🚀 go-pugleaf

******************** LingCircle - Wednesday 4/14 *********************

Papers to be presented by visiting scholar, Regina Pustet

3:30 - 5:00 pm
Old Geology, Rm 114
Refreshments provided

Regina Pustet - PRONOUN DOUBLING AND COMPLEMENTATION IN LAKOTA


Recent bio, papers, and abstract follow...

RECENT BIO
----------

1993  Fieldwork on Lakota, conducted in Rosebud Reservation, SD, USA
1994 - 1996 Research project on Lakota (topics: compilation of a text
collection; lexical   class distinction). Funded by a research grant by
the Deutsche     Forschungsgemeinschaft. Fieldwork on Lakota, conducted
in Boulder, CO;   Cheyenne River Reservation,  SD; and Denver, CO, USA
1996 - 1998 Research Associate at the University of Oregon, Eugene, OR,
USA; fieldwork   on Lakota, conducted in Denver, CO, USA
1997 - ? Lecturer in the Institute of General and Indo-European
Linguistics, University   of Munich, Germany
1998 - 1999  Research project on copularization in cross-linguistic
perspective. Funded by a   "Habilitations"-grant by the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft
1998 - 1999  Visiting Scholar at the University of Colorado, Boulder,
CO, USA
1998  Consultant work on various Asian languages in Eugene, OR, USA; on
various   other non-Indo-Euorpean languages in Munich and Cologne,
Germany
1998  Referee for the journal "Linguistics"


RECENT PAPERS
-------------- 
1995a. "Obviation and subjectivization: The same basic phenomenon? A
study of participant marking in Blackfoot." Studies in Language 19/1:
37-72

1995b. "The Lakota article". in: M. Drr, Egon Renner, & J. Oleschinski
(eds.). Language and Culture in Native North America. Studies in Honor
of Heinz-Jrgen Pinnow. (LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics
2.) Munich, Newcastle: LINCOM EUROPA, 173-198

1997. Diskursprominenz und Rollensemantik - Eine funktionale Typologie
von Partizipationssystemen [Discourse Prominence and Role Semantics - A
Functional Typology of Participation Systems]. Munich, Newcastle: LINCOM
EUROPA (dissertation/Cologne 1991)

forthcoming. with Bhat, D.N.S. "Adjective." in: Booij, G., Ch. Lehmann &
J. Mugdan (eds.) Morphology. A Handbook on Inflection and Word
Formation. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter

forthcoming. "Echo pronominalization and complementation in Lakota."
Studies in Language.


PRONOUN DOUBLING AND COMPLEMENTATION IN LAKOTA
----------------------------------------------

One option for coding complement + main verb configurations is a
construction type which is referred to as "echo pronominalization" [EP]
in what follows. It is found in a variety of languages, among them
Lakota (Siouan, Central North America). EP (cf. (3)) seems to be a
mixture of "non-raising" (cf. (1)) and "raising/equi-NP deletion" (cf.
(2)). In (3), the notional subject of the complement clause (i.e., 3PL)
appears twice: on the one hand, it is coded as the grammatical subject
of the complement verb, as in (1), on the other hand, it figures as the
object of the main verb, as in (2). 

(1)	I know that they are coming
(2)	I want them to come
(3)	u-pi-kta          wica-wicha-wa-la
	come-3PL.AG-FUT   S-3PL.PAT-1SG.AG-believe
	'I believe that they are coming'

In Lakota, individual complement-taking verbs are compatible with either
just one or a combination of the above coding strategies. Detailed field
data compiled by the author show that the combinations "non-raising or
EP", "raising/equi or EP", and "non-raising or EP or raising/equi" are
possible, not, however, "non-raising or raising/equi". This yields the
following implicational hierarchy:

(4) non-raising > EP > raising/equi

Continuum (4) correlates with a scale that can be derived from specific
differentiations in the intrinsic semantic content of complement-taking
verbs; it can be characterized in terms of varying degrees of
participant involvement. Not surprisingly, the relative position of
individual verbs in the scale, as defined by the construction type(s)
they admit, usually coincides with their respective positions in the
"binding scale" Givn (1980). The author's field data indicate that
non-raising is favored by verbs which are low in the scale of
participant involvement, such as keya 'to say', while raising/equi is
favored by high-ranking verbs, like khiya 'to cause'. The "mixed"
construction type EP occurs with verbs that occupy the middle part of
the scale, like wyka 'to see'.

Synchronic continua of the above type usually have a diachronic reading
as well; thus, it can be hypothesized that EP is a possible intermediate
step in the diachronic shift from non-raising to raising/equi which is
described by Givn (1995). Likewise, EP could be analyzed as a
"syntactic blend" (Bolinger 1961) or "amalgam" (Lakoff 1974); if this
interpretation is correct, EP documents a type of blend/amalgam which is
semantically selective, since the occurrence of this construction  is
limited to a restricted set of complement-taking verbs. For lack of
diachronic data on Lakota, it is, unfortunately, impossible to decide at
present what model of the genesis of EP is most adequate.


REFERENCES

Bolinger, Dwight 1961. "Syntactic blends and other matters." Language
37: 366-381.

Givn, Talmy 1980. "The binding hierarchy and the typology of
complements." Studies in Language 4: 333-377.

Givn, Talmy 1995. Functionalism and grammar. Amsterdam, Philadelphia:
Benjamins.

Heine, Bernd; Claudi, Ulrike; Hnnemeyer, Friederike 1991.
Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chicago, London: University
of Chicago Press.

Lakoff, George 1974. "Syntactic amalgams." In: La Galay, M. W. et al.
(eds.), Papers from the Tenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago
Linguistics Society. 321-344. Chicago: Chicago 	Linguistics Society.

Langacker, Ronald 1995. "Raising and transparency." Language 71: 1-62.

Noonan, Michael 1985. "Complementation." In: Shopen, Timothy (ed.),
Language typology and syntactic description. Vol. 2, 42-140. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

Postal, Paul M. 1974. On raising: One rule of English grammar and its
theoretical implications. Cambridge, MA; London: MIT Press.

Van Valin, Robert D. Jr. 1985. "Case marking and the structure of the
Lakhota clause." In: Nichols, Johanna; Woodbury, Anthony C. (eds.),
Grammar inside and outside the 	clause. 363-413. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.