the problem. This procedure is highly recommended, even if you think
the code is OK.
o Use a RAM disk to hold any files your code reads or writes.
If you are primarily concerned with the CPU performance of the
system, then it makes sense to read data and write results to a
RAM disk created by DECram (VMS) or look at
# man mfs (OSF/1)
Here is an example demonstrating how to generate a 6MByte /tmp area:
> mfs -s 12288 /dev/rz8a /tmp
> df /tmp
Filesystem 512-blks used avail capacity Mounted on
mfs:27903 11710 2 10536 0% /tmp
o Use a profiling tool
You may want to use VMS Monitor for system resources and PCA for
profiling the code under VMS. These tools may give you more information
on where to concentrate your tuning efforts.
Under OSF/1 you can use vmstat for system resources (a limited version
of monitor for OSF/1 is available on the Alpha Freeware disk), prof,
and pixie for profiles and cord for feedback. You should be able to
drive a lot of these tools using DEC Fuse.
VMS specific tips
-------------------
o FORTRAN compiler qualifiers
Some recommended fortran command qualifiers are:
$ fortran == "fortran/align=none/warn=(gen,align)/novms"+ -
"/assume=(noaccuracy)/math_library=fast"
This command sets up a global symbol for the fortran command that
includes some of the recommended qualifiers.
/novms -- don't assume vax fortran behaviour.
/assume=(noaccuracy). The compiler is free to reorder floating-point
operations based on algebraic identities (inverses, associativity,
and distribution). This allows the compiler to move divide operations
outside of loops and thus improves performance.
The default, ACCURACY_SENSITIVE, means the compiler uses only
naive scalar rules for calculations. This setting can prevent
some optimizations.
The /align=none and /warn=align are for detecting alignment problems.
Consider changing these qualifiers to /align=all instead.
DEC C use:
/assume=noaccuracy_sensitive -
/math_library=fast -
/ansi_alias - ! Specify that the code does not violate Ansi
C rules for aliasing.
/prefix=all - ! Forces compiler to prefix all functions
for the linker to properly load system
functions.
/reentrancy=none - ! Do not perform re-entrancy checks on RTL.
/plus_list_optimize -
/unsigned_char - ! Change default type from char to un char.
/extern=strict_refdef - ! Affects the way externs are allocated in
memory. Strict puts them in same PSECT.
o Multi-User performance & Quantum
If you are running OpenVMS on a multi-user system and have compute
bound processes hanging around (say in a batch queue), you may notice
sluggish interactive responsiveness. In such cases it has been observed
that lowering the system parameter QUANTUM, helps improve the
situation dramatically.
o SYSGEN and AUTHORIZE quotas
Ensure you have enough working set quota for the job you are trying
to run (AUTHORIZE wsquota,wsextent).
Be sure to run AUTOGEN with feedback to tune the systems SYSGEN
parameters based on the systems statistics
o OpenVMS 1.0 I/O issues
You should now upgrade to OpenVMS 1.5 since it has significantly
improved I/O performance. Also check the RMS settings.
SET RMS/BLOCK=127/BUFFER=2/DISK e.g.
OSF/1 specific tips
-------------------
o Get OSF/1 V1.2 and the patched libm.a. Without this patched version of
libm.a some code may run 10x slower. To check if you have the
patched version of libm.a:
# cd /usr/ccs/lib
# sum libm.a
65509 1406 libm.a
If you don't get these results returned, you need to upgrade to
the newer version of libm.a
DEC OSF/1 1.3 will have better RTL's than V1.2 so it will
be important to upgrade to V1.3 as soon as it becomes available.
o Use -math_library fast
V1.2 has better routines in libm.a (e.g. sqrt()). These can be
accessed through the switch -math_library fast with the DEC
Fortran compiler.
o As the ultimate compile line consider using:
# f77 -O4 -non_shared -assume=noaccuracy_sensitive -math_library fast \
-o myprog myprog.f
& for C (c89 or cc)
# c89 -O4 -D_INTRINSICS -non_shared -assume=noaccuracy_sensitive \
-unsigned -o myprog myprog.c
Note:
-O4 MUST be used with -non_shared and can NOT be used with -c.
o Cache buffers
There is a flag "delayed_bufferwrites" that introduces delayed buffer
cache writes and is particularly effective in programs that randomly
read and write small files fit in buffer cache. This parameter can
be set in the running kernel using kdbx.
# kdbx -k /vmunix /dev/mem
dbx version 3.11.1
Type 'help' for help.
stopped at [thread_block:1458 ,0xfffffc00002dc110]
(kdbx) p delay_wbuffers
0
(kdbx) a delay_wbuffers=1
1
(kdbx) p delay_wbuffers
1
(kdbx) q
o Modify Xserver parameters
Edit the file /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers and change
/usr/bin/X --> /usr/bin/X -su -bs
This helps to minimize Xserver memory usage.
o Check the csh limits with limit command.
Increase any of the limits that you suspect you may be bumping up
against.
o Alpha suggested "-T" and "-D" numbers on ALPHA/OSF
By using the "-D" and "-T" options to ld(1), you can load your
executable so that all addresses will fit within 32 bits. This
allows POINTER, which is a 64 bit quantity, to be stored in INTEGER*4.
There is a lot of flexibility in the values you can use for -T and -D,
but some suitable general purpose values:
-T 30000000 -D 40800000
Use "-v" to make sure what you want to get passed to ld(1) really is
passed.
And if you want the "num" after "-D" or "-T" to start with a letter,
start "num" with a leading "0".
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VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 4
"Fortune" Names Digital Environmental Leader
{VTX Livewire}
{Contributed by John Lehto}
"Fortune" magazine has named Digital to its list of America's 10
environmental leaders. Digital was honored for its CFC elimination
efforts, reduction of toxic releases, innovative manufactured waste
reduction programs, and product return efforts.
To develop the list, "Fortune" evaluated 130 of America's largest
manufacturing companies and scored each company's performance in 20 key
areas. Databanks from the Environmental Protection Agency and the
Occupational Safety & Health Administration were used to obtain most of
the information. Data was also provided by the Council on Economic
Priorities, which honored Digital in May for its "environmental
stewardship." Additional information was provided by socially
responsible investment firms such as Franklin Research & Development
in Boston.
The list, published in the July 26 issue, also includes AT&T,
Apple Computer, Church & Dwight, Clorox, Dow Chemical, H.B. Fuller, IBM,
Herman Miller and Xerox.
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VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 5
Digital - A letter from Bob Palmer to employees
{Livewire, Worldwide News, 28-Jul-93}
(The following message from President Bob Palmer is being sent to all
employees via electronic mail in conjunction with the release of Q4 and FY 93
operating results.)
Our hard work and focus are beginning to show encouraging results.
Digital's first quarterly profit in more than two years is a significant
milestone. And you, our employees, have reason to be proud. In the three
quarters since new management has been in place, Digital has posted a net
profit of $9 million.
We have come a long way. We are making rapid progress -- more rapid than
many observers had expected. We are on track with our plans to reclaim the
industry leadership that we once had.
We still have much to do before realizing this ambition. We must be
relentless in pursuing our goal to be "best-in-class." Our stockholders and
customers should not accept anything less from us.
Our intent is clear:
o To deliver customer solutions based on our leadership in open
client/server systems.
o To establish Alpha AXP technology as the industry's standard.
We begin this fiscal year with an integrated business plan -- with clearly
defined accountability -- that has been approved by the Board of Directors.
It's the first time in recent memory that we began the fiscal year with such a
plan.
We also begin the year with a new organization structure that is truly
customer-focused. Digital is the first and only worldwide, fully integrated
information technology supplier that is organized by customer business. It
hasn't been a simple matter getting to this point, but we are responding to
inescapable realities that our competitors are only now beginning to face.
We have some concerns about the first quarter that require us to keep our
focus on cost-competitiveness and revenue growth, but we are poised for a
resurgence. Now that we can see the beginning of our success potential, let's
sharpen our focus on delivering business solutions that customers truly value.
With your hard work and dedication, I am confident that Digital has a bright
future.
Ultimately, Digital's success depends upon you. Business plans and
organization structures don't deliver customer solutions. People do. We have
achieved aggressive goals under difficult circumstances. On behalf of our
stockholders and Board of Directors, I would like to thank you for your
continued efforts and commitment to Digital's success.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 6
-------------------------------
Digital - Reports fourth quarter profit
{Livewire, Worldwide News, 28-Jul-93}
(A letter from President and CEO Bob Palmer about the results is being sent
to all employees via electronic mail and is posted in LIVE WIRE's Worldwide
News menu.)
Digital has reported results for the fourth quarter and full fiscal year
that ended July 3, 1993.
For the quarter, the corporation reported net earnings of $113,196,000 or
$.85 per share on revenues of $3,913,951,000. This compares with a net loss
of $1,855,132,000 or $14.76 per share on revenues of $3,905,784,000 for the
comparable quarter a year ago. The loss in the fourth quarter of fiscal 1992
included a restructuring charge of $1.5 billion, primarily to be used for
employee separations, facility consolidations, asset retirements and related
costs.
For the full fiscal year ended July 3, 1993, Digital reported a net loss of
$251,330,000 or $1.93 per share on revenues of $14,371,369,000. This compares
with a net loss of $2,795,507,000 or $22.39 per share on revenues of
$13,930,872,000 for the comparable period a year ago. The prior year's loss
included a one-time charge of $485,495,000 for the cumulative effect of an
accounting change and a $1.5 billion restructuring charge.
"I am pleased to be able to report a continued, significant improvement in
our overall operating results both for the quarter and the full year," said
Bob Palmer, president and chief executive officer. "While I am not satisfied
with any loss, my confidence in Digital's future is fueled by the improvements
we have been able to achieve over the past three quarters. I am particularly
pleased to be able to report that for the three quarters since the new
management team has been in place, Digital has posted a cumulative net profit
of $9 million. With our new customer-focused business unit structure now in
place, we are poised to grow revenues and increase our market share, while
continuing to work diligently to reduce our costs," he added.
"The year just ended was a year of significant change for Digital and we
will continue the transformation of the corporation throughout fiscal year
1994. Our customers are counting on us to be successful and to help them
succeed. We have leadership competitive products -- both hardware and software
-- from the fastest workstations at any price to the most robust, open,
client/server systems. We offer comprehensive worldwide service and support
for thousands of products, not just from Digital, but from other vendors as
well. As a result, the excitement of our employees and partners is generating
growing enthusiasm in the marketplace," he said.
"Notwithstanding our concern about the seasonally soft September quarter, I
am confident that Digital is poised for resurgence and the responsibility is
with this management team to make that happen," Bob concluded.
Bill Steul, vice president and chief financial officer said, "We experienced
slight revenue growth in the U.S. and solid growth throughout Asia, compared
with the fourth quarter of last year. However, our European business in
general was weak, as was true for many other technology companies," he added.
"Most economists do not look for growth in Europe next year. As a result of
the uncertain economic outlook, we remain very cautious about our ability to
maintain profitability for the seasonally soft first quarter."
"We continue to be encouraged by the results from our focus on reducing
costs. As we rationalized our engineering effort and product offerings,
research and engineering spending declined by 24% or $116 million compared
with the same quarter a year ago to be more in line with competitive norms. In
addition, selling, general and administrative expenses declined by 17% or $215
million compared with the same quarter a year ago. Capital spending was $529
million for the full year, the lowest level since 1984," he said. "For the
second quarter in a row, the corporation generated a positive cash flow from
operations and ended the year with a cash balance of more than $1.6 billion."
Bill Strecker, vice president of Engineering said, "During fiscal year 1993,
Digital launched the Alpha AXP systems, and introduced the world's fastest PC,
as well as the fastest workstations at every price point in the industry. Over
2,600 Alpha AXP software solutions are available to customers today. Our Alpha
AXP strategy continues to support unified UNIX, Windows NT and OpenVMS
operating systems."
"While Alpha AXP-based revenues were a small factor in this year's results,
we look forward to increasing contributions, consistent with historical trends
in the introduction of a new generation of technology. In increasing numbers,
customers, software developers and systems vendors are selecting the Alpha AXP
architecture for their future computing needs," he said.
"For example, Carrier Corporation, the world's largest manufacturer of air
conditioning, heating and refrigeration equipment, standardized on Alpha AXP
technology for its worldwide manufacturing and engineering operations."
------
UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
Windows NT is a trademark of Microsoft Corp.
FOURTH QUARTER ENDED:
JULY 3, 1993 JUNE 27, 1992
PRODUCT SALES $2,085,567,000 $2,143,345,000
SERVICE & OTHER REVENUES 1,828,384,000 1,762,439,000
TOTAL OPERATING REVENUES 3,913,951,000 3,905,784,000
COST OF PRODUCT SALES 1,277,981,000 1,220,059,000
SERVICE EXPENSE & COST OF
OTHER REVENUES 1,060,298,000 1,085,419,000
TOTAL COST OF SALES 2,338,279,000 2,305,478,000
GROSS MARGIN 40.3% 41%
RESEARCH & ENGINEERING 369,376,000 485,241,000
SELLING,
GENERAL & ADMINISTRATIVE 1,088,067,000 1,303,134,000
RESTRUCTURING CHARGE --- 1,500,000,000
INTEREST INCOME 20,081,000 24,447,000
INTEREST EXPENSE 18,091,000 10,664,000
INCOME/(LOSS)
BEFORE INCOME TAXES 120,219,000 (1,674,286,000)
INCOME TAXES 7,023,000 180,846,000
NET INCOME/(LOSS) $113,196,000 $(1,855,132,000)
NET INCOME/(LOSS) PER SHARE $0.85 $(14.76)
AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES
OUTSTANDING 133,476,529 125,691,368
OPERATING RESULTS FOR THE TWELVE MONTHS ENDED:
PRODUCT SALES $7,587,994,000 $7,696,029,000
SERVICE & OTHER REVENUES 6,783,375,000 6,234,843,000
TOTAL OPERATING REVENUES 14,371,369,000 13,930,872,000
COST OF PRODUCT SALES 4,464,445,000 4,248,118,000
SERVICE EXPENSE & COST OF
OTHER REVENUES 4,166,946,000 3,883,705,000
TOTAL COST OF SALES 8,631,391,000 8,131,823,000
RESEARCH & ENGINEERING 1,530,119,000 1,753,898,000
SELLING,
GENERAL & ADMINISTRATIVE 4,447,160,000 4,680,822,000
RESTRUCTURING CHARGE ---- 1,500,000,000
INTEREST INCOME 63,831,000 96,176,000
INTEREST EXPENSE 50,837,000 38,517,000
LOSS BEFORE INCOME TAXES &
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CHANGE
IN ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE (224,307,000) (2,078,012,000)
INCOME TAXES 27,023,000 232,000,000
LOSS BEFORE CUMULATIVE EFFECT
OF CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING
PRINCIPLE (251,330,000) (2,310,012,000)
CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF CHANGE IN
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLE, NET OF TAX ---- 485,495,000
NET LOSS $(251,330,000) $(2,795,507,000)
AVERAGE NUMBER OF SHARES
OUTSTANDING 130,408,884 124,864,122
LOSS PER SHARE AFTER TAXES
BEFORE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF
ACCOUNTING CHANGE $( 1.93) $(18.50)
LOSS PER SHARE ON CUMULATIVE
EFFECT OF ACCOUNTING CHANGE - (3.89)
NET LOSS PER SHARE $(1.93) $(22.39)
BALANCE SHEET/CASH FLOWS - Q4 FY93
CASH & CASH EQUIVALENTS....................... $1,643,195,000
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE, NET...................... 3,020,252,000
A/R DAYS SALES OUTSTANDING.................... 69 DAYS
INVENTORIES: RAW MATERIALS........ 331,506,000
WORK IN PROCESS...... 502,200,000
FINISHED GOODS....... 921,434,000
TOTAL INVENTORIES ............... 1,755,140,000
PREPAID EXPENSES.............................. 379,122,000
DEFERRED INCOME TAX CHARGES, NET.............. 84,806,000
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS.......................... 6,882,515,000
PROPERTY, PLANT & EQUIPMENT, NET.............. 3,178,291,000
TOTAL ASSETS.................................. 10,950,343,000
BANK LOANS & CURRENT PORTION OF
LONG-TERM DEBT.............................. 21,335,000
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES..................... 3,918,714,000
LONG TERM DEBT................................ 1,017,577,000
POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS....................... 1,128,653,000
TOTAL LIABILITITES............................ 6,064,944,000
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY.......................... 4,885,399,000
BOOK VALUE PER SHARE.......................... $36.19
INVESTMENTS IN PP&E - QTR..................... 170,272,000
DEPRECIATION & AMORTIZATION - QTR............. 208,950,000
INVESTMENTS IN PP&E - YEAR.................... 528,691,000
DEPRECIATION & AMORTIZATION - YEAR............ 838,183,000
NON U.S. REVENUES - QUARTER................... 2,449,366,000
OR 63%
NON U.S. REVENUES - YEAR...................... 9,164,148,000
OR 64%
TOTAL EMPLOYEE POPULATION..................... 94,200
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 7
Digital - Pulls computers off global network
{The Nashua Telegraph, 24-Jul-93, p. 23}
Digital abruptly pulled two powerful new computers off a global computer
network out of concerns about possible export violations, even though the
computers never left the country.
The result of Digital's action was to deny U.S. computer users access to
U.S. computers operating in the United States.
Critics said the episode demonstrates how export laws intended to regulate
weapons technology are not only infringing on American civil liberties, but
also stifling innovation and hurting American businesses.
Digital said its concern was the foreigners could connect to the computers
from abroad, generate data, and illegally export it over the Internet computer
network, which carries data and electronic mail around the world.
The computers were reconnected to the computer network on July 7, but access
is now limited to people who are screened by the company, Mark Fredrickson, a
Digital spokesman, said Friday.
A former Commerce Department official who is now a trade consultant in
Washington said the connection of a supercomputer to a global network could
lead to violations of federal export regulations.
"If it was available overseas and they allowed people overseas to use it,
then technically they were allowing access to a supercomputer to people they
didn't know," said Paul Freedenberg, who was the Commerce Department's
undersecretary for export administration at the end of the Reagan
administration.
Freedenberg is an international trade consultant at Baker and Botts in
Washington, the law firm of former Secretary of State James Baker.
He emphasized that he had no personal knowledge of the Digital computer
hookup and that he was speaking of the regulations generally. "I can't say
Digital violated the law, because I don't know what Digital did," he said.
Lee Mercer, Digital's corporate export manager, said making the computer
available was not a violation. A Commerce Department official, speaking on
condition that he name not be used, agreed that making the computer available
was not a violation, but that export of data generated on the computer would
be a violation of regulations.
The computer hookup was in place for five weeks in April and May, said
Fredrickson. It was intended to give potential customers the opportunity to
test-drive the computers. It was terminated by company executives who wanted
to avoid any appearance of violating export regulations, he said.
Digital, the nation's No. 2 computer maker after IBM, said 65% of its annual
$14 billion are overseas. In December 1991, the Commerce Department charged
the company with 62 violations of export laws and fined it $2.4 million.
It was the largest fine the department had imposed for export violations.
Digital agreed to pay without admitting or denying guilt.
The Digital computers connected to the network were two of Digital's new AXP
4000 computers, operating in a Digital laboratory operating in Palo Alto,
Calif. The computers, which cost from $77,000 to $100,000, are considered
mid-sized computers by industry standards.
Freedenberg said that the government would probably soon revise its outmoded
standards that define those models as supercomputers and bring them under
export regulations.
Critics called for speedy revision of the export laws, which date from the
Cold War.
"Export control policies are shutting us directly out of certain markets,"
costing U.S. businesses at least $10 billion a year in lost exports, said
Howard Lewis, VP of the National Association of Manufacturers.
"It's harmful to innovation, but we think it's also very harmful to the
privacy interests of American citizens," said the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, a group concerned with computers and civil-liberties issues.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 8
Digital - Employees help Midwest to weather flooding
{Livewire, U.S. News, 23-Jul-93}
Digital employees are pitching in to help people in the flood-ravaged
Midwest, from stacking sandbags to operating ham radios to moving customers'
equipment.
Company offices in the seven-state area affected by the flood -- Illinois,
Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Wisconsin and Minnesota -- continued to
operate, despite some inconveniences, and disaster recovery teams are in place
to help customers.
As the waters rose, the Mississippi Valley Flood Disaster Recovery Team
began calling customers to offer their help. Fortunately, many customers'
facilities were located well outside the flood plain, the area closest to the
river. Team member Chuck Rabe says the real work will begin after the water
goes down and equipment needs to be cleaned and restored.
Regardless, says Chuck, "we're offering our help to anyone who asks us."
The 52-foot floodwalls along the Mississippi at St. Louis have protected
many employees and customers in that area from the worst of the flooding.
Upstream in Des Moines, Iowa, however, it has been a different story.
Portions of the metropolitan area were still experiencing power outages. The
250,000 residents of the Iowa capital had no clean drinking water for 10 days
because the city's pumping station had been flooded out.
The Des Moines Water Works is a Digital customer. Brad Sommer, sales manager
for the district that covers the flooded area, says Digital moved all of the
Water Works' equipment to higher ground.
As in St. Louis, many customers had located outside of the flood plain, and,
like their counterparts downstream, Iowa reps offered their expertise to
whomever needed it. "Most of our customers are doing pretty well," Brad says.
"But when you've lost electricity and you've lost water, you're pretty much
out of it."
Iowa-wide, at least two million acres of farmland are under water, and
damage is estimated to be close to $5 billion. Brad assesses the impact on
future business:
"Some businesses that are self-insured may have to delay capital
expenditures for new equipment because of the losses they incurred. Some
businesses may have to spend money that they were going to use on new
equipment to restore other parts of their business. On the positive side,
eventually people will have to replace equipment that's been ruined."
The "500-year flood" resulted from months of heavy precipitation upriver
where the Mississippi and Missouri rivers form.
Meteorologists say the situation is improving, but it will still take weeks
for the water to recede. To further complicate matters, more rain is forecast.
The agencies listed below are accepting cash donations to help victims of
the Midwest floods. Write "Midwest Flood Relief" in the memo space on the
check. Employee contributions to these agencies will be matched 50 cents on
the dollar through Digital's Employee Matching Gift Program. Employees who
wish to pool their contributions should follow the instructions on the back of
the form for "Disaster Funds" so their funds can be matched.
American Red Cross American Red Cross
4050 Lindell Blvd. P.O. Box 37243
St. Louis, Mo. 63108 Washington, D.C. 20013
The Salvation Army
Disaster Relief
P.O. Box 1621
Des Moines, Iowa 50306
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 9
REDMOND, Wash.--(BUSINESS WIRE) via First! -- Microsoft Corp.
(NASDAQ:MSFT) Tuesday released both the Microsoft Windows NT operating
system and Windows NT Advanced Server to manufacturing.
The Windows NT Advanced Server is being released 30 days ahead of
schedule. Shipments of both products, designed for client-server solutions,
are scheduled to be available from value-added resellers, systems
integrators, computer manufacturers and software retailers -- as well as
direct from Microsoft -- within three weeks.
"Windows NT is one of the largest software projects ever undertaken," said
Paul Maritz, senior vice president of the systems division at Microsoft.
"In four-and-a-half-years of development, the Windows NT team has
delivered a new operating system with a new graphics and window management
system and a new networking system (client and server) -- all sharing a
common, integrated, open and certifiably secure design -- for three
different chip architectures and both uniprocessor and multiprocessor
systems. To have done this without sacrificing any of the original design
goals is an incredible achievement.
"I am confident that as more people become familiar with Windows NT, it
will be seen as a robust, well-structured foundation that can be expanded
upon for many years to come."
The robustness of Windows NT and its compatibility with existing hardware
and software were tested by an unprecedented 70,000-plus developers and
10,000-plus corporate end-user sites prior to release. Microsoft has also
been using Windows NT internally for more than two years -- both as a
development platform and as its corporate server platform. In addition, the
formal test process subjected daily builds of Windows NT to heavy stress
testing to expose any potential problems.
"For business-critical computing, corporate users place a high priority on
stability and reliability," Maritz added. "We subjected Windows NT to the
most extensive testing effort in our history. The massive industry support
infrastructure now in place for Windows NT should make corporate users
confident that Windows NT is, as promised, an extremely powerful, reliable
and open solution for client-server computing."
Widespread Industry Support
The computer industry is responding to this major milestone with a large
outpouring of third-party support. Windows NT has been tested for
compatibility with more than 2,800 computers, printers and peripherals.
More than 70,000 development kits for Windows NT have been shipped, and
more than 2,000 new 32-bit applications for the Microsoft Windows and
Windows NT operating systems are being developed for release over the coming
months. These new applications will add to the base of tens of thousands of
existing applications for the Windows and MS-DOS operating systems that can
be run without change on Windows NT.
More than 15,000 people at 3,000 companies have been trained under the
Microsoft Solution Providers program to offer end users high-quality
training and technical support worldwide.
Leading computer hardware manufacturers, such as Acer, Compaq Computer
Corp., Dell Computer Corp., ICL, Olivetti, SNI and more than 25 others, will
ship Windows NT and Windows NT Advanced Server pre-installed on their high-
end computer systems.
"We are thrilled to see the availability of Windows NT and Windows NT
Advanced Server," said Casey Powell, CEO, president and chairman of Sequent
Computer Systems Inc. "Corporate customers are voicing high demand for
Sequent's WinServer family of symmetric multiprocessing systems running
Windows NT. Clearly, Windows NT is a great applications server for
business-critical solutions."
These initial releases support both the Intel x86 and MIPS R4400- based
platform. In addition, Microsoft and Digital Equipment Corp. expect to have
the Alpha AXP version of Windows NT available within 60 days.
Users Praise Power, Stability, Open Architecture
NASA is taking advantage of the portability and reliability of Windows NT
with a range of networked RISC, symmetric multiprocessor computers and x86
uniprocessor computers to manage its Mission Planet Earth project, which
analyzes and consolidates two terabytes of satellite-based geographic
information per day.
"Windows NT is highly robust and stable and is truly a next generation
operating system," said Dr. Briscoe Stephens, manager of NASA's Marshall
Space Flight Center. "Microsoft has taken the best parts of the operating
systems that exist today and put them into Windows NT, while reducing the
expense of training employees because of its ease of use."
The Arizona Department of Transportation will use Windows NT and Windows
NT Advanced Server as a platform for a workgroup CAD solution. "Stability
and single network log on are the biggest issues for my business," said
Cliff Barnett, EDP programmer and analyst, Arizona Department of
Transportation.
"Windows NT is a much more stable platform, security is tighter and log on
is greatly simplified. We don't have to keep track of 30 different
passwords anymore. And using the Windows interface with Windows NT is a
real benefit. Our employees have seamless access to the operating system
without having to think about what platform they are using."
Nordstrom, a leading West Coast-based retail chain, is rolling out an
enterprisewide inventory and sales management system based on Windows NT
technology and large NCR multiprocessing systems. "After studying many
alternatives, Nordstrom chose Windows NT Advanced Server for its new
enterprise management system," said Larry Shaw, PC coordinator at
Nordstrom.
"We made this choice because of the clear advantages Windows NT offers in
the area of distributed systems management, control and security. The
Windows NT Advanced Server makes our administrator's job much easier by
offering a single log-on feature plus remote administration and management
capabilities. These features give Nordstrom the ability to administer all
of its stores from one central location."
Founded in 1975, Microsoft is the worldwide leader in software for
personal computers. The company offers a wide range of products and
services for business and personal use, each designed with the mission of
making it easier and more enjoyable for people to take advantage of the full
power of personal computing every day.
CONTACT: Microsoft Corp., Redmond | General sales and product
information, 800/426-9400 | or (for media only) | Collins Hemingway,
206/882-8080 | or | Waggener Edstrom, Portland, Ore. | Linda O'Neill or Erin
Holland, 503/245-0905
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 10
DFWLUG Contact list
The DFWLUG Steering Committee:
Chairman: Lon Crozier Meeting Chris Simon
Snelling & Snelling Coordinator: FMC Corporation
12801 N. Central Expwy 1460 Round Table
Dallas, TX 75243 Dallas, TX 75247
(214) 239-7575 (214) 689-7127
Membership David Cathey Secretary/ Jim Rodgers
Coordinator: Montagar Software Concepts Treasurer: SSC Laboratory
P.O. BOX 260772 2550 Beckley Meade
Plano, TX 75026 MS 1011
(214) 618-2117 Dallas, TX 75237
(214) 708-6134
SW/Tape Robert Eden NEWSLETTER Jo Ann Catcott
Librarian: JCS Consulting Services CO-EDITOR: Computer Education & Design
5905 Beverly Dr. West #3133 750 Hammon Dr. Bldg #9
Fort Worth, TX 76132 Atlanta, GA 30328
(817) 897-0491 (214) 733-4318
NEWSLETTER Alan Bruns DIGITAL John Wisniewski
CO-EDITOR: Allied Electronics COUNTERPART: Digital Equipment Corp
7410 Pebble Drive 14131 Midway Road
Fort Worth, TX 76118 Dallas, TX 75244
(817) 595-3500 (214) 404-6412
DECUS Membership Processing
NATIONAL: DECUS US Chapter
333 South Street, SHR1-4/D33
Shrewsbury, MA 01545-4195
(508) 841-3341
EMAIL TO THE DFWLUG STAFF SEND TO:
dfwlug@fallout.lonestar.org
The entire DFWLUG staff will receive a copy of the E-Mail message.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 11
THE DFWLUG DECUS ORIENTED BBS
__________
| ______ | THE DFWLUG BBS: (214) 270-3313
| / ---- \ | Chartered since 1982 (214) 270-5383
| | | | Celebrating Over 11 Years of DECUS
| \ ____ / | in Dallas/Ft. Worth Texas
| ------ |
---------- E-mail: dfwlug@fallout.lonestar.org
D E C U S
The DFWLUG is the Local Users Group for the
Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS)
THE DFWLUG DECUS ORIENTED BBS
| NEWS | DECUS | E-MAIL | FREEWARE | DIGITAL | SHAREWARE | ALPHA AXP |
We've upgraded to the VAXstation 4000/90 72MHz Processor!
"The Fastest BBS in Dallas"
The NEW AT&T Paradyne "Dataport" 14400 Baud Modem is in too!
The DFWLUG hosts a semiprivate OpenVMS BBS for use by it's membership,
we currently are using VMS 5.5-2, POSIX or DCL shells, DECUS FREEWARE,
CDROMS and have over three GIGAbytes of storage dedicated to industry
information, OpenVMS, Unix-OSF/1, MSDOS/Windows/Windows NT and providing
net access for our members.
The DFWLUG BBS also hosts multiple phone lines and currently supports
V.32 and V.42bis (9600 and 14400 baud) modems.
The DFWLUG BBS has been in continuous operation since 1991 and is one
of the few DECUS oriented BBS's in the United States.
We provide a menu-driven environment that features:
*Individual Private Accounts and directories
*VAXnotes Local Conferencing
*USEnetNEWS 1300+NEWSgroups Internet Distributed Conferencing
*DECUS UUCP For E-Mail communications anywhere on the Internet
*Files Upload and Download with Kermit X/Y Modem, or Reflections
*Indexes And locations of all the DECUS Software Libraries
*Internet Network Fileservers access (via E-mail)
*DFWLUG Local Fileserver (100MBs and growing)
*Access to DCL and/or the Posix/krn Shell
*Editors We provide EDT, TPU, TECO, and vi editor choices
Programs, source code and binary files for all models of computer systems
are distributed world wide via USEnet NEWS in a variety of standard encoding
formats (Primarily UUENCODED). Sources for UUENCODE and UUDECODE are
available on our local Fileserver.
The USEnet NEWS expiration on source and binary file NEWSgroups on the
DFWLUG BBS is 12 months. This assures capture and the ability to extract
all of the posted program parts even if they take several days/weeks to be
posted from the source.
The DFWLUG BBS offers the news readers selected Newsgroups from alt, austin,
comp, dfw, news, rec, sci,tx and vmsnet news hierarchies for over 1300+
choices and over 800MBytes of online news, programs and tools (you just
can't read it all;-)
C-Kermit, X/Y modem, and Reflections protocols are supported for upload and
download.
In addition to 1300+ Newsgroups and extended archives, the DFWLUG BBS has
set up a permanent Fileserver for many files of interest to our members.
Membership in the DFWLUG and attending our User Group meetings has always
been free but a private account for the BBS is a modest $10.00 per year
and available to students and professionals in the DFW area.
Accounts may be obtained at one of the monthly meetings that take place
every second Tuesday of the month, 7:00pm at the Digital ACT (702-4400)
in Dallas TX. Or contact the DFWLUG Membership Coordinator David Cathey
davidc@montagar.com (214)618-2117.
For more information and brief access to USEnet NEWS via DECUS's ANUnews
Newsreader, you may dial-in into our public account:
(214) 270-3313 1200 - 9600 Baud 8/n/1 V.32 (Digital DF296 Modem)
(214) 270-5383 300 - 14400 Baud 8/n/1 V.42/V.42bis (AT&T Dataport Modem)
Use account name INFO.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME 3 NUMBER 8
PAGE 12
TELEPHONE NUMBERS FOR DIGITAL SUPPORT AND ORDERING
PC DESKTOP Direct (to purchase a PC or for PC configuration questions)
1-800-722-9332
1-800-SOFTWARE (to purchase any of 12,000 PC software products)
1-800-763-8927
DECdirect (to purchase any non-PC product computers, network, supplies
1-800-344-4825 or for DECdirect Prepurchasing Technical questions.)
DECdirect Modem Line 1200-2400 Baud
1-800-234-1998
Education Services hotline
(For information on upcoming DEC classes and locations)
1-800-332-5656
---------------------
The above service numbers are free.
The following requires a valid Digital support Contract and are available
24 hours per day.
---------------------
Colorado Customer Support Software support under contract
1-800-354-9000
Master Champs 24x7 Mission Critical Support under special contract.
1-800-345-3746
24 hour each day Customer Support to log a call with Field service
and have something repaired
1-800-354-9000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MASTHEAD/DISCLAIMERS/LEGAL STUFF
__________
| ______ | THE DFWLUG
| / ---- \ | 10th Anniversary(*1982-1992*)
| | | | Celebrating over 10 Years of DECUS
| \ ____ / | in Dallas/Ft. Worth Texas
| ------ |
---------- dfwlug@fallout.lonestar.org BBS: (214) 270-3313
D E C U S
The DFWLUG is the Local Users Group for the
Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS)
*DECUS* DFWLUG NET/Newsletter
Volume 3 Number 8 August 3rd, 1993
The DFWLUG is an affiliated and licensed Local Users Group of the
U.S. DECUS Chapter.
The DFWLUG Net/Newsletter is published as a monthly service in
electronic form Copyright (c) DFWLUG, DECUS, and Digital Equipment
Corporation 1993. All rights reserved.
This information in this document is subject to change and should not
be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation, DECUS,
or the DFWLUG. Digital Equipment, DECUS and the DFWLUG assume no
responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document.
It is assumed that all material submitted for publication in this
newsletter is with the author's permission to publish in any DECUS
publication. Content is the responsibility of the author and DECUS,
Digital Equipment, the DFWLUG, the Editors and Staff assume no
responsibility or liability for information appearing in this
document.
Views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the views
of DECUS, the DFWLUG or Digital Equipment Corporation.
Address correspondence to the editors: "dfwlug@fallout.lonestar.org"
<><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><><>
Permission to copy material from this VNS is granted (per DIGITAL PP&P)
provided that the message header for the issue and credit lines for the
VNS correspondent and original source are retained in the copy.
<><><><><><><><> VNS Edition Jul-1993 <><><><><><><><>
---------------------------------end-------------------------------------------
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