🚀 go-pugleaf

<
>                          By LIN LIANGTAI
>                          Of Taipei, Taiwan
<
> An updated evaluation on a “Carboniferous human calvarium fossil”
<
>               Last update: April 25, 2008 (fifth edition)
<
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestHumanSkull.JPG
<
>                                 Summary
<
The author has examined through microscopes more than 30 thin
sections cut from “rocks” that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent
to the author.
<
Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the
subject “calvarium fossil”. The object is a Carboniferous a human
calvarium fossil for the following reasons:
<
(1) its computed-tomography images bear close resemlance to
a calvarium;
<
 (2) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, osteons,
red blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and
thin sections ;
<
(3) it contains remains of neurons and glial cells that are found
only in the central nervous system;
<
(4) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches its
inner/outer shape and size;
<
(5) Its inner cavity has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.;
<
(6) It was found between coal veins near Mahanoy (City),
Pennsylvania, where geological structure has been dated to be
around 300 million years old. Some of the fossil’s blood vessels
have turned into coal, suggesting it once existed in a coal region.
In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least two other
pieces of evidence for human existence in the Carboniferous
age.
<
=====================================
<
>           ED CONRAD PROVEN RIGHT
>               http://www.edconrad.com
<
>   First-Ever Update of Ed Conrad's Web page
<
=====================================
<
>                            Introduction
<
A “calvarium fossil” (Fig. 1, Video 1, Video 2, Video 3, Video 4),
discovered and owned by Mr. Ed Conrad of Shenandoah,
 Pennsylvania, U.S.A., has been considered for over 25 years
to be just a rock, while its owner keeps maintaining that it is
a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil. This article attempts
to evaluate the object by answering the following questions
in this article’s Discussion section:
<
1. Is it a fossil?
<
2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
<
3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
<
4 Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
<
5. Are there evidences for human civilization in the Carboniferous
age?
<
6.Was there high-technology civilization in the Carboniferous age?
<
7. Further discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
<
   7-1 Couldn’t it be a rock?
<
   7-2 Couldn’t it be something other than a calvarium?
<
   7-3 Couldn’t it be a non-human calvarium?
<
   7-4 Couldn’t it be later than the Carboniferous age?
<
A calvarium is a skull without the lower jaw/the facial parts,
whereas
a cranium refers to skull bones that enclose the brain (Ref. 1).
A calvarium could contain degraded brain remains.
<
>               Material and methods
<
Material A-1:
<
On the author’s request, the owner of the “fossil” cut a small
specimen from the object, took pictures of the spot where
the specimen was cut, and sent the specimen to the author
by post.
<
The specimen arrived in the following conditions:
<
1.     A chunk of “fossil” about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and
0.5 cm thick.
<
2.     Three small fragments that crumbled out of the above
chunk when the author took up the chunk to look at it for the first
time. The three fragments measure about 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.2
cm each.
<
3.     Dozens of small grains, each measuring less than 0.2 cm
in any dimension.
<
Above three kinds of specimens were taken to the geology
department of National Taiwan University. They were made into
three thin sections (Thin Section 1, 2 and 3 respectively) in the
following methods, which involved no artificial staining of colors:
<
1. Thin section 1 (Fig. 4): Specimen 1 was cut for transverse
and longitudinal sections, which were then ground and mounted
onto a glass slide, namely thin section 1. One third of Specimen
1 as left from the process of making the thin section (Fig. 5,
Specimen 1 remnant).
<
2. Thin section 2 (Fig. 6): Fragments of Specimen 2 were cut,
ground and mounted onto a glass slide.
<
3. Thin section 3 (Fig. 7) : Small grains of Specimen 3 were
placed in a mold, glued firmly together, ground to a thickness
of about 0.03 mm, and then mounted onto a glass slide, namely
thin section 3. This thin section was not totally covered with glass,
but was coated with a thin layer of wax on its top side.
<
Specimens 1, 2, 3, and thin sections 1, 2, 3 were viewed through
a stereo-microscope, a digital microscope (ref. 11), and a reflected-
light microscope. The remnant from specimen 1 and thin section 3
were also scanned by a scanning electronic microscope (Hitach
 model S-3400N).
<
The scanning electronic microscope also analysed the remnant’s
chemical composition in a tiny spot (Fig. 8, EDS report). Besides
the digital microscope, a camera (Canon model EOS 350D) was
used to capture images from the stereo-microscope and the
reflected-light microscope.
<
>                                   Material A-2:
<
On March 17, 2008, Mr. Ed Conrad cut another specimen from
the object and sent it to the author. This specimen measured
roughly 5.5 cm X 4 cm X 3 cm. This specimen’s location on
the “calvarium fossil” is visible in Video 1.
<
This specimen, named SK2 (Fig. 2) by Mr. Conrad, was taken
to the geology department of National Taiwan University, where
it was cut in three different directions. Three thin sections were
then obtained and named here as SK2-1, SK2-2, SK2-3 (Fig. 3).
<
The specimen and its three thin sections were viewed with various
microscopes, such as stereomicroscope, transmitted-light microscope,
digital microscope, and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM). Their images were captured with the digital
microscope, SEM, and Canon camera Model EOS 350D.
<
>                  Material B: the “calvarium fossil”
<
On March 28, 2008, the author had the “calvarium fossil” scanned
by the CT system of Alberta Research Council in Canada. The resulting
computed-tomography videos are listed in Result A.
<
The author had also asked the owner of the “fossil” to measure the
object and got the following data:
<
Outer dimensions of the object: 22.8 cm (maximum length) by 17.8 cm
(maximum width) by 13.3 cm (maximum height)
<
<      The owner advised the author that on the top side of the
object, there seems to be a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substance.
To be on the safe side, the author subtracts twice that thickness­6mm
x 2­from the above outer length , outer width, and subtracts 6 mm
from its exterior maximum height. Hence, the following figures are
obtained and used for calculating its cranial capacity:
<
Outer dimensions: 21.6 cm (Length) by 16.6 cm (Width) by 12.7
cm (Height)
<
Inner cavity dimensions: 15.9 cm (maximum length) by 10.8 cm
(maximum width) by 11.4 cm (maximum depth/height), as measured
by its owner.
<
Based on the above data, the author calculated the cranial capacity
of the object as follows:
<
1.     Lee Pearson Formula, given by Williams et al (1995) and
Manjunath (2002b) (ref. 2).
<
For males: 0.000337 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 406.01
<
This formula uses outer dimensions, and those dimensions are
expressed in millimeters in this formula. So, the following
calculation
is done:
<
0.000337 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 406.01=1,648 cc
<
For females:
<
0.0004 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 206.60
<
<   Hence, the following calculation is done:
<
<   0.0004 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 206.60 =1,681 cc
<
<   Mean cranial capacity: (1648+1681) divided by 2 makes 1,665 cc.
<
As the gender of the “cranium” is unknown, only the mean figure is
considered here for convenience.
<
2.     Spheroid Formula, given by Manjunath (2002b, ref. 3)
<
0.5238 x length x width x height(depth)= cranial capacity
<
Above length, width, and depth are measurements of the crania
cavity and expressed in centimeter.
<
Hence the calculation 0.5238x15.9x10.8x11.4=1,025 cc.
<
>                             Results
<
 A. Animated Computed Tomography images in all three planes
(horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes) of the whole object are
contained mainly in the following videos: Video 1, Video 2, Video 3,
<
<    Video 4.
<
B. The EDS report (Fig. 8, Energy Disperse Spectrum report), done
by the scanning electronic microscope, reveals that the object
consists of oxygen (46% by atom number), carbon (30%), silica (14%),
and small quantities of Fe, Na, Mg, and Al.
<
C. SEM images of Specimen 1 remnant and thin section 3 reveals
numerous remains of bone cells (osteocytes, Fig. 1-0), blood vessels
and red blood cells ( Fig. 9-1, Fig. 9-2, Fig. 9-3, Fig. 9-4, Fig.
9-5, Fig. 9-6, Fig. 9-7, Fig. 9-8).
<
D. Various images of the object also show (1) branching blood vessel
remains (Fig. 1-0-0), Haversian canals and osteons (Fig. 1-1, Fig.
1-2, Fig. 1-3, Fig. 1-4, Fig. 1-5); (2) degraded remains of Golgi
neuron , neuroglial cells and nerve fibers (Fig. 10-1, Fig. 10-2,
Fig. 10-3, Fig. 10-4, Fig. 10-5, Fig. 10-6, Fig. 10-7, Fig. 10-8,
Fig.
10-9); (3) blood vessel’s transverse section remains (Fig. 11-1, Fig.
11-2, Fig. 11-3, Fig. 11-4, Fig. 11-5); (4) various fossilized
tissues (Fig. 12-1 to Fig. 12-6).
<
 E. Specimen 1 is found to have at least three black areas. One such
black area shows brilliant black vitreous luster under naked eyes and
microscopes (Fig. 5). SEM and light microscopic pictures reveal that
the shiny black area contains carbonized blood vessels and
erythrocytes (figures 9-4 to 9-8).
<
F. The estimated cranial capacity of the “calvarium” ranges from
1,025 cc to 1,665 cc as calculated in the preceding paragraph.
<
>                       Discussion:
<
1. Is it a fossil?
<
Yes. Its computed-tomography images (Video 4) don’t look like any
rock. No rocks or plants contain all at the same time the remains of
bone cells, red blood cells, brain cells, Haversian canals, osteons
and blood vessels mentioned in Results C and D. They are found in
randomly-chosen, freshly-cut thin sections, not from re-worked/
contaminated tissues. Their colors are not artificially stained.
<
2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
<
Yes. Its computed-tomography images bear close resemblance
to a calvarium fossil on the organ level (Video 4). On the cell level,
it contains remains of osteocytes, neurons, and glial cells as listed
in Results C and D. Those remains point to a calvarium fossil that
once contained brain tissue. No other animal organs or body parts
have inner/outer sizes and shapes similar to this fossil’s shapes
and sizes (Fig. 1).
<
3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
<
Yes. Its cranial capacity of at least 1,025 cc is surpassed only
by cetaceans, walrus, elephants, and/or dinosaurs (ref. 4). However,
those four kinds of animal have no crania/organs that match the
subject fossil in cranial shape and size. As each order of animal
has a different shaped skull (ref. 5), the subject calvarium fossil
can be identified as a human calvarium fossil by forensic experts
on human skulls.
<
One such expert is Mr. Wilton Krogman  (considered one of the
world's foremost human anatomists and author of the book, "The
Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine."
<
Krogman had physically examined the calvarium fossil. His broad smile
in the photo (Fig. 1) says that he confirmed it was a human calvarium
fossil.
<
The calvarium fossil matches humans’ cranial size, cranial capacity
and cranial shape in the following ways:
<
3-1 Cranial size (outer dimensions):
<
<                   Neanderthal: 24.1cm (length) x 14.6 cm (width) x
17.8 cm (height) (ref. 6)
<
<                   Subject fossil: 21.6 cm (length) x 16.6 cm
(width) x 12.7 cm (height)
<
<      3-2 Cranial capacity:
<
<         Neanderthal: 1,750 cc (ref. 7)
<
<          Modern Human: 1,350-1,400 cc (ref. 8)
<
<          Java man: 940 cc (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus
I, ref. 9)
<
<          Subject fossil: at least 1,025 cc (by Spheroid Formula)
<
By the Lee Pearson Formula, the subject fossil has a cranial capacity
of 1,665 cc. The vast difference between 1,665 cc and 1,025 cc may
be due to the following factors:
<
A. The Lee Pearson Formula uses the object’s outer dimensions,
while the Spheroid Formula uses its inner dimensions. In this case,
the object’s inner width is only 60% of its outer width, possibly
because the fossil retains brain remains on a side of the inner cavity
(See the bottom view of the fossil in Fig. 1). As a result, the Lee
Pearson Formula produces the result of 1,665 c.c. while the
Spheroid Formula produces the result of only 1,025 c.c;
<
B. The calvarium was broken in the facial  part;
<
C. It has thick skull bones;
<
D. It could possibly have a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substances
on its exterior;
<
>                         3-3 Cranial shape:
<
<          Human: well-rounded cranium (ref. 10)
<
<          Java man: flat, very thick cranium (Homo Erectus, Trinil
2,  Pithecanthropus I) (Fig. 3-1 & ref. 9)
<
<          Subject fossil: More rounded than the above Java man (Fig.
1 vs. Fig. 3-1)
<
<   The above analysis shows the subject fossil matches human skull
caps  in cranial size, capacity, and shape.
<
4.     Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
<
My judgment says yes. For over 27 years, its owner has attested
many times that all his fossils were found between coal veins near
Shenandoah/Mahanoy, Pennsylvania. That is in the anthracite
region, the only one in the U.S. proper. It’s in a most-studied
geological area of the Carboniferous age.
<
That is to say animal fossils found there should have lived there
in the Carboniferous age.
<
The owner’s attestation is mirrored in Specimen 1 remnant. Under
naked eyes and transmitted-light microscopes, the specimen looks
black and shiny in some areas (Fig. 5). Under SEM and a digital
microscope (ref. 11), the shiny black area of Specimen 1 revealed
its blood vessels that have carbonized into coal (Fig. 9-5).
<
The shiny black color is a sign of vitrain­a thin, bright, horizontal
band in bituminous coal that usually breaks with a conchoidal
fracture. The fossil’s black and shiny look suggests its origin
in a coal region.
<
Its owner has two other fossils that are also coalified. One such
fossil is a coalified adze handle (Fig. 14). Another is a fossilized
small toe complete with skin tissue, finger nail, ligaments, and the
middle phalanx (Fig. 15-1, Fig. 15-2, Fig. 15-3, Fig. 15-4, Fig.
15-5). The toe shows signs of carbonization on the toe tip’s bottom
side
<
(Fig. 16).Before Mr. Conrad found the subject calvarium fossil, he
had discovered many “fossils” at the same place. Why would he
discover the subject fossil anywhere else when many more of such
“fossils” are still exposed out there, outcropping from the big
boulders in the region (Fig. 17-1, Fig. 17-2) ?
<
Mr. Conrad’s fossils include unimaginable fossilized organs such
as human liver, human finger, human long bone, mammalian limbs,
etc. (Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1,  Fig. 18-2, Fig. 18-3, Fig. 18-4, Fig.
18-5).
<
This fossil brings up many questions to current theories about
human origins. If we avoid them, we are only fooling ourselves.
If we face them, they will bring us new horizon and new direction
for human civilization.
<
5.     Are there other evidences for human existence in the
Carboniferous age?
<
Certainly. They are all shown in my albums (Fig. 2-1).
<
Two other pieces of evidence for human existence in the Carboniferous
age include: (1) A human cerebral hemisphere
fossil (Video 5, Video 6) and (2) A human toe fossil (Fig. 15-1,
Video 7, Video 8).
<
6.     Was there high-tech civilization in the Carboniferous age?
<
Modern humans took no more than 8,000 years to develop from
low-tech society to high-tech society. I have written about my source
and similar subjects in the talk. origins news group.
<
7.  Further Discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
<
<    7-1
<    Couldn’t it be a rock?
<
   Its CT images don’t resemble any rock.
<
Besides my pictures, there are pictures by Mr. Andrew MacRae,
Mr. PZ Myer and Mr. Ed Conrad on the Internet. Their pictures
“also” show Haversian canals and osteons, which are distinguishing
features of fossil bone micro-structures (Fig. 20-4, Fig. 20-5, Fig.
20-6).
<
Few rocks have a shape and size that fully matches human skull
interior and exterior.
<
To put it simply, there has never been a rock that resembles
a human skull cap from the organ level ( showing cranial cavity),
through the tissue level (showing Haversian canals, osteons,
branching blood vessels), down to the cell level (showing remains
of bone cells, red blood cells, neuroglial cells and neurons).
<
More than twenty of Mr. Conrad’s “rocks” (Fig. 2-1) contain remains
of red blood cells. Making no exception, the subject fossil contains
all the above-mentioned features in natural condition/position. Most
of them are found where they should be.
<
I have cut more than 30 thin sections from the “rocks” and taken
more than one thousand microscopic pictures of the twenty fossils
the owner has sent me.
<
Most of the jagged minerals found in the fossils are found trapped
in degraded organic tissues such as blood vessels. These degraded
blood vessels could not have gone into rocks/minerals, begun the
fossilization process there and still remained jointed in natural
posture.
<
The minerals were not found in a continuous formation, but the
organic tissues/organs were found in a continuous formation,
retaining their original outer shapes (of small toe, calvarium,
handle, liver, etc.) and cell structures.
<
Plant fossils are characterized by regular radial wood structures
(year rings, rays, tracheids, etc.) in their transverse sections.
Animal fossils are very complex in transverse section.
<
The subject fossil shows complexity and its cell remains are too
large to be fungi or bacteria. There is simply not a rock that
contains
numerous look-alikes of osteocytes, osteons, Haversian canals,
red blood cells, blood vessels, nerve cells and match the human
skull caps in size and shape, all at the same time.
<
<  7=2
<
   Couldn’t it be something other than a calvarium?
<
   Large calvarium is a very different organ from all other animal
organs. Video 4 contains images resembling a calvarium’s temporal
line and cranial sutures.

   The subject fossil has a deep, wide inner cavity that roughly
matches the fossil’s outer shape and size. Its large size and
distinct shape cannot be found in any organs or body parts other
than skulls. It contains degraded Golgi brain cells, which are not
ound in any organ except in brains. Only skulls contain brain cells.
<
The degraded parts of brain cells could only have come from
a skull. It is unlikely for many bone cells, brain cells, and blood
vessels to leave a skull, get into another skull, and get preserved
there in continuous formation.
<
7-3
<
Couldn’t it be a non-human calvarium?
<
All crania have different, distinctive shapes among different orders
of animal (ref. 5). The author has compared the fossil with various
animal skulls and found only human skulls matched the fossil.
<
The No. 1 distinction of human skulls lies in their large cranial
capacity. No other animal has a skull that remotely matches
human skulls in their cranial capacity, shape and size.
<
7-4
<
Couldn’t it be later than the Carboniferous age?
<
I cannot believe that Mr. Conrad found his fossils in a foreign
country or even in another state when hundreds of such fossils
had been found there and many more were still outcropping there.
Why would he lie about their place of origin when he cared most
about the “rocks’” being recognized as fossils? When his rocks
have been demonstrated to be fossils, that  means he was right
all along, including the fossils’ place of origin.
<
Even if it were not from the Carboniferous age, it would still be
the oldest human skull cap in the world, as its blood vessels
in the brain have carbonized into shiny bituminous coal/anthracite
(Fig. 5). Bituminous coal found east of the Rocky Mountain in
the U.S.A. is at least ten million years old.  No other human
skull cap has ever been found to be so old in the whole world.
<
>                          Conclusion:
<
The author has examined through microscopes more than 30 thin
sections cut from “rocks” that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent
to the author.
<
Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the
subject “calvarium fossil”. The object is a Carboniferous human
calvarium fossil for the following reasons:
<
(1) its CT images bear close resemlance to a calvarium;
<
(2) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, osteons,
red blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and
thin sections ;
<
 (3) it contains remains of neurons and glial cells that are found
only in the central nervous system;
<
(4) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches its
inner/outer shape and size;
<
(5) Its inner cavity has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.;
<
(6) It was found between coal veins near Mahanoy (City),
Pennsylvania, where geological structure has been dated to be
around 300 million years old. Some of the fossil’s blood vessels
have turned into coal, suggesting it once existed in a coal region.
In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least two other pieces
of evidence for human existence in the Carboniferous age.
<
>                         References:
<
Ref. 1: Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull
<
Ref. 2: “Estimation of Cranial Volume in Dissecting Room Cadavers”
<by K.Y. Manjunath, J. Anat. Soc. India 51(2) pp.168-172 (2002)
<
Ref. 3: Same as ref. 2.
<
Ref. 4: Brain Facts and Figures in an article at URL:
<
<    http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html
<
Ref. 5: On-line article at URL
: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/bex/31.pdf
<
<          (Page 4 of a teaching plan for grade three of primary
schools)
<
Ref. 6: On-line material at URL: http://www.boneclones.com/BH-019.htm
<
Ref. 7: Neanderthal physical traits in a Wikipedia article at URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal (See anatomy section)
<
Ref. 8: Same as ref. 4.
<
Ref. 9: On-line article at URL: www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/java.html
<
Ref. 10: Same as ref. 9.
<
Ref. 11: Digital microscope­Dino-Lite AM-313T5 made by AnMo
<
============
<
U.S. PROFESSIONAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETES
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association of Physical Anthropology
Acoustical Society of America
American Anthropological Association
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy
American Association of Cereal Chemists
American Association of Engineering Societies
American Association of Physics Teachers
American Association of University Professors
American Association of University Women
American Astronautical Society
American Astronomical Society
American Chemical Society
American College of Dentists
American Dental Association
American Economic Association
American Educational Research Association
American Ethnological Society
American Fisheries Society
American Geological Institute
American Geophysical Union
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
American Institute of Biological Sciences
American Institute of Chemical Engineers
American Institute of Chemists
American Mathematical Society
American Medical Association
American Meteorological Society
American Nuclear Society
American Oil Chemists' Society
American Physical Society
American Physiological Society
American Phytopathological Society
American Psychiatric Association
American Psychological Association
American Society for Cell Biology
American Society for Engineering Education
American Society for Horticultural Science
American Society for Information Science
ASM International
American Society for Microbiology
American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
American Society for Quality Control
American Society of Aesthetics
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
American Society of Agronomy
American Society of Animal Science
American Society of Civil Engineers
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society of Plant Physiologists
American Society of Zoologists
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
American Statistical Association
American Vacuum Society
Association of American Geographers
Association of Research Libraries
Association of Southeastern Biologists
Association for Women in Science
Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Biophysical Society
Crop Science Society of America
Ecological Society of America
Entomological Society of America
FASEB (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology)
Geological Society of America
History of Science Society
Industrial Research Institute
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.(IEEE)
Institute of Industrial Engineers
Institute of Navigation
Instrument Society of America
International Association for Impact Assessment
International Communication Association
International Society for Measurement and Control
International Society for Systems Sciences
Marine Technology Society
Mathematical Association of America
Medical Library Association, Inc.
Microscopy Society of America
National Association for Research in Science Teaching
National Association of Biology Teachers
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
National Geographic Society
National Science Teachers Association
National Society of Black Engineers
National Society of Professional Engineers
National Speleological Society
Optical Society of America
Planetary Society
Rural Sociological Society
School Science and Mathematics Association
Sigma Delta Epsilon/Graduate Women in Science, Inc.
Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society
Society of American Foresters
Society for Applied Anthropology
Society for Economic Botany
Society for Industrial Microbiology
Society for Social Studies of Science
Society of Women Engineers
Soil Science Society of America
Speech Communication Association
Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA)
The Wildlife Conservation Society
<
WORLD'S NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Alaska Museum of Natural History
Alaska State Museums, Juneau, Alaska
Albany Museum, Rhodes University, Grahamston, South Africa
The Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, Claremont, Calif
American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York
Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
Australian Museum Online
Australian National Botanical Garden
Berkeley Natural History Museums consortium, Berkeley, California
Bernice Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii
Bob Campbell Geology Museum, Clemson University
Buena Vista Museum of Natural History
Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle
The California Academy of Sciences
Canadian Museum of Nature
Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Centennial Museum, University of Texas at El Paso
The Notebaert Nature Museum, Chicago, Illinois
Chula Vista Nature Center, Chula Vista, California
Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
City of Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History
Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio
College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum
Connecticut State Museum of Natural History
Cumberland Lodge, Museum, and Center for Leadership Studies,
  Williamsburg, Kentucky
Dallas Museum of Natural History
Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado
Johnston Geology Museum, Emporia, Kansas
Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley
Fernbank Museum of Natural History, Atlanta, Georgia
Fick Fossil and History Museum, Oakley, Kansas
The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Finnish Museum of Natural History: Botanical Museum
The Florida Museum of Natural History
Georgia Museum of Natural History
Harvard Museum of Natural History
Haus der Natur, Cismar, Germany
Haus der Natur, Salzburg, Austria
The High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon
Honolulu Community College Dinosaur Exhibit, Honolulu, Hawaii
Hooper Virtual Paleontological Museum, Canada
Houston Museum of Natural Science
Humboldt State University Natural History Museum, Humboldt, California
Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland
Illinois Natural History Survey
Illinois State Museum
Institute of Systematics, Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of
Sciences
Kansas University Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science
Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, England
Massachusetts Museum of Natural History, University of Massachusetts
Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Missouri Botanical Garden
Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California
Montshire Museum of Science, Norwich, Vermont
Musée de Minéralogie, Êcole des Mines, Paris
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Fribourg, Switzerland
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle,Luxembourg
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève (Natural History), Geneva
Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Firenze (Florence), Italy
Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Pisa, Italy
Museo Mundo de Ambar, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento, Italy
Museon, Den Haag (The Hague), Netherlands
Museum of Natural History - Cormack Planetarium, Providence, RI
Museums of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Museum of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
    Washington, DC
National Museum of Natural History: Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands
The Natural History Museum, Berne, Switzerland
The Natural History Museum, London
Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, The Netherlands
Natuurmuseum Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann, Germany
New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts
The New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
The New York State Museum
Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan
North Carolina Museum of Life and Science
The North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences
Nova Scotia Museum
The Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California
The Oklahoma Biological Survey
Oklahoma Museum of Natural History
  Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History, Monterey County, Cal.
Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
Pratt Museum of Natural History, Amherst College
Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
The Rankin Museum of American and Natural History
The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota
Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Qué., Canada
The Royal British Columbia Museum
The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto
The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Alberta, Canada
San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Satrosphere , Aberdeen, Scotland
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
Sierra College Natural History Museum
The Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
St. Louis Science Center
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany
State Darwin Museum, Moscow, Russia
Birch Aquarium-Museum, Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Sternberg Museum of Natural History
Stoke-on-Trent City Museum
Mayborn Museum Complex, Baylor University
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
Tallahassee Museum of History and Natural Science
Tate Geological Museum, Casper, Wyoming
The Tennessee Aquarium, Chattanooga, Tennessee
The Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin
Teylers Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands
University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska
University of Alberta Museum of Zoology
University of California Museum of Paleontology
University of Colorado Museum of Natural History
University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History
University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska
University of Oregon Museum of Natural History
University of Washington Fish Collection
University of Wisconsin-Madison Geology Museum
University of Wyoming Geological Museum
The Vanderbilt Museum, Centerport, Long Island, New York
The Virginia Living Museum, Newport News, Virginia
Virginia Marine Science Museum, Hampton Roads, Virginia
Virginia Museum of Natural History
Virginia Museum of Natural History, Virginia Tech branch
Voralberger Naturschau Dornbirn, Dornbirn, Austria
Worldwide Museum of Natural History
Wyoming Dinosaur Center, Thermopolis, Wyoming
Zoological Museum of University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark