🚀 go-pugleaf

Because of a posting error, Part 3 of the E-Mail 101 course notes was
not sent under the proper title (Part 1 of the second book was sent instead).

Here is the real part 3:

---------------------(repeated header)---------------------------------
This file should be called EMAIL025.TXT
Version 0.2.5
17 July 1993

This rough version is missing 8 out of 28 chapters and 1 out of 5 
appendices.

Copyright (c) 1993 by John E. Goodwin.  All Rights Reserved.

You may make and distribute verbatim copies of these course notes for 
non-commercial purposes using any means, provided this copyright notice 
is preserved on all copies.

For information on taking the internetworking course, contact

     John Goodwin (jgoodwin@adcalc.fnal.gov)
     P.O. Box 6022
     St. Charles, IL  60174, U.S.A.

---------------------(begin part 3 of 3)---------------------------------

<Part III>  Advanced Techniques

<Chapter 18>  Research Methods I:  Basic Navigation Methods

The Internet is certainly a vast place.  For the beginner, or for the 
experienced user who wants to do more than check an occasional 
bibliographic cross-reference to an FTP site, a navigation tool is 
almost essential.  The three most common navigation tools are discussed 
here.  They represent three different approaches to stategy, target 
constituency, target materials, and user interface (the part of the 
program that you see).  The three services are known as GOPHER, the WIDE
AREA INFORMATION SERVICE (WAIS, pron. "ways"), and the WORLD WIDE WEB 
(WWW or W3).  

All three services are based on client-server technology.  To make 
information *available* to others you need special software called a 
server.  The user then uses a "client" program to access the 
information.  "Clients" are often free--they are written by whoever 
funded the initial project or by volunteer hackers.  The catch to using 
a client is that you have to have a *direct* (usually expensive) 
connection to the Internet.  This is the main reason that a SLIP 
connection will become more and more important.  It "fools" the net into 
thinking that you have a direct connection without the expense of 
hooking your computer to a Local Area Network and then to the Internet.  
You can use a client program on your own home or office computer if you 
have a SLIP connection.

Even if you don't yet have a SLIP connection--they're still a bit 
experimental--you can use the services listed here.  As of this writing 
all three services allow free access to a client for demonstration 
purposes.  There are a number of telnet addresses where you can try out 
these navigation tools.  I expect that, as the traffic on the network 
increases, these public access sites will close down.  But by then 
communications programs will routinely include SLIP and probably some 
version of the major "clients" as well.

One word of caution:  all the services here are built on top of telnet 
and FTP.  They just provide a different and perhaps more useful way of 
making Internet connections.  Thus, the same service may appear in 
several guises, depending on the tool you use to connect to it.  There 
are also gateways that let you access one service from the other--but 
often at a price in terms of useability.  Since the software may not 
tell you that you are looking at, say, a Gopher-based service via WWW, 
you may have to try all three services to find the one that makes the 
most reliable connection.

Another factor to consider is that unless you have a direct or SLIP 
connection, you will be limited to using a command line interface.  You 
will not experience the real power of, at least, WWW or WAIS.  
Nevertheless they are useful.  In general, a beginner should use gopher 
first, then play with the other two services to see if they are useful 
to you.  

The main problem you will have is *getting* the information you find.  
If you do not have the client program, this is difficult.  You could cut 
and paste the information from your screen or use your communications 
program's "buffer" to store it.  WAIS will send you the results of your 
search by E-mail.  Often, you will have to resort to FTP to fetch the 
information once you have located it--if you can figure out where you 
are.  One of my criticisms of search tools like Gopher or WAIS is that 
they often give you a very poor indication of where the information you 
found is physically located.  This is especially true of the publically 
accessible versions.


<Section 18.1>  Gopher

Gopher was created by two students, xx and xx, at the University of 
Minnesota.  It provides a menu-like view of that part of the Internet 
where Gopher servers are found, "gopherspace".  Gopher has spread to 
many universities.  You can search student directories and campus 
calendars, as well as the usual internet resources.  It is by far the 
easiest way to explore the net without entering numerous FTP and telnet 
commands.

Since Gopher is the oldest and most decentralized of the services, it 
provides the most extensive access to useful services.  Online library 
catalogues, the Project Gutenberg library, FTP archives, and numerous 
exits to telnet.

The telnet access to demonstration Gopher systems (and through them to 
Gopher servers on *any* campus) is through:

     xxx.xxx.xxx

Students will of course want to use Gopher directly from their school's 
system.  Try typing "gopher" at any prompt.


<Section 18.2>  Wide Area Information Services (WAIS)

WAIS was developed in a very different environment from Gopher.  It was 
developed by a joint collaboration of Thinking Machines, Inc. 
(Artificial Intellegence technology), Dow Jones News Retrieval 
(Information systems), and Apple Computer (User interface).  Its ability 
to find information given a plain English description of what you want 
("hey, find everthing on Personal Computers and Health) is truely mind-
boggling.  It returns a list of "hits" together with a likelihood that 
it contains what you wanted.  It can also look for documents that are 
"something like" a sample document.  

The user interface is a pleasure to use--but requires a direct or SLIP 
connection to the Internet.  The line-oriented version that is 
publically available is a pale imitation of the real thing.  

WAIS strength is its ability to retrieve information from almost any 
source, not just FTP sites.  A list of all WAIS sources is maintained in 
a directory-of-directories (available at think.com).  You import a set 
of instructions on how to access a given information server to create 
your own personalized list of sources.  

This service is probably the one of greatest interest to business (i.e. 
non-academic and non-library) users.  To try out WAIS, telnet think.com 
and log in as SWAIS.


<Section 18.3>  World Wide Web (WWW or W3)

The newest of the three services is the World Wide Web.  It was created 
at the European European Center for High Energy Physics (CERN).  It is 
based on yet another technology (besides FTP and client-server)--
hypertext.  The World Wide Web views the entire complex of FTP sites as 
a single "document" with cross-references.  

A WWW server lets you read that document and jump to any cross-reference 
that you find--hence the term "hypertext".  The result is rather like a 
menu driven system but (at least in the graphical interface versions) 
you stay inside the familiar context of a text editor.  If you can 
imagine clicking on a cross-reference and having your text editor fetch 
the document from an FTP site you will get the idea.

The documents that can be viewed by WWW are ASCII text with special 
"tags" that give a addresses of the "hypertext links."  The tags use the 
syntax of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).  SGML is a 
language used by scholars to mark text for academic research.  The WWW 
vision of the library of the future is a collection of documents spread 
all over the world, the whole of which can be looked at starting from 
any one of them.  Sort of like having the whole world on your desktop.

There is not "top" node to the Web, but you can find points of entry at:

     telnet info.cern.ch (European Center for High Energy Physics in 
Geneva, Switzerland, the "home" of WWW).




<Section 18.4>  Summary of Navigation Tools

To summarize, here are the three systems discussed, together with their 
underlying technology and "constituency":

  Gopher         : Simple FTP and Telnet             : Campus Info

  WAIS           : Artificially Intellegent searches : Business

  World Wide Web : Hypertext and SGML markup         : Ac. Research



<Chapter 19>  Research Methods II:  Usenet Newsgroups

[This chapter is under construction]



<Chapter 20>  Research Methods III:  Advanced Techniques

The previous two chapters covered the more or less standard techniques 
for finding your way around the net.  This chapter covers more

There are three basic "problem situation" that every researcher using 
the Internet will eventually face:

  (1)  You know who has the information but you don't know their 
"address".

  (2)  The information is on the net, only you don't know where.

  (3)  The desired information is not on the net, but their *is* 
information on how to get it from a non-network source.

The methods described in this chapter are more tentative than in the 
preceeding two chapters.  They don't always work.  


<Section 20.1>  Finding Persons and Computers

There are a couple of standard methods for checking and verifying E-mail 
addresses.

     % ping rtfm.mit.edu

(Remember that "%" is the prompt the computer gives you.  Your system 
prompt may look different).  You should get back a message saying 
"rtfm.mit.edu is alive" or something like that.

Many machines support a command called "nslookup" that will return the 
dotted decimal address given the name of the machine

     % nslookup rtfm.mit.edu

returns "xxx" as the dotted decimal address.

If you can guess the name of person or institution--this is not hard--
then you can try to see if you have a valid address by "fingering" your 
intended victim:

     % finger pdq@hoople.usnd.edu

If the system supports the "finger" feature (and many don't), you can 
try any number of guesses or permutations.  If you succeed, you can find 
out lots of information about the person:  their telephone number, when 
they last logged on, when they last read their mail, what department 
they work in, etc.  Many systems allow you to leave a file called 
".plan"--note the initial dot--that contains further contact 
information.

Good guesses for names:  

  o  last name (bach), 

  o  last name with one or more initials (pbach, pdqbach), 

  o  three (or more!) initials (pdqb)

  o  nicknames, cute handles, etc. (fluffy,aragorn)

  o  work ID numbers  (bach2378@bigblue.com)

Your last resort is a search program called "netfind".  It lets you find 
a machine or person by keyword.  If you know your target is at USND, you
can try the keywords PDQ, USND, EDU and find pdq@hoople.usnd.edu.  Note 
that you often have to guess the "domain", but this should not be hard.  
You can also search with PDQ, "University of Southern North Dakota", 
EDU, if USND is not sufficiently obvious.  City and state names work, 
too.  Try it. 

The main short comings of "netfind" are:  

  (1)  it often fails if the target computer does not support the 
"finger" command; and

  (2)  it only works on the Internet, not Bitnet or other mail systems.

To use "netfind" you have to telnet to any of several standard locations 
and log in as "netfind".  


If one server is busy it should give you a list of alternate servers to 
try.

Detailed information on how to find someone on the net is given in the 
Usenet FAQ  (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/ xxxx ).  This FAQ is oriented towards 
helping University students, who flood the networks every Fall looking 
for the E-mail addresses of their friends.


<Section 20.2>  Finding Information and Software

By far the easiest way to 

If you do not have Internet access, then you will have to use FTP by E-
mail (use the "Archie by E-mail" archive server first to find your 
target!).  

  Finding Information and Software
    Usenet News FAQ Archives
    Archie


<Section 20.3>  Finding References to Paper Documents

This is the last resort, right?  Most information is still in paper, 
although the high cost of paper will mean that less and less is 
available this way.  

  (1)  Use the Internet to access bibliographic databases, especially 
library catalogues

  (2)  Use a document retrieval service like that provided by the 
Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries (CARL).

  (3)  Try to get someone to send you a xerox or fax.

<Chapter 21>
<Chapter 22>
<Chapter 23>
<Chapter 24>
<Chapter 25>
     These chapters, which deal more with abstract theory than with
     specific instructions, has been omitted from this special edition.




<Part IV>  Resources

The main resources on the Internet are to be found on the net itself:  
especially the Usenet news and its many FAQs including the PDIAL and 
NIXPUB listings and various Internet resource guides.  The resources 
provided here are second best.  Nevertheless, it was felt important to 
provide a few addresses and a few book titles for the neophyte to get 
started.  The information in this section is a point of departure, not a 
conclusive summary.  



<Chapter 26>  The Internet Address Book:

[This Chapter is under construction]



<Chapter 27>  Bibliography

Most of the books below do not contain a great deal of how-to 
information about connecting to the Network.  This course is intended to 
fill the gap.  But they do tell you what to do once you are on.  The 
first few, which are available by Internet, are especially useful.  They 
do make the network "self-describing".


  AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET

_The Incomplete Guide to the Internet_ (for Macintosh with Microsoft 
Word only--for paper version see below)

  A very complete guide written by the Education Office of the National
  Supercomputing Agency (NCSA).  It contains a very complete intro-
  duction to the Internet and classroom Internet projects for K12
  teachers.  This is the best guide for public school teachers.

For paper version, write:  Chuck Farmer, 152 CAB, 605 E. Springfield 
Ave., Champaign, IL  61820.  Cost is around $22.00 for 300 pp.


Polly, Jean Armour.  _Surfing the Internet_  
  nysernet.org:/pub/resources/guides (192.77.173.2).  This is my all-
  around choice for best introduction to the Internet.  It contains
  references to most other good sources of information together with
  instructions on how to get them.  It is especially complete in giving
  information of interest to librarians.

Kehoe, Brendan.  _Zen and the Art of the Internet_ (1st ed.)

  A very good guide for how-to information.  Unfortunately, the FTP 
versions are all marked up in a dialect of the TeX typesetting system.  
They are still somewhat readable though, even if you don't have the TeX 
system.  A Postscript version is also provided.

  ftp.uu.net:/inet/doc (137.39.1.9)
  ftp.cs.toronto.edu:/pub/zen (147.31.254.132)
  ftp.cs.widener.edu:/pub/zen (147.31.254.132) files are called zen-
  1.0.tar.Z, zen-1.0.dvi, and zen-1.0.PS
  ftp.sura.net:/pub/nic/zen-1.0.PS


  PUBLISHED WORKS

Kehoe, Brendan. (1993). Zen and the Art of the Internet: a Beginner's 
Guide (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.  ISBN 0-13-010778-
6. Index. 

Krol, Ed. (1992). The Whole Internet User's Guide & Catalog. Sebastopol, 
CA: O'Reilly & Associates.  ISBN 1-56592-025-2. 

LaQuey, Tracey, & Ryer, J. C. (1993). The Internet Companion: a 
Beginner's Guide to Global Networking.. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. 
ISBN 0-201-62224-6 

Marine, April. (1992). INTERNET: Getting Started. Menlo Park, CA:  SRI 
International.   ISBN 0-944604-15-3

Tennant, Roy, Ober, J., and Lipow, A. G. (1993). Crossing the Internet 
Threshold: An Instructional Handbook. Berkeley, CA: Library Solutions 
Press.  ISBN: 1-882208-01-3  (Library Solutions Institute and Press, 
2137 Oregon Street, Berkeley, CA 94705.  Voice: 510/841-2636  FAX: 
510/841-2926)



<Chapter 28>  Glossary

[This chapter is under construction]



<Appendix A>  COMPUTER HINTS FOR THE *REALLY* GREEN

1.  (turning on) Make sure the computer is plugged in and on.  Is 
something on the screen?  Can you hear a fan?  Does anything happen when 
you type or move the mouse?  Are lights lit or flashing?  The screen may 
be frozen by a "hold" button (look for a light labelled "scroll lock" or 
something similar.  Try touching the upper left button on the keyboard--
F1, "escape", "hold", "break", whatever).  If the computer is not on 
look for a switch on back or a key labelled "on" or with a triangle on 
it.

2.  (using a mouse) Determine whether you are looking at a character 
terminal or a window-oriented screen.  If window-oriented, then moving 
the mouse should cause a pointer to appear and move around.  Use this 
pointer to click on windows, buttons, etc.  You click the mouse by 
pressing its button (leftmost one if there are three).  If you hold the 
mouse button down you can "grab" things and drag them around.  Clicking 
on windows makes them active (ready for commands) and brings them 
forward.  

3.  (modifier and function keys) Keys labelled "shift", "alt", "meta", 
"option", "command", "ctrl" or marked with certain funny symbols are 
modifier keys.  They work like shift keys on a typewriter and can change 
the effect of typing a key or clicking a mouse button.  Function keys, 
labelled F1, F2, etc., do something immediately--like edit, move to the 
next page, or quit the program--when you press them.  The keys on the 
keypad (right hand side, looks like a calculator pad) act as function 
keys in some programs.

4.  (popup menus and menubars).  If there is a string of words at the 
top of the screen ("menubar"), touch one of the words with the pointer 
using the mouse and then hold down the mouse button.  A menu should pop 
up.  If you continue holding down the mouse button and drag down the 
menu, then let go, you will select one of the commands.  If you don't 
want to activate a command, drag the pointer away from the commands 
(towards the middle of the screen, say) and let go.

5.  (getting the computer's attention) No luck?  Try hitting "return" or 
"enter" a few times, look for keys labelled "break" or "escape", try 
"control-C" (hold down the key labelled "CTRL"--it works like the shift 
key on a typewriter--and then press "c", then let go of both keys).

6.  (carriage return) Once the system is responding you usually have to 
hit the carriage return key (marked with a hooked arrow or "return" or 
"enter" or "CR" or "newline") or else click the mouse (left-most button 
if there are three) before anything permanent happens--like sending a 
command to the computer.  

An exception is in "menu-driven" systems which print a list of options 
and expect you to type a number or letter (like "y" for yes, "n" for 
no).  Sometimes answering a question with a carriage return gets you a 
default answer.  The default is often indicated in brackets:

  Do you really want to quit [n]? 

Hitting return here will not quit.

7.  (delete key) If you make a typing mistake, there is a key in the 
upper righthand corner labelled "del", "delete", "backspace", or with a 
backwards arrow or "x" on it that will erase what you typed.  

8.  (logging on) If you see a message like this:

  Hello.  Welcome to FUBAR system.  Authorized persons only.

  Username: xxx
  Password:

then the computer wants you to give it a username (nickname, handle) and 
type a password.  Type your last name and hit return; then type your 
password and hit return.  If you are sure the system is meant for the 
general public--say it is a donor database run by the Red Cross--try 
obvious names like "redcross", "anonymous", or "public".  If the account 
is meant for general use then:  (1) no password will be required, or (2) 
any password at all will work, or (3) the password will be something 
easy like "redcross" (again) or "donor" or "guest".  

9.  (system prompts and help) If the computer prints a funny symbol 
(called a prompt--often it is a dollar sign, percent sign, question 
mark, right angle bracket or some such) and sits there blinking at you, 
it is waiting for a command.  Try "help" or "?" to find out what is 
possible.  Or try "man intro" (UNIX systems only) to read the online 
manual.  There might be a help key or help command on a menu.

10.  (text buffers)  At some point you may be composing a message.  You 
type the message, of course.  You may or may not have to type "return" 
at the end of each line--experiment with this.  You can erase any 
mistakes with the delete key.  See if the cursor (blinking marker that 
marks where you type) can be moved around with arrow keys or a mouse.  
If there is a mouse, you can select text by "dragging" across it (hold 
down button, move mouse, release mouse).  Once selected a large block of 
text can be deleted with the delete key or moved by issuing the "cut" 
command (look for a function key or command on the "edit" menu) and then 
the "paste" command.

11.  (usernames) if you need to know someone's username, try their last 
name (goodwin) , first initial or both initials and last name (jgoodwin, 
jegoodwin), or all three initials (jeg).  Be warned that many sites add 
numbers (goodwin21), use serial numbers (g21135), or use cutesy aliases 
(thumper).  Usernames are usually all lowercase.

12.  (case sensitivity)  if nothing seems to work the way it is supposed 
to check your caps lock.  Most systems are either case-sensitive (like 
UNIX) or automatically translate commands to all upper case.  Thus 
"help", "HELP", and "Help" are either three differnt commands or one and 
the same.

13.  (saving your work)  With most programs, whatever you do or change 
is not permanent unless you write the changes to disk.  You "save" your 
work by selecting "save" from the "file" menu or some other method.  
Often there are two commands for exiting--one that saves your work and 
one that discards it.  For example, "exit" might save changes and "quit" 
ignore them.  If your program does not have an "autosave" feature--and 
even if it does--you should save your work every 15 minutes at least.

14.  (quitting or logging off)  After you have properly saved your work 
you can quit your program or system by finding the quit command (look at 
the bottom of either the first or last menu on the menu bar), or by 
typing "quit", "exit", "q", "x", "bye", "lo", "logout", "logoff", or 
something similar.



APPENDIX B.  USING A MODEM

Using a modem (modulator-demodulator) is relatively easy if you follow 
the instructions that come with the modem and the communications 
software.  These instructions cannot

  BUYING A MODEM:  BASIC FEATURES

You should choose a "Hayes-compatible" modem.  This is the industry 
standard and works with most software.  The modem is a small computer 
that responds to "AT" commands, commands sent by your software beginning 
with "AT" for "Attention Modem".  The most common are "ATDT 1 800 555 
1212".  This tells your modem

So make sure the modem you buy responds to AT commands.  A 2400 baud 
Hayes-compatible modem will cost about $50 by mail-order.  You should 
consider buying a FAX modem ($350), however.  The more expensive modem 
is faster, has more features, and can turn your computer into a FAX 
machine.  Your connection to the outside world will never be any better 
than your modem allows, so buy a good one.  

The FAXes can be displayed on your computer screen.  You only print them 
if you want to, on an ordinary laser printer.  The other features of a 
top of the line FAX modem include:  

  (1) Up to 14,440 baud rate (7 times faster than 2400 baud)

  (2) Data compression (V.32bis is the name of the standard)

  (3) Error correction (V.42bis is the name of the standard)

  HOOKING UP THE MODEM

The modem goes between your computers serial (one-bit-at-a-time) 
communications port and your telephone line.  Your modem probably 
included the right kind of cable.  If not, check the manual or call the 
dealer who sold you the modem.  

The modem to phone connection will use standard telephone cable with 
modular jacks on either end.  You unplug your phone from the wall socket 
and plug in your modem instead.  If you want to leave your phone, 
answering machine, fax machine, and so on plugged in, you can use dual 
plugs that allow one or more cord to be plugged into the same socket.  
Look on the bottom of each piece of equipment (including the modem).  
There should be a little sticker that tells how many ringer equivalents 
the equipment is worth.  Don't exceed eight on any one phone line.

You can also buy inexpensive boxes that will let you use a single phone 
line for faxes and for voice.

WARNING:  usually your modem--and any other "peripherals"--should be 
wired to your computer before you turn the computer on.  This is so the 
computer can look for the modem and confirm that it is hooked up.  Check 
your computer's and modem's manual for precise instructions on hooking 
up a modem to your computer.

If you are connecting the computer to an office phone that is part of a 
Private Branch Exchange (PBX) then ...  

  MAKING A CONNECTION

Usually you call another computer by dialing its phone number.  Either 
you type an AT command like "ATDT 1 800 555 1212" or your software does 
this for you when you choose a "connect" command or something like that 
from a menu.

Before you get the modem's attention you need to set your software to 
the proper "modem settings".  These settings are listed in literature 
about the service.  As a last resort call customer service for the 
computer you are trying to connect to.  Or else you can try different 
settings until you find one the lets you connect.  The most common modem 
settings today are either 1200 or 2400 baud and "8N1", which means 8 
bits, no parity, and one stop bit.

The most important settings are:

The BAUD RATE (300, 1200, and 2400 are typical low speed connections, 
with 2400 being the most common one for modern equipment; 9600 or 14400 
are 

Flow control ON or OFF (often labelled XON/XOFF).  If your modem is 
going to talk with your computer at a faster rate than over the phone 
line, then flow control is essential.  Be sure that your software 
understands that the phone line speed is different from the computer-to-
modem speed.  The phone line can't go any faster than 14,440 Baud.  Your 
computer can do four times that or more.

Full or half duplex connection (LOCAL ECHO ON or OFF).  In a half duplex 
connection the two computers take turns communicating on the same 
channel.  This means that your computer will be the one to "ECHO" what 
*you* type on your screen (local echo ON), since it doesn't make sense 
say something, have the other computer read it, then send it back, just 
so you can see what you type.  In a full duplex connection both 
computers can talk at once, so local echo is OFF.

7 or 8 bits per character.  Many computer systems use the last seven 
bits of each byte to denote a character (up to 128 characters).  The 
eighth bit is used for parity, flow control, or some other important 
signal.  Nowadays 8 bits is more common.

Even, Odd, or No PARITY.  One way to check for errors in transmission is 
to tag each byte with a bit that means "even or odd", the parity bit.  
If a bit is transmitted incorrectly, then the parity bit won't agree 
with byte sent and the software can ask for that byte or block of data 
again.  NO parity is the most common setting today, however.

0,1, or 2 STOP BITS. 1 stop bit is the usual setting these days.

If your modem has its speaker on, you will here a dial tone, then the 
modem will dial, and then there will be a lot of squeals as the two 
computers "negotiate" about the transmission.  If you are lucky, both 
computers will establish a "carrier" tone or hum that is then modulated 
to send data.  At this point most modems turn of the speaker, but a 
"carrier detect" light should be on.  As long as you have the carrier 
you have the connection.  The carrier is present--to your modem, at 
least--even if you tell your software to "go off line" for a while.  If 
you hang up, however, the carrier is dropped.

Now that you have a carrier, whatever you type is sent to the other 
computer (and the "transmit" light flashes), and you can receive data as 
well.  Pay attention to any banner the service you are connecting to may 
print.  In particular you need to know what "escape character" your 
system recognizes.  Typing this character or sequence of characters 
allows you to stop tranmitting everything and give your own system a 
command.  This is especially important if are transferring a file and 
have to "escape back to your own system" to tell it what to do with the 
incoming data.

  FIRST STEPS ON A NEW SYSTEM

  Many services let you sign up by connecting your computer to a 

  TRANSFERRING DATA

  Getting data from one computer to another is a matter of running *two* 
programs--one on each computer.  These programs use a common protocol, 
or procedure, to communicate.  The most common protocols are XMODEM, 
YMODEM, ZMODEM, and KERMIT (for UNIX systems and some others).  The 
steps involved--using KERMIT as an example--are:

  1. Run KERMIT on the sending machine

  2. Escape to the receiving machine

  3. Run KERMIT on the recieving machine

  4. Wait for the transfer to finish.

You will have to read your software manual for more specific 
instructions, unless you have a direct internet connection or SLIP 
connection.  In these cases you can issue a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 
command to whichever computer and the details at the other end are 
automatically taken care of.  See Chapter X for more detail on 
transferring data.

  DISCONNECTING

You will want to use whatever "logoff" procedure the remote computer 
wants.  If your manual or other literature doesn't tell you, and you 
can't get any information by trying "help" or "?", try the following 
commands:  "logout", "logoff", "lo", "bye", "exit", "quit".

If all else fails you can drop the carrier using the "hangup" command 
(or escape back to your system and send "ATH" to your modem--attention, 
hangup).  

As a last resort pull the plug and your telephone company will 
disconnect you, then exit your software and turn off your computer.

  You may have to get your modem's attention by typing the "escape 
sequence", which varies from modem to modem or connection to connection.



<Appendix C>  Technical Details of Internet Connections

[This chapter is under construction]



<Appendix D>  Just enough UNIX

Since the UNIX operating system may be unfamiliar to many of you, and 
since many workstations on the net use UNIX, it may help some readers to 
summarize some of the peculiarities of UNIX.  One day you may be logged 
on to a UNIX machine.  Nowadays, like many operating systems, UNIX hides 
behind a graphical user interface like the X Windows system.  
Occasionally--and networking is unfortunately one of those occasions--
its quirks like file-naming and directory hierarchy peek through.

This Appendix gives you just enough UNIX to avoid some pitfalls and 
issue commands needed to transfer files.  The basic commands you need to 
know for any system are how to display directories and list the contents 
of files, how to name files, and how to get help about the system.  UNIX 
commands are just as quirky as MS-DOS, VMS, RSX, VM, or any other 
operating system that uses a command language.  Fortunately, they are no 
harder.


<Section D.1>  Basic Commands for Getting Around

ls          : list current directory

ls -l       : longer listing, with file length in bytes

cd mydir    : move down one level in the hierarchy to directory "mydir"

cd ..       : move up one directory in the hierarchy


<Section D.2>  Hierarchical File System

Files in UNIX are arranged in a hierarchy or tree structure.


<Appendix E>  The Top 10 Things to Get by E-mail

This Appendix may be distributed separately from the rest of this 
course.

----------(cut here)----------
THE FREELORE PROJECT's LIST OF THE TOP 10 THINGS TO GET BY E-MAIL

Copyright (c) 1993 by John E. Goodwin.  All Rights Reserved.
You may make and distribute verbatim copies of this document for non-
commercial purposes provided this notice is preserved on all such 
copies.

This is a list of ten fun and useful things you can get by electronic 
mail.  In all cases your request is handled by an automated system that 
sends the materials by return mail.  Systems change frequently, so some 
commands may be out of date.  All were tested and working as of mid-June 
1993.

A typical, old-fashioned E-mail system works like this 

     % mail     <type the command to enter the E-mail program>

     mail> send  <or type "help" to find out what commands work>

     To: president@whitehouse.gov       <This is an Internet address
                                        --may look different on your
                                        system>
     Cc: vice.president@whitehouse.gov

     Subj: Your Stance on Nuclear Power

     Enter Message.  When Done, hit Control-Z, Control-C to quit:
     Dear Mr. President:

     I was disappointed to see that . . . <etc., until you type CTRL-Z>

     Message sent 23:05:44 14-JUN-1993.

     mail> exit

Modern automated mailservers expect your command in the body of the 
message.  But some old-fashioned ones expect it as part of the *subject* 
line!  I always tell if this is the case.

In most cases you will get a response in a few minutes.  For systems 
that wait to off-peak hours to send responses you may have to wait a 
day.  

Here are some more hints:

  o  Most automated systems respond to the single command "help".  

  o  People change their directory systems around everyday it seems.  If 
the commands given don't work, try to locate what you want by Archie 
(see below) before requesting it by mail.

  o  The Double quotes around some commands aren't part of the command 
itself (so don't type them!).

With that advice, here's the list. . . . 


  [10]  The CPET (Catalog of Projects in Electronic Text) supplies 
information about E-text archives for scholars.  They have an online 
database.  For detailed instructions, send the message:

     connect guvax.acc.georgetown.edu
     cd cpet_projects_in_electronic_text
     get cpet_user_guide.txt

to "ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com".  [This is a service that provides Internet 
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) by E-mail.  See next entry].

     Anonymous FTP reference for CPET user's guide: 

"guvax.acc.georgetown.edu:/cpet_projects_in_electronic_text/cpet_user_gu
ide.txt"


  [9]  Instructions for using Archie by Mail and FTP by Mail.  

Archie is a lookup service for finding software or documents in 
Anonymous FTP archives on the Internet.  Anonymous FTP is a method for 
making materials on certain computers available to the public.  Anyone 
is allowed to log in with the username "anonymous" You give your real 
name as the password.  Anonymous FTP is not available if you just have 
E-mail, not a full Internet connection.  

To help E-mail users access Anonymous FTP archives, an FTP by Mail 
server has been set up at decwrl.dec.com.  It will send you materials 
you find using Archie.  Binary files (pictures and programs) are encoded 
as text files using the programs "btoa" or "uuencode".  You need these 
freeware programs if you want to get anything besides text files, i.e. 
ASCII.

A.  To get started with Archie, send the message "help" to 
"archie@archie.rutgers.edu".  There are many Archie servers around the 
world.  Any Archie will give you a complete list.

B.  To get started with FTP Mail, send the message

     help
     quit

to "ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com".


  [8]  A list of book-length Public Domain texts Produced by Project 
Gutenberg.

You may either get these texts from the Almanac server at "oes.orst.edu" 
or direct from Project Gutenberg at "mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu".

Send message "help" to "almanac@oes.orst.edu".  After reading the guide, 
send the message "send gutenberg catalog".  To get an E-text by mail 
(e.g. _Alice in Wonderland_), send the message:

     send etext alice

To see the contents of project gutenberg archivesj, send the message

     connect mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu
     cd etext/articles
     get index
     quit

to "ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com".

To get the actual texts, 

     connect mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu
     cd etext/etext93
     get
     quit

Anonymous FTP Archive references:  

     oes.orst.edu:/pub/data/etext

     mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu:/etext/articles (general info)

     mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu:/etext/etext93 (the texts)


  [7]  A list of E-mail mailing lists, posted to the "Frequently Asked 
Questions" or FAQ part of the Usenet newsgroups.  

A typical mailing list works like this:  to join, say, a mailing list on 
politics, you send the request "subscribe" to "politics-
request@whitehouse.gov".  Thereafter, any message sent to 
"politics@whitehouse.gov" will send you message to all members of the 
list.  You get all the postings from other members as well [The 
Whitehouse list on politics is a fake example].

Aside:  Usenet newsgroup FAQ's are archived at "rtfm.mit.edu".  They 
cover every conceivable subject (but are especially good with 
computers).  To access the archive by E-mail, send the message "help" to 
"mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu".  For an index of materials available, send 
the message "index".

Here are the specific commands for getting the Mailing Lists:

     send mail/mailing-lists/part1
     send mail/mailing-lists/part2
     send mail/mailing-lists/part3
     send mail/mailing-lists/part4
     send mail/mailing-lists/part5

to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu".   

Other good publications in the same location:

  A Guide to Social Newsgroups and Mailing_Lists:

     send social-newsgroups/part1

  List of Periodic Informational Postings:

     send periodic-postings/part1

(six parts).

For a more complete list of FAQs, send the commands:

     send usenet/news.answers/index
     send usenet/news.announce.newusers/index


Anonymous FTP archive reference:

     rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet-by-group/news.answers; and
     rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet-by-group/news.announce.newusers.

Also posted as an FAQs to the Usenet newsgroup news.answers.


  [6]  LISTSERVERS are the best thing going for persons with E-mail but 
without full Internet service.  You can send mail to an entire list and 
get a digest of "articles" posted on a given day.  Lists are espcecially 
good for anyone with an interest in the Humanities.  A list of all 
listservers known to any one listserver can be obtained by sending a 
message to that listserver (see below).

Send the message "help" to any listserver address, e.g.

      "listserv@brownvm.brown.edu" 

to get started.

The listserver at Brown does not respond to the global command (but is 
worthwhile anyway).  Try sending the command "lists global" to one of 
the other listservers like "listserv@auvm.american.edu".  

For lists with lots of traffic you should consider the "set <listname> 
digest" command to get *one* mail message a day with a compendium of 
articles.


  [5]  Automatically supplied information about PSI's Internet service:

     Send any message at all to address "all-info@psi.com".  There are 
lots of other files on their service available instantly.  E.g., for 
information on their version of telnet, send any message to "gds-
info@psi.com"; for their version of FTP, any message to "psilink-
info@psi.com".


  [4]  Scott Yanoff's list of Internet Resources.  At last count, there 
were 75 free things to do on the Internet.

Send the message:

     send usenet/news.answers/internet-services/faq
     send usenet/news.answers/internet-services/list

to "mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu".

Another method is to request the materials by delayed FTP with the 
message:

     connect csd4.csd.uwm.edu
     cd pub
     get inet.services.txt
     quit

to "ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com".

It is also worth adding the line "get internetwork-mail-guide" to the 
above request for a file on send E-mail between any two E-mail systems 
(file is 22k).

Anonymous FTP archive references: 

     csd4.csd.uwm.edu:/pub/inet.services.txt

     rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet-by-group/news.anwsers/internet-services


  [3]  SURFING THE INTERNET, by librarian Jean Armour Polly.  This must-
have publication is still the best basic orientation to the Internet.  
The nearest thing to the "how to use the library card catalogue" speech 
that opened up that other world for us when we were kids.

Send the message

     connect nysernet.org
     cd pub/resources/guides
     get surfing.2.0.3.txt     <that's a zero not an "oh">
     quit

to "ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com".  Other interesting files in the same 
directory are:

     ftp.list
     whatis.internet
     new.user.guide.v2.2.txt
     speakers_on_internet.txt

Anonymous FTP archive reference:

     nysernet.org:/pub/resources/guides


  [2]  The NIXPUB listing of public access UNIX systems (so you can read 
Usenet news!):

Send the message

     connect vfl.paramax.com
     cd pub/nixpub
     get long
     quit

to "ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com".


Anonymous FTP archive reference:

     vfl.paramax.com:pub/nixpub/long

It is also posted as a FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) to the Usenet 
newsgroup alt.bbs.


And the critics' choice is . . . 

  [1]  The PDIAL listing, a listing of dialup methods of connecting to 
the Internet for the general public.

     Send a message to "info-deli-server@netcom.com" with the command 
"send pdial" in the *subject* line.

Alternatively, send the message "send usenet/news.answers/pdial" to 
"mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu".
----------

                        +    +    +

"What this country needs is a good 50 cent education."

-----------------------(end:  EMAIL 101 part 3 of 3)--------------------