🚀 go-pugleaf

This is my latest bibliography of good, publically available X Window System
technical material.  There may be other good papers in unpublished conference
proceedings and tutorial notes, but these are difficult to find, so I am not
listing them here.  There's alot of other stuff out there, but I think these
are the best references.  If you know of any other good ones, please let me
know.

There are two journals dedicated to material on X.  As these should be pretty
well indexed, I will only include selected papers from these.  These journals
are *The X Journal* (P. O. Box 3000, Denville, New Jersey 07834) and *The X
Resource: A Practical Journal of the X Window System* (O'Reilly & Associates,
632 Petaluma Ave., Sebastapol, CA 95472).

Many people have been asking questions about the bibliography.  No, I'm not
distributing it in any other format.  If your printer can't handle the UNIX-
style underlining, run it through the UNIX col filter or the equivalent on your
system.  The sample code from most of the books listed here is available
on-line, usually by anonymous ftp to export.lcs.mit.edu, uunet.uu.net, or
decwrl.dec.com.  Yes, I do accept (and appreciate) review copies of material.
Yes, you may put copies of this in your books (see the lawyer-speak below), but
please let me know and include the date and contact info from the header.
Approximately one a month, updates to this bibliography will be sent to the
comp.windows.x USENET group and the xpert Internet mailing list and placed in:
    export.lcs.mit.edu:/contrib/Xbibliography and
    gatekeeper.dec.com:/pub/X11/contrib/Xbibliography
for access via anonymous FTP.  Please do not ask for updates other than these.

Sorry, I am not able to distribute copies of the material mentioned here.  Your
librarian or bookstore should be able to help you.

Ken
================================ cut here ================================






                         X TECHNICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
                          please send updates to:
          Ken Lee, DEC WSL, 181 Lytton Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301
            Internet: klee@pa.dec.com, UUCP: uunet!decwrl!klee
                            September 27, 1991

       Copyright (c) 1991 by Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard,
       Massachusetts.
       Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this documen-
       tation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
       provided that both the above copyright notice and this per-
       mission notice appear in all copies, and that the name of Di-
       gital Equipment Corporation not be used in advertising or
       publicity pertaining to this documentation without specific,
       written prior permission.



Angebranndt, Susan and et al, "Integrating Audio and Telephony in a Distri-
     buted Workstation Environment," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _S_u_m_m_e_r, _1_9_9_1
     _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 419-435.  Describes a client-server audio
     toolkit whose architecture is very similar to that of the X Window
     System.

Angebranndt, Susan, Raymond Drewry, Philip Karlton, Todd Newman, Bob
     Scheifler, and Keith Packard, _D_e_f_i_n_i_t_i_o_n _o_f _t_h_e _P_o_r_t_i_n_g _L_a_y_e_r _f_o_r _t_h_e
     _X _v_1_1 _S_a_m_p_l_e _S_e_r_v_e_r, 1988-1991.  A detailed reference to the modules
     of the sample server. This is a companion to  "Strategies for Porting
     the X v11 Sample Server" by the same authors. Both are included in the
     MIT X11R5 distribution (X11R5/mit/doc/Server).

Angebranndt, Susan, Raymond Drewry, Philip Karlton, Todd Newman, Bob
     Scheifler, and Keith Packard, _S_t_r_a_t_e_g_i_e_s _f_o_r _P_o_r_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _X _v_1_1 _S_a_m_p_l_e
     _S_e_r_v_e_r, 1988-1991.  A guide to strategies for porting the sample
     server. This is a companion to  "Definition of the Porting Layer for
     the X v11 Sample Server" by the same authors.  Both are included in
     the MIT X11R5 distribution (X11R5/mit/doc/Server).

Angebranndt, Susan and Todd Newman, "The Sample X11 Server Architecture,"
     _D_i_g_i_t_a_l _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 16-23, Summer, 1990.  An
     overview of the sample server, including goals, problem areas,
     modules, and porting guidelines.

Angebranndt, Susan, Phil Karlton, Raymond Drewry, and Todd Newman, "Writing
     Tailorable Software: The X11 Sample Server," _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _P_r_a_c_t_i_c_e _a_n_d _E_x_-
     _p_e_r_i_e_n_c_e, vol. 20, no. S2, May, 1991.  An overview of the sample
     server architecture and implementation.

Asente, Paul, "Simplicity and Productivity," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 6, no. 9,
     pp. 57-63.  A discussion on the classing mechanism in the X Toolkit.

Asente, Paul J. and Ralph R. Swick, _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _T_o_o_l_k_i_t, Digital Press,
     1990.  ISBN 1-55558-051-3. The X Toolkit bible, a companion to
     Sheifler & Gettys book on Xlib and the X protocol. It includes both a
     tutorial on programming with the X Toolkit and a formal specification







                              - 2 -



     of the toolkit. The tutorial, which covers both using and writing
     widgets, is comprehensive and excellent. The specification is an
     enhancement of the MIT Xt intrinsics manual, by the same authors.

Baldwin, Howard, "What Gives An X Terminal X Appeal?," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 8,
     no. 5, pp. 89-94, May, 1991.  A look at the popular features of X ter-
     minals.

Barkakati, Nabajyoti, _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g, SAMS, 1991.  ISBN 0-
     672-22750-9. Another tutorial on X programming. The Xlib section is
     not as good as Jones' book. There's a short section at the end on mix-
     ing Xlib with the X Toolkit, but the programming style used there is
     poor.

Bartlett, Joel F., "Don't Fidget with Widgets, Draw!," DEC Western Research
     Laboratory Research Report 91/16, May, 1991.  Describes EZD, a high-
     level graphics server that simplifies the development of interactive
     graphical user interfaces.  EZD is based on X. For information on ob-
     taining free copies of this report, send electronic mail to ``wrl-
     techreports@decwrl.dec.com''. Your message should contain the single
     word ``help''.

Bass, Len, Erik Hardy, Reed Little, and Robert Seacord, "Serpent Overview,"
     CMU/SEI-89-UG-2, Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon
     University, Pittsburgh, PA..  An overview and tutorial of the Serpent
     User Interface Management System.  Serpent is a UIMS implemented on
     top of several X toolkits. This paper, as well as the Serpent source
     code, is included in the MIT X11R4 distribution.

Bass, Len and et al, "Serpent:  A User Interface Management System," in
     _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_9_0 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 245-258.  An
     introduction to the Serpent UIMS from Carnegie Mellon University.

Berlage, Thomas, _O_S_F/_M_o_t_i_f: _C_o_n_c_e_p_t_s _a_n_d _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g, Addison-Wesley, 1991.
     ISBN 0-201-55792-4. A good tutorial on Motif programming. It doesn't
     include lots of toy examples like some of the other books, but there
     are good practical examples and the descriptions of the widget func-
     tionality (especially the constraint widgets) are excellent. The sec-
     tion on subclassing Motif (mostly XmPrimitive) widget classes is not
     real complete, but still is far better than those in other Motif
     books. There is an introductory section on UIL, which is easier to
     understand, though not as complete as the section in the Motif
     programmer's guide. This book does not contain a tutorial on the X
     Toolkit intrinsics, so you will probably want Asente & Swick's book
     for that.

Borenstein, Nathaniel S., _M_u_l_t_i_m_e_d_i_a _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_m_e_n_t _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _A_n_-
     _d_r_e_w _T_o_o_l_k_i_t, Prentice Hall, 1990.  ISBN 0-13-036633-1. A tutorial and
     reference manual for the Andrew toolkit. Andrew is an applications
     toolkit implemented on several window systems, including X.  It is in-
     cluded in the MIT X11R4 distribution.

Bourne, Philip E. and Lawrence S. Shapiro, "Developing with DECwindows,"
     _D_E_C _P_r_o_f_e_s_s_i_o_n_a_l, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 36-44, February, 1990.  A








                              - 3 -



     description of DECwindows programming, focusing on the User Interface
     Language (UIL).  UIL is used by both DECwindows and OSF/Motif.

Braca, Mike, "X Display Management," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 107-
     112, April, 1991.  An introduction to the X Display Manager Control
     Protocol (XDMCP).

Braca, Mike, "Configuring X Display Management," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 8, no. 5,
     pp. 113-123, May, 1991.  A guide to using the ``xdm'' client.

Brunet, James, "Using PC's as X Servers," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, _N_e_t_w_o_r_k_i_n_g _S_u_p_p_l_e_-
     _m_e_n_t, pp. 83-85, 1989.  An introduction to X server software for IBM
     PC's.

Brunhoff, Todd, "Pleasing The Eye," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 64-72.
     An introduction to VEX, a proposed (and since withdrawn) video exten-
     sions to X.

Champine, George, Bob Scheifler, Jim Gettys, Georges Grinstein, and Bertram
     Herzog, "Panel discussion on the X Window System," in _S_I_G_G_R_A_P_H'_8_8
     _P_a_n_e_l _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s, August, 1988.  This is the transcript of an in-
     teresting panel discussion on X. George Champine was moderator. Panel-
     ists were Bob Scheifler, Jim Gettys, Georges Grinstein, and Bertram
     Herzog. The panelists discussed the history of X and current work
     at/on the X Consortium, PEX, and national and international standards
     for X. This was followed by a lively question and answer session on
     the present and future of X.

Champine, George, _M_I_T _P_r_o_j_e_c_t _A_t_h_e_n_a: _A _M_o_d_e_l _f_o_r _D_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_d _C_a_m_p_u_s _C_o_m_-
     _p_u_t_i_n_g, Digital Press, 1991.  A review of Project Athena, which gen-
     erated lots of fun toys, including the X Window System.

Clifford, William, John McConnell, and Jeffrey Friedberg, "The Development
     of PEX, A Three-dimensional Graphics Extension to X11," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s
     _o_f _E_u_r_o_g_r_a_p_h_i_c_s'_8_8, September, 1988.  An overview PEX, an extension to
     the X protocol to support PHIGS+.

Dolan, Michael A. and Larry Hare, "X Window System Servers in Embedded Sys-
     tems," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _C_O_M_P_C_O_N _S_p_r_i_n_g _1_9_9_0, pp. 314-319, February,
     1990.  A discussion of X server architectures for embedded systems,
     such as accelerator boards and stand-alone terminals.

Droms, and Dyksen, "Performance Measurements of the X Window System Proto-
     col," _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _P_r_a_c_t_i_c_e _a_n_d _E_x_p_e_r_i_e_n_c_e, vol. 20, no. S2, May, 1991.

Epstein, Jeremy and Marvin Shugerman, "A Trusted X Window System Server for
     Trusted Mach," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _F_i_r_s_t _U_S_E_N_I_X _M_a_c_h _W_o_r_k_s_h_o_p, Oc-
     tober, 1990.  Describes the prototype of a B3-level Trusted X.

Flowers, Ken, "Using Motif's User Interface Language," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 7,
     no. 12, pp. 119-131, December, 1990.  A basic tutorial the Motif User
     Interface Language (UIL). UIL is a meta-language for specifying Motif
     widget resources and hierarchies. It allows much of a program's user
     interface to be developed independently of the rest of the program's








                              - 4 -



     functionality.

Flowers, Ken, "Programming with the Motif Toolkit," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 7, no.
     11, pp. 135-144, November, 1990.  A basic tutorial on X Toolkit pro-
     gramming using the Motif widget set. The article focuses on the vari-
     ous Motif widgets, assuming that the reader understands the basics of
     using the X Toolkit.

Gajewska, Hania, Mark Manasse, and Joel McCormack, "Why X is Not Our Ideal
     Window System," _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _P_r_a_c_t_i_c_e _a_n_d _E_x_p_e_r_i_e_n_c_e, vol. 20, no. S2,
     May, 1991.  Some comments on problems with the design of the X Window
     System.

Gettys, Jim, "Problems Implementing Window Systems in UNIX," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s
     _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_8_6 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 89-97.  Describes some of
     the early work on X, especially technical issues in implementing
     server-based window systems on UNIX systems.

Gettys, Jim, "Network Windowing using the X Window System," _D_r. _D_o_b_b'_s
     _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, pp. 42-53, March, 1989.  A discussion on the importance of
     networking for window systems.

Gettys, Jim, Phil Karlton, and Scott McGregor, "The X Window System, Ver-
     sion 11," _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _P_r_a_c_t_i_c_e _a_n_d _E_x_p_e_r_i_e_n_c_e, vol. 20, no. S2, May,
     1991.  A technical overview of the X11 functionality.  This is an up-
     date of the X10 TOG paper by Scheifler & Gettys.

Good, Michael, "User Interface Consistency in the DECwindows Program," in
     _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _H_u_m_a_n _F_a_c_t_o_r_s _S_o_c_i_e_t_y, _V_o_l. _1, 1988.  A discussion
     of user interface design techniques used in developing the DECwindows
     toolkit.

Greenwood, Stephen, "The DECwindows User Interface Language," _D_i_g_i_t_a_l
     _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 34-43, Summer, 1990.  An over-
     view of the DECwindows user interface language (UIL). UIL allows pro-
     grammers to specify and configure the X Toolkit widget hierarchy at
     run-time. This is very useful for rapid prototyping and international-
     ization. UIL is used by both DECwindows and Motif.

Hayes, Frank, "X Terminals vs. Diskless Workstations," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 7,
     no. 10, pp. 83-86, October, 1990.  A look at some of the tradeoffs
     between using X terminals and diskless workstations.

Heller, Dan, "The XView Toolkit (2 parts)," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 7, no. 6-7,
     June-July, 1990.  A two part tutorial on XView, based on Volume 7 of
     the O'Reilly series. XView, from Sun, is a user interface toolkit for
     X. It is similar to, but not compatible with (at either the end-user
     or the programmer levels), MIT's X Toolkit. It supports Open Look, but
     not Motif.

Holzgang, David A., _D_i_s_p_l_a_y _P_o_s_t_S_c_r_i_p_t _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
     0-201-51814-7. A tutorial on Display PostScript.  Many commercial X
     implementations include DPS as an extension to the core X protocol.
     DPS can be used in conjunction with or instead of the core X graphics








                              - 5 -



     requests.

Hopgood, F. R. A., _M_e_t_h_o_d_o_l_o_g_y _o_f _W_i_n_d_o_w _M_a_n_a_g_e_m_e_n_t, Springer-Verlag, New
     York, 1986.  ISBN 0-387-16116-3.  The proceedings of the important
     1985 Alvey Workshop on Window Management. It includes interesting ma-
     terial on problems with UNIX window systems and proposed solutions. It
     also includes descriptions of early versions of current UNIX window
     systems, such as X and Sun's NeWS.

Johnson, Eric and Kevin Reichard, _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g, MIS:
     Press, 1989.  ISBN 1-55828-016-2. Another tutorial on Xlib program-
     ming. This book has lots and lots of examples, but coverage of complex
     subjects is not as useful as Jones' book. Unfortunately, some of the
     example programs are poorly designed and may not work with all sys-
     tems.

Johnson, Eric and Kevin Reichard, _A_d_v_a_n_c_e_d _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_-
     _m_i_n_g, MIS: Press, 1990.  ISBN 1-55828-016-2. An "advanced" version of
     the authors' previous book. Only Xlib programming is covered, and it
     generally handles advanced subjects less well than Jones' book.

Johnson, Eric and Kevin Reichard, _P_o_w_e_r _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _M_o_t_i_f, MIS: Press,
     1991.  ISBN 1-55828-059-6. Another tutorial on Motif application pro-
     gramming. It does not cover subclassing widgets or using the UIL in-
     terface. Coverage is generally poorer than similar books, especially
     Berlage's book.

Jones, Oliver, _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n _t_o _t_h_e _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m, Prentice-Hall, 1988,
     1989.  ISBN 0-13-499997-5. An excellent introduction to programming
     with Xlib.  Written with the serious programmer in mind, this book in-
     cludes many practical tips that are not found anywhere else. This book
     does not cover every Xlib function (as the O'Reilly manual tries) and
     doesn't offer as many examples as the Johnson & Reichard book, but
     Jones is clearly the most experienced X programmer of this group and
     this shows in the quality and depth of the material in the book. While
     the others simply regurgitate that material in the MIT manuals, this
     book explains key X concepts much more clearly and gives examples of
     using X to solve real world problems. The seventh printing is updated
     to X11R4.

Keller, Brian J., _A _P_r_a_c_t_i_c_a_l _G_u_i_d_e _t_o _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g, CRC Press,
     1990.  ISBN 0-8493-7406-5. Another tutorial on X application writing.
     This one claims to use the X Toolkit and Motif, though the Motif ma-
     terial is not very good.

Kent, Christopher, "XDPS:  A Display PostScript System Extension for
     DECwindows," _D_i_g_i_t_a_l _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 64-73, Sum-
     mer, 1990.  An overview of Display PostScript, an extension to the X
     protocol allowing PostScript graphics in X windows.

Kimball, Paul, _T_h_e _X _T_o_o_l_k_i_t _C_o_o_k_b_o_o_k, Prentice-Hall, 1991.  ISBN ???. I
     haven't seen this book yet. Reportedly a practical guide to X Toolkit
     programming, including use of the Motif, Open Look, and Athena widget
     sets.








                              - 6 -



Kobara, Shiz, _V_i_s_u_a_l _D_e_s_i_g_n _W_i_t_h _O_S_F/_M_o_t_i_f, Addison-Wesley, 1991.  ISBN 0-
     201-56320-7. A guide to using Motif to create visually appealing and
     consistent user interfaces, by one of the user interface designers who
     helped create the Motif look.

LaStrange, Tom E., "swm:  An X Window Manager Shell," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e
     _S_u_m_m_e_r, _1_9_9_0 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 299-306.  Describes the swm window
     manager, supporting a configurable user interface and a virtual root
     window.

Lee, Kenton, "Behind Curtain X," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 22-28,
     June, 1991.  Despite the title, this article really describes (most
     of) the most common X programming errors and ways to avoid them.

Leffler, Samuel J., "A Window On The Future?," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 6, no. 6,
     pp. 62-69.  This article compares Sun's NeWS with other window sys-
     tems, such as X, and concludes that, despite its problems, NeWS is the
     window system of the future. See Robin Schaufler's paper for a more
     technical comparison of the X and NeWS.

Lemke, David and David S. H. Rosenthal, "Visualizing X11 Clients," in
     _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_8_9 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 125-138.  A tu-
     torial on ``visuals'', the X abstraction of display hardware capabili-
     ties. Proper use of visuals is necessary for an X client to work with
     and take advantage of a variety of different display devices. An up-
     dated version is included in the MIT X11R5 distribution
     (X11R5/mit/doc/tutorials/visuals).

Levitt, Jason, "Spotlight on Serial X Terminals," _U_N_I_X _T_o_d_a_y, pp. 46-52,
     May 13, 1991.  A review of some X terminals that support serial proto-
     cols. This type of terminal can be used with a modem over a telephone
     line.

Linton, Mark and Paul Calder, "The Design and Implementation of Inter-
     Views," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _1_9_8_7 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C++ _W_o_r_k_s_h_o_p.  Describes the
     InterViews user interface toolkit, written in C++ and based on the X
     Window System.  Even if you don't plan to use InterViews as a toolkit,
     it provides a good C++ binding to the X protocol.

Linton, Mark A., John M. Vlissides, and Paul R. Calder, "Composing User In-
     terfaces with InterViews," _I_E_E_E _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 8-22,
     February, 1989.  Describes the InterViews user interface toolkit,
     written in C++ and based on the X Window System.

Mansfield, Niall, _T_h_e _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m: _A _U_s_e_r'_s _G_u_i_d_e, Addison-Wesley, Am-
     sterdam, 1989.  ISBN 0-201-51341-2. A tutorial on X for end-users, not
     programmers.  The first edition of this book, based on X11R3, is
     available only in Europe.  The second edition, based on X11R4, should
     be available in both Europe and the U.S. in the Spring of 1991.

Mayer, Niels P., "The WINTERP Widget INTERpreter," _L_I_S_P _P_o_i_n_t_e_r_s, vol. 4,
     no. 1, pp. 45-60, July, 1990.  Discusses WINTERP, a Lisp prototyping
     environment for Motif applications.









                              - 7 -



McCormack, Joel and Paul Asente, "Using the X Toolkit or How to Write a
     Widget," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _S_u_m_m_e_r, _1_9_8_8 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 1-
     13.  An excellent tutorial on writing basic X Toolkit widgets.  Poten-
     tial widget writers (and maybe users, too) should probably start by
     reading this paper. Unfortunately, it's based on X11R2, so some of it
     is out of date.

McCormack, Joel and Paul Asente, "An Overview of the X Toolkit," in
     _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _A_C_M _S_I_G_G_R_A_P_H _S_y_m_p_o_s_i_u_m _o_n _U_s_e_r _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e,
     pp. 46-55, October, 1988.  An excellent architectural overview of the
     X Toolkit, including its goals, how it accomplished them, and possible
     future directions.

McCormack, Joel, "Writing Fast X Servers for Dumb Color Frame Buffers," DEC
     Western Research Laboratory Research Report 91/1, February, 1991.
     Describes the implementation of one of the best X servers currently
     available, that of the color DECstation 3100. Algorithms as well as
     performance measurements are discussed. For information on obtaining
     free copies of this report, send electronic mail to ``wrl-
     techreports@decwrl.dec.com''. Your message should contain the single
     word ``help''. Note that this paper supersedes DECWRL TN-9. This paper
     also appears in the Software Practice and Experience Volume 20, Spe-
     cial Issue S2.

McGregor, Scott, "An Overview of the DECwindows Architecture," _D_i_g_i_t_a_l
     _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 9-15, Summer, 1990.  An overview
     of DECwindows, a superset of X for DEC workstations.

McLoughlin, Lee, "A Simple Guide to Porting the X Window System," in
     _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _E_U_U_G _S_p_r_i_n_g _1_9_8_9, pp. 283-291, Brussels, April 3-7,
     1989.  A brief, but good, discussion of the interface between the X
     server and the underlying operating system.  The EUUG conference is
     sponsored by the European Unix Users' Group.

McMinds, Donald L., _M_a_s_t_e_r_i_n_g _O_S_F/_M_o_t_i_f _W_i_d_g_e_t_s, Addison-Wesley, 1991,
     1991.  ISBN 0-201-56342-8 A tutorial on using existing Motif widgets.

Mehta, Sunil, "User Interfaces and the IEEE P1201 Committee," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w,
     vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 14-20.  A review of the activities of the IEEE
     P1201 standards committee, by its chairman. P1201 is trying to develop
     international standards for the X Window System client side (Xlib and
     above). Lower levels of X (servers and protocol) are being standard-
     ized by ANSI Task Group X3H3.6.

Mikes, Steve, "Fast Track To Motif Applications," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 8, no.
     3, pp. 101-106, March, 1991.  This article reviews a couple of pro-
     ducts that help programmers to quickly port dumb terminal applications
     to X and Motif. Some would call this approach a hack, but it is easy
     and does provide some functionality beyond dumb terminal emulators.

Mikes, Steven, _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, Addison-Wesley, 1990.
     ISBN 0-201-52370-1. A quick reference manual for X11R3, including
     Xlib, Xt, fonts, bitmaps, keysyms, Motif, and OPEN LOOK.









                              - 8 -



Mikes, Steven, "3 X Window Servers For DOS," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 7, no. 11,
     pp. 113-118, November, 1990.  A review of three of the more popular X
     servers for IBM PCs: PC-Xview, PC-Xsight, and XVision. None of these
     products allows you to run X clients on the PC, though XVision does
     allow you to simultaneously display remote X clients and local Micro-
     soft Windows clients.

Mikes, Steven, "New Ways to Program in Object-Oriented X," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol.
     8, no. 8, pp. 103-108, August, 1991.  Reviews the Saber and Solbourne
     object-oriented user interface toolkits. Both are based on C++ and
     support X.

Miller, John David, _A_n _O_P_E_N _L_O_O_K _a_t _U_N_I_X: _A _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_e_r'_s _G_u_i_d_e _t_o _X, M&T
     Books, 1990.  ISBN 1-55-851057-5 A tutorial on the Open Look widget
     set from AT&T. Contact M&T Books at 1-800-533-4372.

Mirchandani, Dinesh and Prabuddha Biswas, "Ethernet Performance of Remote
     DECwindows Applications," _D_i_g_i_t_a_l _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3,
     pp. 84-94, Summer, 1990.  Describes a methodology for analyzing the
     performance of networked X applications.

Myers, Brad A., "Window Interfaces:  A Taxonomy of Window Manager User In-
     terfaces," _I_E_E_E _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r _G_r_a_p_h_i_c_s & _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s, vol. 8, no. 5, pp.
     65-84, September, 1988.  A taxonomy of current window system user in-
     terfaces, including the UWM window manager for X. Discusses and com-
     pares the features of each user interface. Contrast this with Rob
     Pike's window system user interface guidelines. Myers is a well known
     user interface researcher.

Nadeau, David R., "High-Performance 3-D Graphics In A Window Environment,"
     _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r _T_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y _R_e_v_i_e_w, pp. 89-93, Fall, 1988.  A discussion on
     integrating Megatek's high-performance 3D graphics hardware/software
     with X.

Nye, Adrian, "The X Window System Protocol," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 6, no. 9, pp.
     105-113, September, 1989.  An introduction to the X protocol.  This is
     a short version of Nye's introduction to Volume 0 of O'Reilly's X
     series.

O'Reilly, Tim, "The Toolkits (and Politics) of X Windows," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol.
     6, no. 2, pp. 66-73, February, 1989.  An introduction to some of the
     popular widget sets available for the X Toolkit.

O'Reilly and Associates, _T_h_e _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _i_n _a _N_u_t_s_h_e_l_l, O'Reilly and
     Associates, 1990.  ISBN 0-937175-24-2. A quick reference guide to Xlib
     and Xt and some associated configuration files. It leaves out a lot of
     material in order to achieve a small, convenient size. Unfortunately,
     there are lots of typos (at least in the first edition) and the cross
     referencing is weak.

O'Reilly and Associates, _T_h_e _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _S_e_r_i_e_s (_s_e_v_e_r_a_l _v_o_l_u_m_e_s),
     O'Reilly and Associates, 1988, 1989, 1990.  O'Reilly publishes a large
     collection of X books. Volumes 0, 2, 3, and 5 are lightly edited ver-
     sions of the MIT manuals (protocol manual, Xlib manual pages, popular








                              - 9 -



     client manual pages, and X Toolkit); some include additional tutorial
     or introductory chapters. Volume 1 (by Adrian Nye) is a tutorial on
     Xlib. It covers more of Xlib than Jones' book, but with less practical
     detail. Volume 4 (by Adrian Nye and Tim O'Reilly) is a tutorial on the
     X Toolkit intrinsics (Xt). It's generally inferior to the Asente &
     Swick book, especially in the sections on subclassing widgets. Volume
     6 (not yet available) will cover various widget sets, including
     OSF/Motif, AT&T Open Look, MIT Athena, etc.). Volume 7 (by Dan Heller)
     is a tutorial on XView, a toolkit similar to, but not compatible with,
     the X Toolkit. Mostly written/edited by technical writers rather than
     engineers, these are probably the most professional looking of the X
     books, though they are often more superficial and less accurate than
     the competition. They books are updated regularly, with the most re-
     cent versions of some of them updated to X11R4.

O'Reilly and Associates, _T_h_e _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m _S_e_r_i_e_s (_M_o_t_i_f _E_d_i_t_i_o_n_s),
     O'Reilly and Associates, 1991.  0-937175-61-7, 0-937175-62-5. O'Reilly
     has written Motif (version 1.1) editions of Volumes 3 (X User's Manu-
     al) and Volume 4 (X Toolkit Intrinsics) of their X series. The Motif-
     specific material is very basic, especially in Volume 4. The section
     on subclassing Motif widgets, in particular, is very incomplete.

Open Software Foundation, _O_S_F/_M_o_t_i_f _S_e_r_i_e_s (_5 _v_o_l_u_m_e_s), Prentice Hall,
     1990.  Motif is a popular user interface programming environment for
     X. It was designed and developed by members of the Open Software Foun-
     dation, including DEC, HP, and IBM. These companies have committed to
     using Motif as their standard user interface. These volumes include
     Motif _S_t_y_l_e _G_u_i_d_e, _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_e_r'_s _G_u_i_d_e, _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_e_r'_s _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, _U_s_e_r'_s
     _G_u_i_d_e, and _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _E_n_v_i_r_o_n_m_e_n_t _S_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n (_A_E_S) _U_s_e_r _E_n_v_i_r_o_n_-
     _m_e_n_t _V_o_l_u_m_e. There are two editions of these books, one for release
     1.0 and one for release 1.1. Motif 1.1 is based on X11R4.

Ousterhout, John K., "An X11 Toolkit Based on the Tcl Language," in
     _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_9_1 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 105-115.
     Describes a high level toolkit based on the Tcl programming language.
     Since Tcl is interpreted, this toolkit allows for some interesting
     run-time dynamics.  Unfortunately, it is not compatible with the X
     Toolkit and popular widget sets.

Pedneault, Michel, "A High-Level User Interface Toolkit for the X Window
     System and Character Terminals," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _S_u_m_m_e_r, _1_9_9_0
     _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 307-313.  Describes the NTUI toolkit, which
     supports a single programming interface for both graphical (using the
     X Toolkit) and character user interfaces.

Pike, Rob, "Window Systems Should Be Transparent," _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_m_p_u_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_-
     _t_e_m_s, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 279-296, Summer, 1988.  Some window system
     user interface guidelines, based on MUX window system for the BLIT
     terminal, with some comparisons to X.  Contrast this to Myers' paper.
     Pike is the developer of the BLIT.

Pike, Rob, "A Concurrent Window System," _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_m_p_u_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m_s, vol. 2,
     no. 2, pp. 133-153, Spring, 1989.  A description of a multi-threaded
     window system written using a concurrent programming language.  The








                             - 10 -



     design is shown to be simpler than the single threaded design of X.

Probst, Richard, "OPEN LOOK Toolkits," _S_u_n_T_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y, vol. 1, no. 4, pp.
     76-86, Autumn, 1988.  OPEN LOOK is a user interface specification
     designed by AT&T and Sun. This paper discusses toolkits supporting
     OPEN LOOK including two for the X Window System.

Raney, Scott, "Pick a GUI, Any GUI," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 103-
     107, May, 1991.  A review of the XVT product. XVT claims to provide a
     single API to generate user interfaces for Motif, Macintosh, Presenta-
     tion Manager, Open Look, and ASCII terminals. This article says XVT is
     appropriate for in-house tools, but not for product quality applica-
     tions.

Rao, R. and S. Wallace, "The X Toolkit," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _S_u_m_m_e_r, _1_9_8_7
     _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e.  Describes an early version of the X Toolkit.

Rochkind, Marc J., "XVT:  A Virtual Toolkit for Portability Between Window
     Systems," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_8_9 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp.
     151-163.  Describes the Extensible Virtual Toolkit (XVT), a user in-
     terface toolkit that claims to provide a uniform application program-
     ming interface to several different window systems, while providing
     the ``look and feel'' appropriate for the window system.  Supported
     window systems include X11, Microsoft Windows, OS/2 Presentation
     Manager, and the Macintosh.

Rosenberg, Jarrett, Paul Asente, Mark Linton, and Andrew Palay, "X Toolk-
     its:  The Lessons Learned," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _A_C_M _S_I_G_G_R_A_P_H _S_y_m_p_o_-
     _s_i_u_m _o_n _U_s_e_r _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _a_n_d _T_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y, pp. 108-111, October,
     1990.  The proceedings include the prepared statements of panelists at
     a panel discussion.  Jarrett Rosenberg was moderator.  Paul Asente
     spoke on the X Toolkit.  Mark Linton spoke on InterViews.  Andrew
     Palay spoke on the Andrew Toolkit.

Rosenthal, David S. H., "A Simple X11 Client Program," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f
     _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_8_8 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 229-235.  A version of the
     ``hello, world'' paper, presenting and comparing the basics of the X
     library and the X Toolkit.  All potential X programmers (Xlib or X
     toolkit) should understand everything in this paper before they at-
     tempt to write any X programs.  Included in the MIT X distribution
     (X11R5/doc/tutorials/HelloWorld) and reprinted as ``Going for
     Baroque'' in the June or July, 1988 (vol. 6, no. 6) issue of _U_N_I_X _R_e_-
     _v_i_e_w magazine.

Rosenthal, David S. H. and Adam R. de Boor, _G_o_d_z_i_l_l_a'_s _G_u_i_d_e _t_o _P_o_r_t_i_n_g _t_h_e
     _X _V_1_1 _S_a_m_p_l_e _S_e_r_v_e_r, 1987, 1990.  A hackers guide to quick-and-dirty
     porting of the sample server to memory-mapped monochrome and color
     frame buffers. This document is included in the MIT X11R5 distribution
     (X11R5/mit/doc/Server).

Rosenthal, David S. H., "Window Exchange," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 7, no. 12, pp.
     58-64, January, 1990.  An excellent review of X client interoperabili-
     ty problems, by the author of the X Inter-Client Communication Conven-
     tions Manual (ICCCM). About half the paper discusses differences among








                             - 11 -



     servers that an application writer must understand. The other half
     discusses (ICCCM) issues such as selections and dealing with the win-
     dow manager.

Rost, Randi, "Adding A Dimension to X," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 6, no. 10, pp.
     51-59.  An overview of PEX.

Rost, Randi, Jeffrey Friedberg, and Peter Nishimoto, "PEX:  A Network-
     Transparent 3D Graphics System," _I_E_E_E _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r _G_r_a_p_h_i_c_s & _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_-
     _t_i_o_n_s, pp. 14-26, July, 1989.  A good overview of PEX, the
     PHIGS/PHIGS+ 3D extension to X.

Rost, Randi J., _X _a_n_d _M_o_t_i_f _Q_u_i_c_k _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _G_u_i_d_e, Digital Press, 1990.
     ISBN 1-55558-052-1. A quick reference guide to Xlib, the X Toolkit,
     and Motif. It's a little bulkier than the O'Reilly quick reference,
     but the cross referencing is much better.

Ryan, Michael and James VanGilder, "The Development of DECwindows VMS
     Mail," _D_i_g_i_t_a_l _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 74-83, Summer,
     1990.  Describes the engineering and development of a moderate sized X
     application.

Salzman, Isaac J., "A Look At Graphical Shells," _U_N_I_X _R_e_v_i_e_w, vol. 8, no.
     11, pp. 103-113, November, 1990.  A comparison of the two most popular
     X-based graphical UNIX shells: Looking Glass (by Visix Software of
     Reston, Virginia) and X.desktop (by IXI Ltd., Cambridge, UK).

Schaufler, Robin, "X11/NeWS Design Overview," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _S_u_m_m_e_r,
     _1_9_8_8 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 23-35.  Discusses Sun's X/NeWS window sys-
     tem.  Compares the functionality of X and NeWS and describes a server
     that merges the two.

Scheifler, Robert and Jim Gettys, "The X Window System," _A_C_M _T_r_a_n_s_a_c_t_i_o_n_s
     _o_n _G_r_a_p_h_i_c_s, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 79-109, April, 1986.  The first pub-
     lished description of X, describing X10. This paper, along with an up-
     dated version describing X11, also appears in the Software Practice
     and Experience Volume 20, Special Issue S2.

Scheifler, Robert and James Gettys, _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m, _S_e_c_o_n_d _E_d_i_t_i_o_n, Digi-
     tal Press, 1990.  ISBN 1-55558-050-5. The Xlib and X protocol bible by
     the authors of X11. The second edition is a superset of the MIT docu-
     mentation on X11R4 Xlib, X protocol, XLFD, and ICCCM. This is THE
     specification of the core of X and is required for all serious X pro-
     grammers, though it may be rough going for those with little experi-
     ence in interactive computer graphics. See also Asente & Swick's com-
     panion book on the X Toolkit.

Schmandt, Chris, Mark Ackerman, and Debby Hindus, "Augmenting a Window Sys-
     tem with Speech Input," _I_E_E_E _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 50-56, Au-
     gust, 1990.  Describes Xspeak, an experimental speech recognition
     client that allows voice access to X windows.

Shein, Barry, "What Light Through Yonder Window Breaks?," _S_u_n _E_x_p_e_r_t, vol.
     1, no. 6, pp. 44-51, April, 1990.  A review of OpenWindows, Sun's pro-








                             - 12 -



     duct version of X.

Shein, Barry, "Primal Screens," _S_u_n _E_x_p_e_r_t, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 56-69, Janu-
     ary, 1990.  An interesting, though somewhat religious, comparison of X
     and Sun's NeWS window system. It concludes, "even Scott McNealy has
     spoken of NeWS as a failure as a standard, although he hastens to add
     that it was a technological success."

Smith, Jerry D., _O_b_j_e_c_t-_o_r_i_e_n_t_e_d _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m
     _T_o_o_l_k_i_t_s, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.  ISBN 0-471-53259-2. A tutorial on
     X programming, emphasizing object-oriented encapsulation.

Southerton, Alan, "Many Paths To X Window Programming," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d, vol. 7,
     no. 5, pp. 66-73, May, 1990.  A survey of user interface development
     tools for X. It's somewhat superficial, but mentions most of the popu-
     lar tools.

Southerton, Alan and Steve Mikes, "Motif on Sun Workstations," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d,
     vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 52-58, March, 1991.  Motif is the most popular user
     interface programming environment for UNIX workstations, but it is not
     available for Sun workstations. This article reviews some Motif imple-
     mentations for Suns from independent software vendors.

Spine, Thomas and Jacob VanNoy, "The Evolution of the X User Interface
     Style," _D_i_g_i_t_a_l _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 44-51, Summer,
     1990.  Describes the design and evolution of the DECwindows look and
     feel for the X Window System.

Stroyan, Michael, "Three-Dimensional Graphics Using the X Window System,"
     _D_r. _D_o_b_b'_s _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 28-36, February, 1990.  A high
     level description of various approaches to developing 3D graphics
     tools for X, including those of the PHIGS Extension to X (PEX) and
     HP's Starbase-on-X11 (sox11).

Sung, Hsien Ching Kelvin, Greg Rogers, and William Kubitz, "A Critical
     Evaluation of PEX," _I_E_E_E _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r _G_r_a_p_h_i_c_s & _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s, vol. 10,
     no. 6, pp. 65-75, November, 1990.  An evaluation of PEX, the X exten-
     sion to support PHIGS, from the point of view of a PHIGS implementor.

Sun Microsystems, _O_P_E_N _L_O_O_K _G_r_a_p_h_i_c_a_l _U_s_e_r _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _S_e_r_i_e_s, Addison-
     Wesley, 1990.  ISBN 0-201-52365-5, ISBN 0-201-52364-7. This series in-
     cludes _F_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_a_l _S_p_e_c_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n and _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _S_t_y_l_e _G_u_i_d_e. OPEN LOOK
     was designed by AT&T and Sun and implementations are available from
     both. AT&T's implementation uses the X Toolkit. Sun's implementation
     uses XView, a similar, but not compatible, toolkit.

Swick, Ralph R. and Mark S. Ackerman, "The X Toolkit:  More Bricks for
     Building User Interfaces," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_8_8 _U_S_E_N_I_X
     _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 221-233.  An introduction to the X Toolkit.  Describes
     the toolkit architecture and the basic Athena widgets.

Terek, Robert and Josepth Pasquale, "Experiences with Audio Conferencing
     Using the X Window System, UNIX, and TCP/IP," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e
     _S_u_m_m_e_r, _1_9_9_1 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 405-418.  Describes an X protocol








                             - 13 -



     extension supporting audio.

Thomas, Spencer W. and Martin Friedmann, "PEX - A 3-D Extension to X Win-
     dows," in _P_r_o_c_e_e_d_i_n_g_s _o_f _t_h_e _W_i_n_t_e_r, _1_9_8_9 _U_S_E_N_I_X _C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e, pp. 139-
     149.  Describes a demonstration implementation of PEX, the
     PHIGS/PHIGS+ 3D extension to X.

Treggiari, Leo and Michael Collins, "Development of the XUI Toolkit," _D_i_g_i_-
     _t_a_l _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _J_o_u_r_n_a_l, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 24-33, Summer, 1990.  An
     overview of the XUI widget set.  The Motif widget set uses the same
     application programming interface.

Widener, Glenn, "The X11 ICCCM," _S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e _P_r_a_c_t_i_c_e _a_n_d _E_x_p_e_r_i_e_n_c_e, vol. 20,
     no. S2, May, 1991.  A description of the X11 inter-client communica-
     tion conventions.

Wilson, Dave, "X Windows Terminals Designers Search For a Single-Processor
     Solution," _C_o_m_p_u_t_e_r _D_e_s_i_g_n, pp. 77-88, August, 1991.  A look at X ter-
     minal hardware design issues.

Wood, Patrick, "Introduction to Xlib Programming (2 parts)," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d,
     vol. 6, October-November, 1989.  This is a two part tutorial article
     on Xlib programming. Not as good as Rosenthal's ``hello, world'' arti-
     cle.

X/Open Company, Ltd., _X/_O_p_e_n _P_o_r_t_a_b_i_l_i_t_y _G_u_i_d_e:  _W_i_n_d_o_w _M_a_n_a_g_e_m_e_n_t,
     Prentice-Hall, 1988.  X/Open is an international user group of UNIX
     hardware and software developers. It publishes portability guidelines
     with the goal that developers that follow these guidelines will be
     portable across other hardware and software supporting the guidelines.
     The current X/Open window management guidelines are based on the X11R3
     specifications. They will probably be upgraded to a more recent ver-
     sion of X in their next revision.

Young, Douglas A., _X _W_i_n_d_o_w _S_y_s_t_e_m: _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_i_n_g _a_n_d _A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s _W_i_t_h _X_t,
     _O_S_F/_M_o_t_i_f _E_d_i_t_i_o_n, Prentice-Hall, 1990.  ISBN 0-13-497074-8. A basic
     tutorial on writing programs using the X11R3 X Toolkit and Motif 1.0.
     Examples use the Motif widget set and are available in electronic
     form. The Motif coverage is not complete, however, and the UIL inter-
     face to Motif is not covered at all. The section on subclassing widg-
     ets is weak: see the Asente & Swick book for better coverage there.

Young, Douglas A., _O_S_F/_M_o_t_i_f _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Prentice-Hall, 1990.  ISBN
     0-13-642786-3. A reference manual for the most popular C language
     Motif and Xt functions. The UIL interface to Motif is not covered at
     all.

Young, Douglas A., "Programming with the X Toolkit (3 parts)," _U_N_I_X _W_o_r_l_d,
     vol. 7, no. 1-3, January-March, 1990.  This three part tutorial arti-
     cle is based on Young's books on the X Toolkit.


Ken Lee
DEC Western Software Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif.
Internet: klee@wsl.dec.com
uucp: uunet!decwrl!klee