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Archive-name: sgi/faq/graphics

           SGI graphics Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)


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This FAQ contains errors! Finding them is an exercise for alert readers.

Please send additions and changes to sgi-faq@archone.tamu.edu.

This FAQ is one of the SGI FAQ series, which consists of:

     SGI Admin FAQ - IRIX System Administration
     SGI Apps FAQ - Applications & Compilers
     SGI Graphics FAQ - Graphics & Windowing
     SGI Hardware FAQ - Hardware issues
     SGI Misc FAQ - Introduction & Miscellaneous Information

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and comp.answers newsgroups (whose purpose is to store FAQs) every two weeks.
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 rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers/sgi/faq/graphics
 rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/comp.sys.sgi.misc/SGI_graphics_Frequently_Asked_Questions
 archone.tamu.edu:ftp/pub/sgi/faq/graphics
 rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/comp.answers/sgi/faq/graphics

Note that rtfm.mit.edu is home to many other FAQs and informational documents,
and is a good place to look if you can't find an answer here.

Topics covered in this FAQ:
--------------------------
  -1- How can I quickly find the question I want in this FAQ?
  -2- What books about the X Window System and OSF/Motif
      do you recommend?
  -3- Sun XView applications like "mailtool" are hanging
      my X server in 4.0.5.  They come up fine, but as soon
      as I click on them the server freezes.
  -4- Why do I get DGL errors when trying to run Jot,
      Workspace, or other IRIS GL applications on an
      X terminal or other non-SGI workstation?
  -5- After running a few programs, the colors change as
      the cursor moves. The colors are usually all wrong
      in other windows.
  -6- How can I change my X Server to use a 12-bit PseudoColor, 
      12-bit TrueColor, or 24-bit TrueColor visual by default?
  -7- The library /usr/lib/libgl_s.a isn't on my R4000 Indigo.
      Where is it?
  -8- How do I run a program on one machine and display
      it on another?
  -9- Does the DISPLAY environment variable work for
      GL applications?
  -10- The DISPLAY variable doesn't seem to work.  Why?
  -11- I'm getting DGL errors when I display an Iris GL
       application to another SGI machine.
  -12- Can I save my screen layout?
  -13- Sometimes an extra 4Dwm is running, using a lot of
       the CPU.  Is this necessary?
  -14- I'm running IRIX 4.0.1, and can't log in correctly.
       After logging in the screen turns blue then goes back
       to Pandora.
  -15- How do I run 'xinit' manually, (not automatically
       from 'xdm')?
  -16- How do I start X on a remote host with no users logged in?
  -17- What do the errors in my 'xdm-errors' file mean?
  -18- How do I log into pandora without bringing up graphics?
  -19- How do I start and stop the graphics system?
  -20- Pandora won't come up, and /usr/adm/SYSLOG says
       "helvetica font missing"
  -21- How do I restart the console?
  -22- What are resources?
  -23- How do I set resources?
  -24- How do I know what resources I can set for an application?
  -25- How do I run the same program twice with different attributes?
  -26- Does the GL recognize resources?
  -27- How do I find out what fonts are available?
  -28- Does SGI provide any tools to help with the
       customization process?
  -29- What is a good approach to take in looking for resources?
  -30- What is the precedence for resource files?
  -31- What files affect the window manager and what is
       their relationship to each other?
  -32- Do I need my own .4Dwmrc file?
  -33- Can I run different window managers?
  -34- How do I choose a different window manager as the default?
  -35- Where can I learn more about the Window Manager behavior?
  -36- How do I recover from a failed customization attempt?
  -37- What is the difference between .xsession and .sgisession?
  -38- After copying /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession to .xsession,
       I can't login.
  -39- What are the important login and resource files
       for IRIX 4D1-4.0?
  -40- What is the sequence of events that occur at login time?
  -41- How can I convert RGB Bitmaps to & from other formats?
  -42- Can I compress RGB bitmaps?
  -43- How can I look at a Postscript file?
  -44- How do I make a screen dump?
  -45- Can I use 4Dgifts code in my application?
  -46- What does ERR_WMANIPC mean?
  -47- How can I translate screen (x,y) coords into world
       (x,y,z) coords?
  -48- How can I translate world (x,y,z) coords into
       screen (x,y) coords?
  -49- I call mapcolor(index, R, G, B) but nothing happens.  Why?
  -50- What's wrong with blink()?
  -51- When I try to run UIM/X uxserverd, I get an
       error message saying, "license file has been
       modified, cannot start the UIM/X license server".
  -52- What is a GL widget?
  -53- I'm using the GlxMDraw widget and it doesn't seem
       that colors are being installed correctly.  Overlays
       in the GlxMDraw widget are displayed in red and gray
       instead of the colors I specify.  What is the problem?
  -54- I get a "Broken Pipe" error when I close the window
       of an X client, such as xman or xterm.  What does
       this error mean?  Is there something wrong with my system?
  -55- Is there a way to switch on the fly between single
       and double buffering within a GL widget?
  -56- Why doesn't SGI's xlock lock my screen?
  -57- Why do I get compilation errors when compiling the 
       Inventor C++ examples, using C++ 3.0?
  -58- Credits

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Subject:   -1- How can I quickly find the question I want in this FAQ?
Date: 27 May 93 00:00:01 EST

- This FAQ follows the RFC1153 recommendations for message digests and thus
  can be viewed easily with newsreaders that understand message digests.
- Each question has a Subject: line, so you can easily step through the answers
  with rn's ^G command.
- Each question is marked with a "dash number dash" so that you can find any
  answer with a simple search pattern.
- Questions marked with a '+' are new this posting; those marked with a '!'
  have significant new content since the last edition.

------------------------------


Subject:   -2- What books about the X Window System and OSF/Motif
               do you recommend?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Introductory Texts on the X Window System

     - O'Reilly and Associates Inc., "The Definitive Guides to
       the X Window System", by Valerie Quercia and Tim O'Reilly. Vol.  3,
       "X Window System User's Guide", Sebastopol, CA., 1988, 1989.

       Discusses being an end user of the X window system.  Covers
       topics like window manages, font specifications, standard X
       clients and resources.

     Texts on X Window System Programming

     - O'Reilly and Associates, Inc. "The Definitive Guides to the
       X Window System", by Adrian Nye. Vol. 1, "Xlib Programming
       Manual",  Sebastopol, CA., 1990.

       Contains the introductory elements for programming with the
       Xlib, the lowest level of the X window system.  Discusses
       concepts such as X color capacities, windows, events,
       drawing primitives.

     - Young, Douglas A., "X Window Systems Programming and Applications
       with Xt" (OSF/Motif Edition). Prentice Hall. Englewood
       Cliffs, NJ. 1990.

       A thorough book starting with the basics of programming with
       a toolkit though advanced topics.  Contains source code for
       several small complete applications.  (Source code for this
       book is also available on line in the /usr/src directory of
       the Motif Development option.)

     - O'Reilly and Associates Inc., "The Definitive Guides to
       the X Window System", by Adrian Nye and Tim O'Reilly. Vol. 4,
       "X Toolkit Intrinsics Programming Manual", Sebastopol, CA., 1990.

       Another reference for programming with the OSF/Motif
       toolkit.  Covers topics including basic programming,
       widgets, resources, and more advanced topics.

     Reference Texts for the X Window System :

     - O'Reilly and Associates Inc., "The Definitive Guides to
       the X Window System", by Adrian Nye. Vol. 2,
       "Xlib Reference Manual", Sebastopol, CA., 1988.

       Complete reference for Xlib library routines.

     - Scheifler, Robert and James Gettys, X Window System, Second Edition,
       Digital Press, 1990.  ISBN 1-55558-050-5.

       Referred to as "the Bible" of Xlib and X Protocol reference.

     Reference Texts for the OSF/Motif Toolkit :

     - Open Software Foundation, "OSF/Motif Programmer's Guide".
       Release 1.1, Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1990.

       Exhaustive reference of every widget in the OSF/Motif library.

     - Asente, Paul J. and Ralph R. Swick. "X Window System Toolkit".
       X Version 11, Release 4. Digital Press. 1990.

       Very in-depth reference to the structure and operation of
       an X window system toolkit.


------------------------------

Subject:   -3- Sun XView applications like "mailtool" are hanging
               my X server in 4.0.5.  They come up fine, but as soon
               as I click on them the server freezes.
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Any XView application run under the Xsgi X11-server shipped in
     IRIX versions 4.0.5A through 4.0.5G will lock the X Server on 
     the first mouse click and will not release it until killed from 
     somewhere else.  Fortunately there is a workaround:

     a) Run the application with '-Wfsdb' on the command line.
        Alternatively you could use '-fullscreendebug'.  For example:

	% mailtool -Wfsdb

     b) If you have the sources, add
            extern int fullscreendebug;
        before main() and
            fullscreendebug = 1;
        after the xv_init() call.  This forces the program to set this
        flag in any case - even when run with non-SGI X servers.  It 
	releases you of the danger of omitting -Wfsdb and locking
	your screen.

     c) if the program uses the 'fullscreen' package, you might add
           Fullscreen.Debug: True
        in $HOME/.Xresources or specify this resource on the command
        line.  This flag currently disables grabs in both the 'window'
        and the 'fullscreen' package, but is only set from resources
        in the 'fullscreen' package.

------------------------------

Subject:   -4- Why do I get DGL errors when trying to run Jot,
               Workspace, or other IRIS GL applications on an
               X terminal or other non-SGI workstation?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     This occurs because X Terminals and other vendors X servers
     only understand X protocols.  The above applications use Iris GL,
     which is not an X server extension.

     It is not currently possible to display IRIS GL-based applications
     on X terminals or other non-SGI workstations.

     Typically the error message resembles the following:

     dgl error (TCP connect): Connection refused
     dgl error (default init): default dglopen(host:0,4) returned -127

     When OpenGL is available from other vendors, then you will be able
     to do OpenGL rendering to those servers that export the GLX extension.
     OpenGL is a normal X extension and the transport happens automatically
     via the X transport stream.


------------------------------

Subject:   -5- After running a few programs, the colors change as
               the cursor moves. The colors are usually all wrong
               in other windows.
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     This is known as colormap flashing. It is caused by the server
     maintaining 2 seperate colormaps, one for GL windows and one for
     X windows.  As the cursor moves around, the window manager will
     install the correct colormap for each window.  This will cause
     colors to be wrong in other windows.  For more information on
     colormaps and installation please see the Xlib Programming manual,
     chapter 7 (Vol I of the O'Reilly series).

     You can sometimes avoid colormap flasing by configuring your
     X Server to use a 12-bit or 24-bit visual by default.

------------------------------

Subject:   -6- How can I change my X Server to use a 12-bit PseudoColor, 
               12-bit TrueColor, or 24-bit TrueColor visual by default?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     By default, the SGI X Server is configured to use an 8-bit
     PseudoColor visual.  X-based applications can request other
     visuals directly if they are available.  Alternatively, you 
     can change the default visual by performing the following steps:

     a) Run "/usr/bin/X11/xdpyinfo" and check that your server is
        capable of using a 12-bit or 24-bit visual.  If it is,
	you will see lines similar to the following:

        visual id, max buffers, depth:    0x28, 0, 12
        visual id, max buffers, depth:    0x29, 0, 12
        visual id, max buffers, depth:    0x2a, 0, 24

	The last number on each line represents the number of
	bits available for that visual.
	
     b) Log in as root

     c) Edit the file /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers.  By default it
	will contain the string:
          :0 secure /usr/bin/X11/X -bs -c -pseudomap 4sight
        for a 24-bit TrueColor visual change it to:
	  :0 secure /usr/bin/X11/X -bs -c -class TrueColor -depth 24
        for a 12-bit PseudoColor visual change it to:
	  :0 secure /usr/bin/X11/X -bs -c -class PseudoColor -depth 12

     d) Restart your X server.  You can do this by invoking either
	of the following commands:

	% killall -TERM Xsgi

	% /usr/gfx/stopgfx; /usr/gfx/startgfx

     Note:  X Server visuals are an advanced topic; before making 
     the above changes you should be aware that some 3rd-party and 
     freeware applications might not gracefully adapt to an X Server
     which supplies anything but an 8-bit PseudoColor visual by default.

------------------------------

Subject:   -7- The library /usr/lib/libgl_s.a isn't on my R4000 Indigo.
               Where is it?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     It's in the "maint" software, in the maint_gl_x_dev package.


------------------------------

Subject:   -8- How do I run a program on one machine and display
               it on another?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Use the DISPLAY environment variable to specify the remote host
     on which you want the X client to be displayed; then invoke the
     appplication.

     To specify the remote host:

     setenv DISPLAY <destination>:0

     where <destination> is the name or IP address of the remote host.

     To specify the local host (console):

     setenv DISPLAY :0


------------------------------

Subject:   -9- Does the DISPLAY environment variable work for
               GL applications?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Yes.  Iris GL programs display on the machine specified by the
     DISPLAY environment variable.  This occurs because the GL now uses
     the Distributed Graphics Library (DGL) capabilities by default.  It
     is important to remember that only Silicon Graphics' machines can
     display GL.  For networks running NIS (formerly yellow pages),
     it is sometimes necessary to add the flag "-lsun" when compiling.


------------------------------

Subject:   -10- The DISPLAY variable doesn't seem to work.  Why?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     There are several possibilities.  First, check your DISPLAY
     variable to make sure it is syntactically correct.  For example,
     to display applications on a machine named "enterprise" whose
     IP address is 123.45.678.90, it should be set to "enterprise:0"
     or "123.45.678.90:0".

     Also, try to "ping" the machine to which your DISPLAY variable
     is set.  If this does not work, you have either specified an
     invalid hostname, the host is down, or you are having network
     problems.

     Sometimes, when trying to display to a remote server, you see
     messages like "permission denied" or "can't connect to server".
     To solve permission problems, you need to disable access control
     on the remote server using the xhost command.  By default, access
     control is disabled on Silicon Graphics' machines.

     For more information see Chapter 3 of the X Window System
     User's Guide, (Vol. 3 of the O'Reilly series)

     If NIS is used, make sure the client is linked with "-lsun".


------------------------------

Subject:   -11- I'm getting DGL errors when I display an Iris GL
                application to another SGI machine.
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Commonly the errors will look like:

     dgl error (TCP connect): Connection refused
     dgl error (default init): default dglopen(enterprise:0) returned -127

     If this is the case, check the files /etc/services and
     /usr/etc/inetd.conf on both machines.  Make sure neither
     of the lines below have been commented out.  The services
     file should contain a line which reads:

     sgi-dgl         5232/tcp

     inetd.conf should contain a line which reads:

     sgi-dgl stream  tcp   nowait  root   /usr/etc/dgld  dgld -IM -tDGLTSOCKET


------------------------------

Subject:   -12- Can I save my screen layout?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Not very easily.  You must run "xwininfo" to find the X and Y
     position of each window, then use that information to customize
     your .sgisession or .xsession files.

     There is also a tool called "xtoolplaces" that was posted to
     comp.sources.x in volume14.

     For more information see Chapter 3 of the X Window System
     User's Guide, (Vol. 3 of the O'Reilly series)


------------------------------

Subject:   -13- Sometimes an extra 4Dwm is running, using a lot of
                the CPU.  Is this necessary?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     No, there should only be one.  This multiple window manager
     problem usually is triggered by the "kill" feedback of the
     window manager when a user logs out.  The workaround for the
     problem is to remove the "kill" feedback.

     The "kill" feedback is controlled by the resource "showFeedback."  For
     4Dwm, this resource is defined in /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/4DWm as:

          *showFeedback:       behavior restart quit kill

     Modify the resource to read:

          *showFeedback:       behavior restart quit

     For mwm, set a "showFeedback" resource that does not include the
     "kill" feedback in /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Mwm.  A sample setting is:

          Mwm*showFeedback:  move placement resize behavior restart quit


------------------------------

Subject:   -14- I'm running IRIX 4.0.1, and can't log in correctly.
                After logging in the screen turns blue then goes back
                to Pandora.
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The problem is caused by an incorrect shutdown.  When you log
     out, xdm runs /usr/sbin/gamma and writes the current value to
     /etc/config/system.glGammaVal.  IRIX buffers this data in main
     memory in the buffer cache.  If the system is powered off right
     after logout, the data is not written to the file.

     a) Login to your system as root, either via the network or
        by taking the machine down to single-user mode.

     b) enter these commands at the # prompt:

        # cd /etc/config
        # cat system.glGammaVal

     If the cat command returns a value of 1.7000, contact your technical
     support provider for additional troubleshooting.  If the command
     returns nothing (empty file) or "0", it means the problem can be
     fixed by entering the following command:

	# /bin/rm system.glGammaVal
        # /bin/echo "1.7" > system.glGammaVal

     Check your work:
        # cat system.glGammaVal

     The command above should now return 1.7.

     Your login should now be successful. If you edited the file while
     Pandora was running, you'll find the first login attempt will fail,
     but any later attempts will be successful. After the first login
     attempt, Pandora will read in the correct gamma value.


------------------------------

Subject:   -15- How do I run 'xinit' manually, (not automatically
                from 'xdm')?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Note that this change would affect all users.

     1) log in as root
     2) Type:
	/usr/gfx/stopgfx
	chkconfig xdm off.
     3) all users need to copy /usr/bin/X11/X to their home directory
        (renaming the file to .xserverrc), removing the if test for
        windowsystem, OR be familiar enough with xinit to have an
        alternate command line.
     4) transfer all startup programs from .xsession/.sgisession to .xinitrc.
     5) the last program to start from .xinitrc must not exit.  When this
        one exits, the session terminates.


------------------------------

Subject:   -16- How do I start X on a remote host with no users logged in?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     This example starts up an xclock on the remote system.  The easy
     way to test this for now is to rlogin to the system and type the
     commands.  Once something works you can write some shell scripts
     and use rsh to run them:

     hydra is being used to login to oscar and start graphics on oscar.
     oscar is displaying the pandora login when this is done:

     hydra 2% rlogin oscar -l root
     oscar 1# /usr/gfx/stopgfx     (screen blanks)
     oscar 2# chkconfig windowsystem on
     oscar 3# setenv DISPLAY :0.0  (display on local screen)
     oscar 4# /usr/bin/X11/X &  (start Xsgi)
     oscar 5# xclock &  (clock is displayed)

     To clean up:

     oscar 6# /usr/gfx/stopgfx     (screen blanks)
     oscar 7# /usr/gfx/startgfx  (re-start pandora)


------------------------------

Subject:   -17- What do the errors in my 'xdm-errors' file mean?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     It depends on the error message, obviously.  Some are:

       unable to load display mode, rnid = 196614, errno = 22
       Failed to unbind rn from clip, rnid = 3,errno = 22
       bogus window id in rrm request type(2)

     These are messages related to the communication between the rrm 
     layer in the kernel and the X server.  The messages usually occur
     when a GL window is being destroyed in a sequence that the X server
     did not expect.  They are quite benign.

------------------------------

Subject:   -18- How do I log into pandora without bringing up graphics?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     In IRIX 3.3 you could specify the "NOGRAPHICS" option on the
     login screen.  The "NOGRAPHICS" option has been replaced with
     the keyword "failsafe" that is typed after the users name on
     the login screen.  However, this command no longer brings up
     a "textport" window without graphics.  Instead, it now starts
     a single xwsh on the center of the screen with no window manager.
     Example login:

       login: root failsafe

------------------------------

Subject:   -19- How do I start and stop the graphics system?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Use /usr/gfx/startgfx and /usr/gfx/stopgfx.  Be aware that
     stopgfx will kill any active windows and log you out.  Under
     IRIX 3.* use /etc/gl/restartgl.

------------------------------

Subject:   -20- Pandora won't come up, and /usr/adm/SYSLOG says
                "helvetica font missing"
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     It appears that the subsystem, "eoe2.sw.fonts" did not get loaded.
     Re-install the subsystem using the following sequence from 'inst':
     1) type "inst" or boot the mini-root, as documented in Section 4.5
        of the "IRIS Software Installation Guide"
     2) keep *
     3) set neweroverride on
     4) install eoe2.sw.fonts
     5) exit

------------------------------

Subject:   -21- How do I restart the console?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Use /usr/sbin/startconsole.  In IRIX 3.*, use /etc/gl/startconsole.

------------------------------

Subject:   -22- What are resources?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Basically, resources are "attributes" that control the
     look and feel of an application. Resources include color, fonts,
     size, location, and more.  Resources can have a complex format for
     binding strengths.

     For a complete description of resources, including a description
     of "loose" and "tight" bindings, consult a book listed in the
     bibliography for question #25.


------------------------------

Subject:   -23- How do I set resources?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     There are many ways to set resources. Resources may be listed
     in files or contained in a data base. It is recommended that
     you consult a Book on X as well as the man page for "xrdb"
     for detailed descriptions. Generally speaking, if xrdb is not
     used, resource files are specified through environment
     variables. Question #14 addresses the precedence of these
     files and variables.

     For some examples, see the file /usr/tutor/Customize/example.Xdefaults.


------------------------------

Subject:   -24- How do I know what resources I can set for an application?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The most common place to find resource variables for a particular
     application is in the man page for that application.

     For example, take a look at the man page for `xwsh'.  Look for
     the section heading called `RESOURCES'.  This section lists
     each resource for `xwsh', and in some cases, the valid
     values for that resource.

     Also, many major applications are built on top of the
     Xt toolkit. There are standard resources that these
     applications recognize. For a more complete description,
     see one of the books on Xt listed in the bibliography.


------------------------------

Subject:   -25- How do I run the same program twice with different attributes?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     To accomplish this task, you need to take advantage of the
     "instance vs class" concept. This concept is explained further
     in most books on Xt.

     Many applications have a resource that lets you to give it a unique name.
     For example, from the xwsh man page :


     -name instance-name
      Provide a unique name for an xwsh window.  This name becomes
      the instance name of the specific xwsh, with the class name
      always being "XWsh".

      Using the -name option allows you to give "names" to different
      instances of xwsh and assign different resources to each one.
      So if you want two different xwsh's with different resource sets,
      give them two different names, say howdymom and howdydoody, for example.
      Add the following to your ~/.Xdefaults file (if you use .Xdefaults) :

      howdymom*foreground:       SeaGreen
      howdydoody*foreground:     SGIBeet

      Now all you have to do is start them up :
      xwsh -name howdymom&
      xwsh -name howdydoody&


------------------------------

Subject:   -26- Does the GL recognize resources?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Yes. In IRIX 4.0 and later, the GL responds to several X resources,
     allowing run-time control over some aspects of GL programs.

     The man page assumes you are somewhat familiar with X resources, if you
     are not, you should read some X documentation such as Volume 3 of the
     O'Reily X books.

     The GL uses resources names with the prefixes
          appname.gl.                (instance prefix)
          Appname.GL.                (class prefix)
     where appname and Appname are derived from the argument to the GL
     program's first call to winopen(3G) upper case.

     For complete information see the man page for GLRESOURCES.


------------------------------

Subject:   -27- How do I find out what fonts are available?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The xfontsel and xlsfonts utilities help you find appropriate fonts.
     xlsfonts lists the fonts; xfontsel provides an interface for selecting
     a desired font. To use xfontsel, choose "Font Names" from the
     Customization rollover menu in the Toolchest.  Please see the man
     pages and the IRIS Utilities Guide for further information.


------------------------------

Subject:   -28- Does SGI provide any tools to help with the
                customization process?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Yes. The Customization rollover menu in the Toolchest contains three
     entries: Window Info, Color Names, and Font Names.  Please refer
     to the man pages on these commands for details: xfontsel, xlsfonts,
     xwininfo, xdpyinfo, xprop, appres, listres, and xrdb.

     Also, see the "WorkSpace User's Guide" and the example files in
     /usr/tutor/Customize.


------------------------------

Subject:   -29- What is a good approach to take in looking for resources?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The following is a recommended list  of steps
     to take when searching for a resource, binding, behavior, etc.

     1)  Look in the 4.0 Transition Guide.
     2)  Look in /usr/tutor/Customize.
     3)  Look in /usr/demos.
     4)  Look in ~4Dgifts.  (Available with the development option.)
     5)  If the client you are interested in is a GL client, see the
         man page for GLRESOURCES.
     6)  Look in /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/ClientName.
     7)  Look in /usr/lib/X11/system.* .
     8)  Look through the man page for the client you are interested in.
     9)  Look in O'Reilly & Associates Vol. III. It has many gems
         pertaining to standard X clients.
     10) Look in the documentation that came with your application.
     11) Look in the OSF Motif manuals.
     12) Post to comp.windows.x if you can not find
         an answer using steps 1 through 11.


------------------------------

Subject:   -30- What is the precedence for resource files?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The following list indicates the weight of set resources.
     Items at the top have the greatest weight.

     1) Hard coded values for resources.
     2) Command line arguments.
     3) Resources pointed to by $XENVIRONMENT.
     4) Resource values loaded into the Resource Data Base via xrdb.
     5) Resources pointed to by other environment variables :

     IF $XUSERFILESEARCHPATH is set
         then it contains a list of directories to search.

     ELSE IF $XAPPLRESDIR is set
         it contains a single directory, and a short list of related
         directories (e.g. adjusted for language) is where resource
         files must be found.

     ELSE
         Look in a short list of places related to $HOME (e.g.
         language adjusted). This includes files in $HOME that have
         the
                name of the class of the application.

     6) Resource values set in $HOME/.Xdefaults, provided that the
        RESOURCE_MANAGER property hasn't been set via the xrdb command.
        (see the third paragraph in the xrdb man page)
     7) Values set in /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/*.
     8) Values set through through the application's fall back mechanism.


------------------------------

Subject:   -31- What files affect the window manager and what is
                their relationship to each other?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     1)~/.4Dwmrc, if you have one
     2)/usr/lib/X11/system.4Dwmrc
     3)/usr/bin/X11/4Dwm
     4)/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/4Dwm
     5)~/.Xdefaults (or wherever you set resources)

     When 4Dwm is started, it looks for ~/.4Dwmrc. If it does
     not exist, it looks at /usr/lib/X11/system.4Dwmrc. The
     definitions for button bindings, menus, etc are contained
     in these files. For a better description of bindings,
     look in /usr/tutor/Customize/example.4Dwmrc and /usr/people/
     4Dgifts/.4Dwmrc. Also see the man pages for 4Dwm.

     The resource set for the bindings will actually "choose"
     which binding definition is set.


------------------------------

Subject:   -32- Do I need my own .4Dwmrc file?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Not necessarily. As mentioned in the previous question,
     actual bindings are determined by resource names. If there
     is a binding definition in /usr/lib/X11/system.4Dwmrc
     that you like, you may choose it by setting the appropriate
     resource.


------------------------------

Subject:   -33- Can I run different window managers?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     In Irix 4D1-4.0, you may choose 4Dwm, mwm, twm, or uwm. Note that GL
     programs are guaranteed to work only under 4Dwm.


------------------------------

Subject:   -34- How do I choose a different window manager as the default?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     You must use a .xsession file and explicitly invoke the
     window manager and any other applications you want to
     use, such as 'toolchest' and 'xwsh'.

     After making this change, you may only be able to log out
     by using the "Log Out" selection in the toolchest, or by
     executing /usr/bin/X11/endsession.

     Here are the contents a sample .xsession file:

	xhost + &
        toolchest -name ToolChest > /dev/console 2&>1 &
        winterm -bg red &
        winterm -bg blue &
        mwm > /dev/console 2&>1 &
	/usr/bin/X11/reaper

     Note that 'reaper' is not put into the background.
     When 'reaper' exits you will be logged out.

     Alternatively, you can do the following steps:

     1.  cp /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession ~/.xsession

     2.  Remove the lines in ~/.xsession that say:
         if [ -r $xsession -a "$0" != $xsession ]; then
                 if [ -x $xsession ]; then
                         exec $xsession
                 else
                         exec /bin/sh $xsession
                 fi
         fi

     3.  Change the line that says:
         /usr/bin/X11/4Dwm >/dev/console 2>&1 &
         to:
         /usr/bin/X11/mwm > /dev/console 2>&1 &


------------------------------

Subject:   -35- Where can I learn more about the Window Manager behavior?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The man pages for 4Dwm and mwm contain a wealth of
     information on the window manager. There are
     also online files. You may want to read
     /usr/tutor/Customize/example.4Dwmrc as well as
     /usr/people/4Dgifts/.4Dwmrc (if you have the IDO option).
     The OSF/Motif manuals listed in the bibliography are
     also good places to find information. (4Dwm is based
     on mwm).


------------------------------

Subject:   -36- How do I recover from a failed customization attempt?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     If your attempt at customization leaves you in a state
     where buttons and menus are no longer recognized, you
     can recover by pressing the <Alt><CTRL><Shift><!>keys
     simultaneously. A menu appears that will let you
     choose Motif, Iris, or user defaults. Choose either
     Motif or Iris defaults and then push OK. This
     restarts the window manager to a usable state.


------------------------------

Subject:   -37- What is the difference between .xsession and .sgisession?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The system Xsession file (/usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession or Xsession-remote)
     starts up a number of important things when you log in, eg. 4Dwm,
     toolchest, loads resources, sets your XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, sets your
     root background, etc.

     One of the last things it does is look in your home directory for
     a .sgisession file.  This allows you to start additional programs
     at login time. This is the file that you would use to start a mailbox,
     additional window, a calendar, etc.

     ADVANTAGES OF $HOME/.sgisession :

     1) You don't need to read through yet another system file to see
        what you need or don't need.

     2) You can override some of the defaults the system default has
        given you.

     DISADVANTAGES OF $HOME/.sgisession :

     1) You cannot override ALL of the defaults set for you.

     2) Some things you can't change from a .sgisession file :
        A) You can't start a different window manager.
        B) You can't change the way the console starts.
        C) You can't change toolchest output redirection to
             the console.

     3) Users of other vendors equipment are used to seeing a .xsession file.

     After checking for a "failsafe" (ie. no graphics) login, one of
     the first things that /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession does is check for
     $HOME/.xsession.  If it exists, Xsession will exec your .xsession
     file.  This means that if you are REALLY sure you know what you are
     doing, you can login with a different window manager, xterm as a
     console, or xwsh not already iconified, etc.  You can also turn
     off the toolchest output redirection, and start anything else you
     might have done in $HOME/.sgisession. There is a discussion on
     xsession files in volume 3 of the O'Reilly series.

     This next part might be redundant

     From the login event sequence mentioned earlier, you will note
     that /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession tries to exec $HOME/.xsession
     if it exists. This is how you would go about changing
     programs started by default. An example is the start of the
     window manager. There is a discussion on xsession files in volume
     3 of the O'Reilly series. For examples of alternate xsession files
     look at /usr/people/4Dgifts/.xsession or /usr/demos/.xsession.

     If you don't have a $HOME/.xsession file, /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession
     starts things for you and eventually looks for $HOME/.sgisession.
     This is a good way to start additional programs without
     changing what is started by default.


------------------------------

Subject:   -38- After copying /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession to .xsession,
                I can't login.
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     After copying this file to your home directory, you need
     to remove all references to "xsession". References to xsession
     cause the system to try to execute $HOME/.xsession, which will
     create an infinite loop.

     Remove the lines in ~/.xsession that say:

       if [ -r $xsession -a "$0" != $xsession ]; then
               if [ -x $xsession ]; then
                       exec $xsession
               else
                       exec /bin/sh $xsession
               fi
       fi


------------------------------

Subject:   -39- What are the important login and resource files
                for IRIX 4D1-4.0?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The following three file groupings indicate where files that
     affect your login session reside.

     1) /usr/lib/X11/* - This is THE starting place. Here you find
     the system default bindings for Motif, 4Dwm, and the
     Toolchest. The xdm directory lives here as well as the
     app-defaults directory. xdm controls the session management.Many
     application defaults are set in the app-defaults directory.

     2) $HOME/[.Xdefaults, .4Dwmrc, .chestrc, .xsession, .sgisession]
     Here you find the files that control your system set-up.
     You create these files; they don't exist when you first log in.

     3) /usr/bin/X11 - This is where the binaries live. It makes
     life nice to include this directory in your path.


------------------------------

Subject:   -40- What is the sequence of events that occur at login time?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     This is a bare bones synopsis of the events that occur when
     you log in to the console via xdm (xdm is the default method
     of logging in).

     1) Provide a "failsafe" (nographics) login if required/requested.
     2) Exec $HOME/.xsession if it exists. If it exists, the remaining
        steps should normally be included in the users .xsession file as
        well.
     3) Load $HOME/.Xresources if it exists.
     4) Set XUSERFILESEARCHPATH.
     5) Incorporate a "shell" environment
        into the "session". (man userenv)
     6) Set the root background and cursor.
     7) Start 4Dwm.
     8) Wait for 4Dwm to come up.
     9) Disable display access control (xhost +).  (man xhost)
     10) Execute $HOME/.sgisession if it exists.
     11) Start WorkSpace if the user wants it.
     12) Put a Toolchest on each screen.
     13) Start the console.
     14) Exec the "reaper". (man reaper / endsession)

------------------------------

Subject:   -41- How can I convert RGB Bitmaps to & from other formats?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Several bitmap conversion tools are shipped with IRIX.  The
     executables are part of the eoe2.sw.imagetools subsystem,
     and include:

     fromalias - convert an Alias image to an IRIS image
     frombin - create an RGB IRIS image file from a binary dump of image data
     fromcmap - convert a color map into an image with one scanline
     fromcube - convert a Cubicomp/Vertigo image file to IRIS format
     fromdi - convert an old .di dithered image into an IRIS image
     fromface - convert a UNIX faceserver image into an IRIS image
     fromgif - convert a GIF image into an IRIS image
     frommac - convert a MacPaint image into an IRIS image
     frompic - convert a MOVIE BYU .PIC image to an IRIS image
     fromppm - convert an image in Jef Poskanzer's format into an IRIS image
     fromrla - convert a Wavefront image to an IRIS image
     fromsun - convert a sun image into an IRIS image
     fromtarga - convert a targa image into an IRIS image
     fromxbm - convert an X Bitmap image into an IRIS image
     fromxud - convert an xwd file into an IRIS image
     fromxwd - convert an xwd file into an IRIS image
     fromyuv - convert an Abekas yuv image into an IRIS image
     toalias - convert an IRIS image to an Alias image
     toascii - convert an IRIS image to text characters
     tobin - convert an IRIS image to binary dump of pixel data
     tobw - convert an IRIS image to black and white
     togif - convert an IRIS image to a Compuserve GIF image
     tomac - convert an IRIS image to MacPaint format
     tonews - convert an IRIS image into NeWS format
     topict - convert an IRIS image to Macintosh PICT format
     toppm - convert an IRIS image file into Jef Poskanzer's ppm image format
     tops - convert an IRIS image to PostScript
     toscitex - Convert IRIS images into Scitex CT2T images
     tosun - convert an IRIS image to a sun raster file
     totarga - convert an IRIS image to a type 2 targa image
     toyuv - convert an IRIS image to yuv format

     The source for each of these tools is shipped in the 4Dgifts
     dev.dev_sw.giftsfull package and placed in the directory
     /usr/people/4Dgifts/iristools/imgtools.  Each also has a man page.

------------------------------

Subject:   -42- Can I compress RGB bitmaps?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Yes.  Use /usr/sbin/rle, which is part of eoe2.sw.imagetools


------------------------------

Subject:   -43- How can I look at a Postscript file?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Use xpsview or Ghostscript.  xpsview is in dps_eoe.  If you have 
     upgraded from 3.3, you will need to purchase this product.

     Ghostscript, combined with Ghostview, allows you to preview PostScript 
     documents in an X window, without the need for Display PostScript (DPS).  
     This allows you to preview PostScript from your SGI machine on any device 
     that supports the X protocol (like X terminals, Suns, etc..)  

     There are ghostscript/ghostview inst'able images for IRIX 4.0.1+ 
     available via anonymous ftp to ftp.sgi.com in ~ftp/sgi/ghost.  

------------------------------

Subject:   -44- How do I make a screen dump?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Use the utilities /usr/sbin/snapshot or /usr/sbin/scrsave.  Both 
     have a man page.  You need to make sure that you have eoe2.sw.gltools 
     loaded to get the program and eoe2.man.gltools for the man page.

     From within a GL program, you should call readdisplay().  
     For an example look at ~4Dgifts/iristools/imgtools/scrsave.c

------------------------------

Subject:   -45- Can I use 4Dgifts code in my application?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Yes.  The 4Dgifts are a "gift" and developers are welcome to use
     the code.  However, SGI does not support the code in 4Dgifts.
     Note that certain restrictions apply.  Please read the copyright
     statement in ~4Dgifts/README.Copyright.


------------------------------

Subject:   -46- What does ERR_WMANIPC mean?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The "WMAN" in that message means "window manager."  However, this 
     no longer means "window manager" such as 4Dwm, but rather the entire 
     X Window system.  The error means that the GL program triggered a
     fatal X error.

     A GL program can get an X error, because all GL programs are actually
     X clients.  When a GL program does a winopen(), libgl actually calls
     XCreateWindow, etc.)

     When a GL program gets an X error, libgl prints out these X errors
     using this error message:

       GL: X request = maj.min,  error code = ercode

     where
       maj = major request code that caused the error
       min = minor request code
       ercode = X error code

     This turns out to be easy to interpret, so long as the request was a
     core X protocol request (e.g., a CreateWindow request).  In that case:

       1. You can look up the major code in /usr/include/X11/Xproto.h.
       2. The minor code is not used.
       3. The X error code can be found in /usr/include/X11/X.h.

     As you can see in Xproto.h, the core X protocol requests have request
     codes <= 127.

     However, ... if maj > 127, then the request is an X extension request.
     Unfortunately, it can be difficult to interpret this unless you built 
     your program with a debugging libgl.a (compiled with -g).  The reason 
     is that for an X extension, the major request code and the starting error 
     code are copied from the X server during client startup, and these codes 
     are saved in variables inside libgl.  With a debugging libgl, these 
     variables can be printed out from within a debugger, such as dbx.

     If the major code indicates an X Input extension request, then the
     minor numbers then tell the X input request type, and these are found
     in /usr/include/X11/extensions/XIproto.h.

     Finally, the X Input Extension uses 132 as its "starting error code."
     The possible errors are found in /usr/include/X11/extensions/XI.h,
     where they're defined like this:

         #define XI_BadDevice   0
         #define XI_BadEvent    1
         #define XI_BadMode     2
         #define XI_DeviceBusy  3
         #define XI_BadClass    4

     If you add 132 to these numbers, you get the error that's reported by
     the libgl error message.


------------------------------

Subject:   -47- How can I translate screen (x,y) coords into world
                (x,y,z) coords?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Check the manual page for mapw(3G) or mapw2(3G).  mapw() returns
     a line into (x,y,z) space.


------------------------------

Subject:   -48- How can I translate world (x,y,z) coords into
                screen (x,y) coords?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     There are two methods.  The first method is detailed in
     ~4Dgifts/examples/grafix/world2scrn.c, which is part of
     the dev.dev_sw.giftsfull package.  It multiplies the (x,y,z)
     vector into the current modeling and projection matrixes, and
     uses the result to interpolate based on the window size and
     position.

     The second method uses the current cursor position as a trick and
     is much simpler.  Use cmov() to set the cursor position to the
     point of interest in world space, then call getcpos() to return the
     cursor position in screen coordinates.  Note that if your entire
     viewport is off-screen, the results are undefined and you'll have
     to use the first method.

     float x,y,z;
     short x1, y1;

     cmov (x,y,z);
     getcpos (&x1, &y1);


------------------------------

Subject:   -49- I call mapcolor(index, R, G, B) but nothing happens.  Why?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     You either need to call glcompat(GLC_SLOWMAPCOLORS, TRUE) at the
     beginning of your program, or call gflush() after calling mapcolor.

     See the NOTES section in "man mapcolors" and also "man glcompat" for
     further info. (This may also be in the GL release notes)


------------------------------

Subject:   -50- What's wrong with blink()?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     - blink() is broken all the way up through 4.0.5F, where blink()
       only blinks to black.

     - you can work-around this blink() problem by doing the following:

       blink(rate, index, red<<8, green<<8, blue<<8)

     - ~4Dgifts/examples/glpg/ch04/blinker.c has three main problems:
        - it doesn't do the above work-around.
        - it doesn't do a gflush after mapping colors.
        - it doesn't turn blinking off initially.

     - what happens is that if a program starts anything blinking and
       exits without ever turning blinking off with blink(-1, 0, 0, 0, 0)
       then the next program to attempt blinking will not be able to blink.
       this happens if for instance you close the blinker window before its
       10 second sleep() has completed.

     - a simple idea for a work-around for this problem: programs which do
       blinking should turn their blinking on when they have focus; they
       should turn all blinking off when they lose focus.  This is not perfect
       but is a plausible attempt at sharing the 20 blinking system-wide
       colormap entries.


------------------------------

Subject:   -51- When I try to run UIM/X uxserverd, I get an
                error message saying, "license file has been
                modified, cannot start the UIM/X license server".
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST


     You probably have been given a bad key.  The most frequent
     causes of incorrect keys have been incorrect capitalization
     and incorrect IP addresses.

     The program that generates the UIM/X key requires that the
     "host ID" (or IP address) be in hexadecimal format.  If you
     feed it the standard form of IP address (i.e., 123.45.678.90)
     it will generate the wrong key and will not complain.

     To ensure that you are is giving the correct information when
     requesting a UIM/X key, please do the following:

     Hostname:  Type in 'hostname' at the prompt, and be sure to say
     exactly what it says (including capitalization, if any).

     Host ID:  Type in 'hostid' at the prompt, and be sure to say
     exactly what it says.  You will be reading back a series of
     numbers of the form 0xc030c844.  The leading 0x indicates
     that the following number is hexadecimal.

     The key generating script is highly sensitive to capital letters.
     Make sure you confirm the case of the letters, both when getting
     the hostname/hostid and when having your key read back to you.

     If this still doesn't fix the problem, you may have mixed files
     between UIM/X 1.0 and 2.0.  Completely remove UIM/X, re-install
     it, and reproduce a Uimx2_0.license file with the correct information.


------------------------------

Subject:   -52- What is a GL widget?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     GL widget refers to the GlxDraw (generic) and GlxMDraw (Motif)
     widgets that allow you to embed GL windows in Xt-based programs.
     To embed a GL windows in X-based programs is frequently called
     "Mixed-model" or "GLX" programming.

     There are several examples of mixed-model programming in the
     directory /usr/people/4Dgifts/examples/GLX.


------------------------------

Subject:   -53- I'm using the GlxMDraw widget and it doesn't seem
                that colors are being installed correctly.  Overlays
                in the GlxMDraw widget are displayed in red and gray
                instead of the colors I specify.  What is the problem?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     The window manager must be directed to install all appropriate
     colormaps.  Use the XSetWMColormapWindows() call to do this --
     list one window for each colormap to be installed plus the top
     level window.  If using overlays, include the overlay window as
     well as the normal GL window.

     If your window is TrueColor, you should still install the appropriate
     colormap, as Indigo TrueColor is simulated using a colormap.


------------------------------

Subject:   -54- I get a "Broken Pipe" error when I close the window
                of an X client, such as xman or xterm.  What does
                this error mean?  Is there something wrong with my system?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST


     Typically the error message resembles the following:

     XIO: fatal IO error 32 (Broken pipe) on X server ":0.0"
     after 214 requests (214 known processed) with 0 events remaining.
     The connection was probably broken by a server shutdown or KillClient.

     The Window Manager is reporting that the pipe for your X client
     has been broken.  This is normal when an X client exits.  There
     is nothing wrong with your system. This message will also occur
     when the system is shut down.  This is not an error condition and
     no core files are produced.


------------------------------

Subject:   -55- Is there a way to switch on the fly between single
                and double buffering within a GL widget?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     There is no way to switch between single and double buffered
     mode within the same window. (In X, this would mean changing
     the depth, which is not allowed.)

     To simulate this, you can create two GL widgets: a double
     buffered GL widget and a single buffered GL widget.  When it
     is time to change the buffering mode, restack the windows so
     that the appropriate one is on top. If the two windows are
     created with a common parent, they move together when the
     parent is moved.

     For non-mixed mode applications, the GL performs this switching
     when you call gconfig().

------------------------------

Subject:   -56- Why doesn't SGI's xlock lock my screen?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     If you or the super-user do not have a password, xlock will
     not lock.  Also, in IRIX 4.x, xlock is set up by default to
     act as if invoked with the "-nolock" option, which tells it 
     not to lock the screen.  If you want force xlock to lock, do 
     either of the following:

     a) Use the "+nolock" option when invoking xlock.  This means
	"not nolock" (the opposite of "-nolock").  For example:

        % xlock +nolock

     b) Add the following line to your ~/.Xdefaults file:
        
        XLock.nolock:    False

     In IRIX 5.x, the default behavior of xlock has been reversed,
     so xlock does indeed lock by default.  If you wish to keep the
     IRIX 4.x behavior, invoke xlock with the -nolock option.

------------------------------

Subject:   -57- Why do I get compilation errors when compiling the 
                Inventor C++ examples, using C++ 3.0?
Date: 07 May 93 00:00:01 EST

     Inventor 1.0 and 1.0.1 were built using the 2.1.1 version 
     of the C++ compiler.  If you are using C++ 3.0, you must 
     add the "-v2" switch to the Makefile's LC++DEFS line.  It
     would then look like the following:

     # Options to C++; see the CC manual page for what they do
     LC++OPTS = -v2 +p -Wf,-XNp10000


------------------------------

Subject:   -58- Credits
Date: 6 May 93 00:00:01 EST

The comp.sys.sgi FAQs are the collective effort of

  Dale Chayes		dale@ldeo.columbia.edu
  Steve Rikli		steve@archone.tamu.edu
  Allan Schaffer	aschaffe@sgi.com
  Dave Schweisguth	dcs@neutron.chem.yale.edu

Special thanks are due to

  Tom Davis		Author of 'zip'
  Harry Mangalam	Maintainer of the comp.sys.sgi.* WAIS database

Finally, much thanks to all of the SGI employees on Usenet, all of whom have
provided gigabytes of help and information.

Credits for individual contributions are given in the answers.

------------------------------
-- 
Allan Schaffer
aschaffe@sgi.com
-- 
Allan Schaffer
aschaffe@sgi.com