🚀 go-pugleaf

<
>            EVOLUTIONISTS DUCKS FOR COVER
>                       (See Exclusive Photo)
<
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/TightFit.jpg
<
(SPECIAL NOTE: An 8x14-inch glossy this remarkable
photo taken of David Iain Greig, moderator of talk.origins
 outside the Smithsonian Insititution, are available for ONLY
$9.99, plus $12.50 shipping, just like they do on eBay.)
<
====================================
<
>           AN EVALUATION ON A 'CARBONIFEROUS
>                   HUMAN CALVARIUM FOSSIL"
<
The following was posted by Lin Liangtai of Taipei, Taiwan,
the only scientist in the Milky Way Galaxy who has examined
and HONESTLY tested the petrified bones, etc.-- SOME
HUMAN -- discovered by Ed Conrad in the anthracite
region of Pennsylvania over the past 27 years.
<
=================================
<
>                MAN AS OLD AS COAL
>           (Lots of Other Creatures, Too)
<
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestHumanSkull.JPG
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/z11calv.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/skullb.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/FirstDiscovery.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/HumanBrain.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/OldestTool.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/TestResults.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/PetrifiedPP.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/MoreFossils.jpg
http://www.edconrad.com/pics/Scorpion.jpg

=================================
<


>       Last updated: Feb. 23, 2008 (fourth edition)
<
>                       By LIN LIANGTAI
<
Summary
<
The author has examined through microscopes more than 20 thin
sections cut from "rocks" that Mr. Ed Conrad discovered and sent to
the author (Fig. 1).
<
 Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including the
subject "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 2).
<
The object is a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil for the
following reasons:
<
(1) it contains fossilized osteocytes, Haversian canals, osteons, red
blood cells and various blood vessels in the specimens and thin
sections ;
<
(2) it contains remains of pyramidal neuron, neuronal soma and
dendrites;
<
(3) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches its inner/
outer shape and size;
<
(4) Its inner cavity has a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.;
<
(5) It was found between coal veins near Mahanoy (City),
Pennsylvania, where geological structure has been dated
to be around 300 million years old.
<
Some of the fossil's blood vessels have turned into coal, suggesting
it once existed in a coal region.
<
Even if it had not come from the Carboniferous age, the fact
that it is fossilized and coalified would have still made it the
oldest human skull cap ever found in the world.
<
In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least four other
pieces of evidence for human civilization in the Carboniferous
age.
<
Mankind needs no more than 8,000 years to develop from a low-
technology society to a high-technology society.
<
Introduction
<
A "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 3), discovered and owned by Mr.
Ed Conrad of Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., has been considered
for
over 25 years to be just a rock, while its
owner keeps maintaining that it is a Carboniferous human calvarium
fossil.
<
This article attempts to evaluate the object by answering the
following questions in this article's Discussion section:
<
1. Is it a fossil?
<
2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
<
3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
<
4 Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
<
5. Are there evidences for human civilization in the Carboniferous
age?
<
6.Was there high-technology civilization in the Carboniferous age?
<
7. Further discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
<
   7-1 Couldn't it be a rock?
<
   7-2 Couldn't it be something other than a calvarium?
<
   7-3 Couldn't it be a non-human calvarium?
<
   7-4 Couldn't it be later than the Carboniferous age?
<
===========================
<
A calvarium is a skull without the lower jaw/the facial parts,
whereas a cranium refers to skull bones that enclose the brain
(Ref. 1). A calvarium could contain degraded brain remains.
<
Material and methods
<
Material A:

On the author's request, the owner of the "fossil" cut a small
specimen from the object, took pictures of the spot where the
specimen was cut, and sent the specimen to the author
by post.
<
The specimen arrived in the following conditions:
<
1.     A chunk of "fossil" about 1.5 cm long, 1 cm wide, and 0.5 cm
thick.
<
2.     Three small fragments that crumbled out of the above chunk
when the author took up the chunk to look at it for the first time.
The three fragments measure about 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm x 0.2 cm each.
<
3.     Dozens of small grains, each measuring less than 0.2 cm in any
dimension.
<
Above three kinds of specimens were taken to the geology department
of
National Taiwan University. They were made into three thin sections
(Thin Section 1, 2 and 3 respectively) in the following methods,
which
involved no artificial staining of colors:
<
1. Thin section 1 (Fig. 4): Specimen 1 was cut for transverse and
longitudinal sections, which were then ground and mounted
onto a glass slide, namely thin section 1. One third of
Specimen 1 was left from the process of making the thin section (Fig.
5, Specimen 1 remnant).
<
2. Thin section 2 (Fig. 6): Fragments of Specimen 2 were cut, ground
and mounted onto a glass slide.
<
3. Thin section 3 (Fig. 7) : Small grains of Specimen 3 were
placed in a mold, glued firmly together, ground to a thickness
of about 0.03 mm, and then mounted onto a glass slide,
namely thin section 3. This thin section was not totally
covered with glass, but was coated with a thin layer of wax
on its top side.
<
Specimens 1, 2, 3, and thin sections 1, 2, 3 were viewed
through a stereo-microscope, a digital microscope (ref. 11),
and a reflected-light microscope. The remnant from specimen
1 and thin section 3 were also scanned by a scanning
electronic mircoscope (Hitachi model S-3400N).
<
The scanning electronic microscope also analysed the remnant's
chemical composition in a tiny spot (Fig. 8, EDS report).
Besides the digital microscope, a camera (Canon model EOS 350D)
was used to capture images from the stereo-microscope and
the reflected-light microscope.
<
Material B: the "calvarium fossil"
<
The author asked the owner of the "fossil" to measure the object and
got the following data:
<
Outer dimensions of the object: 22.8 cm (maximum length) by 17.8 cm
(maximum width) by 13.3 cm (maximum height)
<
      The owner advised the author that on the top side of the
object, there seems to be a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substance.
To be on the safe side, the author subtracts twice that thickness
--6mm x 2--from the above outer length , outer width, and subtracts
6 mm from its exterior maximum height. Hence, the following
figures are obtained and used for calculating its cranial capacity:
<
Outer dimensions: 21.6 cm (Length) by 16.6 cm (Width) by
12.7 cm (Height)
<
Inner cavity dimensions: 15.9 cm (maximum length) by 10.8
cm (maximum width) by 11.4 cm (maximum depth/height),
as measured by its owner.
<
Based on the above data, the author calculated the cranial capacity
of the object as follows:
<
1.     Lee Pearson Formula, given by Williams et al (1995) and
Manjunath (2002b) (ref. 2).
<
For males: 0.000337 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 406.01
<
This formula uses outer dimensions, and those dimensions
are expressed in millimeters in this formula. So, the following
calculation is done:
<
0.000337 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 406.01=1,648 cc
<
For females:
<
0.0004 x (L-11) x (W-11) x (H-11) + 206.60
<
   Hence, the following calculation is done:
<
   0.0004 x (216-11) x (166-11) x (127-11) + 206.60 =1,681 cc
<
   Mean cranial capacity: (1648+1681) divided by 2 makes 1,665 cc.
<
As the gender of the "cranium" is unknown, only the mean figure is
considered here for convenience.
<
2.     Spheroid Formula, given by Manjunath (2002b, ref. 3)
<
0.5238 x length x width x height(depth)= cranial capacity
<
Above length, width, and depth are measurements of the cranial cavity
and expressed in centimeter.
<
Hence the calculation 0.5238x15.9x10.8x11.4=1,025 cc.
<
=======================
<
Results
<
A. The EDS report (Fig. 8, Energy Disperse Spectrum report), done
by the scanning electronic microscope, reveals that the object
consists of oxygen (46% by atom number), carbon (30%),
silica (14%), and small quantities of Fe, Na, Mg, and Al.
<
B. SEM images of Specimen 1 remnant and thin section 3  reveals
numerous remains of bone cells (osteocytes, Fig. 1-0), blood
vessels and red blood cells ( Fig. 9-1, Fig. 9-2, Fig. 9-3, Fig. 9-4,
Fig. 9-5, Fig. 9-6, Fig. 9-7, Fig. 9-8).
<
C. Various images of the micro-structures of the object also
show (1) branching blood vessel remains (Fig. 1-0-0),
Haversian canals and osteons (Fig. 1-1, Fig. 1-2, Fig. 1-3,
Fig. 1-4, Fig. 1-5); (2) degraded remains of pyramidal brain cell
(neuron), neuron soma and dendrites (Fig. 10-1, Fig. 10-2, Fig.
10-3); (3) blood vessel's transverse section remains (Fig. 11-1,
Fig. 11-2, Fig. 11-3, Fig.11-4, Fig. 11-5); (4) various fossilized
tissues (Fig. 12-1 to Fig. 12-6).
<
D. Specimen 1 is found to have at least three black areas.
One such black area shows brilliant black vitreous luster
under naked eyes and microscopes (Fig. 5). SEM and light microscopic
pictures reveal that the shiny black area contains carbonized blood
vessels and erythrocytes (figures 9-4 to 9-8).
<
E. The estimated cranial capacity of the "calvarium" ranges from
1,025 cc to 1,665 cc as calculated in the preceding paragraph.
<
Discussion:
<
1. Is it a fossil?
<
Yes. No rocks or plants contain all at once the remains of bone
cells, red blood cells, brain cells, Haversian canals, osteons
and blood vessels mentioned in Results B and C above. They
are found in randomly chosen, freshly-cut thin sections, not from
re-worked/contaminated tissues. Their colors are not artificially
stained.
<
2. Is it a calvarium fossil?
<
Yes, because it contains bone and brain cell remains as mentioned in
Results B and C. Those remains point to a calvarium fossil that once
contained brain cells. No other animal organs or body parts have
inner/outer sizes and shapes similar to this fossil's shapes and sizes
(Fig. 3).
<
3. Is it a human calvarium fossil?
<
Yes. Its cranial capacity of at least 1,025 cc is surpassed
only by cetaceans, walrus, elephants, and/or dinosaurs (ref. 4).
<
However, those four kinds of animal have no crania/organs
that match the subject fossil in cranial shape and size.
<
As each order of animal has a different shaped skull (ref. 5),
the subject calvarium fossil can be identified as a human
calvarium fossil by forensic experts on human skulls.
<
One such expert is Mr. Wilton Krogman. He has physically examined
the calvarium fossil. His broad smile in the photo (Fig. 3) says that
he confirmed it was a human calvarium fossil.
<
The calvarium fossil matches humans' cranial size, cranial capacity
and cranial shape in the following ways:
<
3-1 Cranial size (outer dimensions):
<
         Neanderthal: 24.1cm (length) x 14.6 cm (width) x 17.8 cm
(height) (ref. 6)
<
         Subject fossil: 21.6 cm (length) x 16.6 cm (width) x 12.7 cm
(height)
<
      3-2 Cranial capacity:
<
          Neanderthal: 1,750 cc (ref. 7)
<
          Modern Human: 1,350-1,400 cc (ref. 8)
<
         Java man: 940 cc (Homo Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus I,
ref. 9)
<
          Subject fossil: at least 1,025 cc (by Spheroid Formula)
<
By the Lee Pearson Formula, the subject fossil has a cranial capacity
of 1,665 cc. The vast difference between 1,665 cc
and 1,025 cc may be due to the following factors:
<
A. The Lee Pearson Formula uses the object's outer
dimensions, while the Spheroid Formula uses its inner dimensions.
In this case, the object's inner width is only 60% of its outer width,
possibly because the fossil retains brain remains on a side of The
inner cavity (See the bottom view of the fossil in Fig. 3).
<
As a result, the Lee Pearson Formula produces the result
f 1,665 c.c. while the Spheroid Formula produces the result
of only 1,025 c.c;
<
B. The calvarium was broken in the facial part;
<
C. It has thick skull bones;
<
D. It could possibly have a 6-mm-thick coating of foreign substances
on its exterior;
<
3-3 Cranial shape:
<
          Human: well-rounded cranium (ref. 10)
<
          Java man: flat, very thick cranium (Homo
Erectus, Trinil 2, Pithecanthropus I) (Fig. 3-1 & ref. 9)
<
          Subject fossil: More rounded than the above Java man (Fig.
3 vs. Fig. 3-1)
<
   The above analysis shows the subject fossil matches human skull
caps in cranial size, capacity, and shape.
<
4.     Is it a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil?
<
My judgment says yes. For over 27 years, its owner has
attested many times that all his fossils were found between
coal veins near Shenandoah/ Mahanoy, Pennsylvania.
<
That is in the anthracite region, the only one in the U.S. proper.
It's in a most-studied geological area of the Carboniferous age.
That is to say animal fossils found there should have lived
there in the Carboniferous age.
<
The owner's attestation is mirrored in Specimen 1 remnant.
Under naked eyes and transmitted-light microscopes, the specimen
looks black and shiny in some areas (Fig. 5).
<
Under SEM and a digital microscope (ref. 11), the shiny black
area of Specimen 1 revealed its blood vessels that have
carbonized into coal (Fig. 9-5).
<
The shiny black color is a sign of vitrain--a thin, bright,
horizontal band in bituminous coal that usually breaks with
a conchoidal fracture. The fossil's black and shiny look
suggests its origin in a coal region.
<
Its owner has two other fossils that are also coalified. One
such fossil is a coalified aze handle (Fig. 14).
<
 Another is a fossilized small toe complete with skin tissue,
finger nail, ligaments, and the middle phalanx (Fig. 15-1, Fig.
15-2, Fig. 15-3, Fig. 15-4, Fig. 15-5). The toe shows signs
of carbonization on the toe tip's bottom side
<
(Fig. 16).Before Mr. Conrad found the subject calvarium fossil,
he had discovered many "fossils" at the same place. Why would
he discover it anywhere else when many more of such "fossils"
are still exposed out there, outcropping from the big boulders
in the region (Fig. 17-1,
<
Fig. 17-2) ?
<
Mr. Conrad's fossils include unimaginable fossilized organs
such as human liver, human finger, human long bone,
mammalian limbs, etc. (Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1,  Fig. 18-2, Fig.
18-3, Fig. 18-4, Fig. 18-5).
<
This  brings up many questions to current theories about
human origins. If we avoid them, we are only fooling ourselves.
If we face them, they will bring us new horizon and new
direction for human civilization.
<
5.     Are there evidences for human civilization in the
Carboniferous age?
<
Certainly. They are all shown in my albums (Fig. 1).
<
The evidences for human civilization include:
<
(1) a coalified ax handle as well made as those sold on
e-bay ( Fig.
1);
<
(2) A manicured fingernail on a primate finger (Fig. 15-1);
<
(3) A bone and a limb cut flatly across soft flesh and hard
bone, as if with a sharp knife (Fig. 19-1, Fig. 19-2, Fig. 19-3);
<
(4) Dinosaur bones preserved by formaldehyde-like chemicals
in the Cretaceous age.
<
Dr. Mary H. Schweitzer reported, in an article by Mr. PZ Myers,
that she smelled of the odor of the chemical when she was
cutting T-Rex dinosaur bones in preparation for bio-chemical
tests.
<
(5) Separate, individual preservation of soft organs down to the
microscopic level for 300 million years.
<
Soft organs or tissues such as brains, human liver, finger and toe,
limbs, etc. (Fig. 2-1, Fig. 18-1, Fig. 15-1) were all individually
and separately preserved in a manner comparable to today's
embalming or plastination technique.
<
6.     Was there high-tech civilization in the Carboniferous age?
<
Certainly. Modern humans took no more than eight thousand
years to develop from low-tech society to high-tech society.
I have written about my source and similar subjects in the
talk origins newsgroup.
<
7.  Further Discussion/Attempts to disprove myself
<
    7-1
<
   Couldn't it be a rock?
<
Besides my pictures, there are pictures by Mr. Andrew MacRae,
Mr. PZ Myers and Mr. Ed Conrad (owner of the subject fossil)
on the internet.
<
Their pictures "also" show Haversian canals and osteons, which
are distinguishing features of fossil bone micro-structures (Fig.
20-4,
Fig. 20-5, Fig. 20-6).
<
Few rocks have a shape and size that fully matches human
skull interior and exterior. To put it simply, there has never
been a rock that resembles a human skull cap from the organ
level (showing cranial cavity), through the tissue level (showing
Haversian canals, osteons, branching blood vessels), down to
the cell level (showing remains of bone cells, red blood cells
and brain cells).
<
More than twenty of Mr. Conrad's "rocks" (Fig. 1) contain remains
of red blood cells.
<
Making no exception, the subject fossil contains all the above-
mentioned features in natural condition/position. Most of them
are found where they should be.
<
I have cut more than 20 thin sections from the "rocks" and
taken more tan one thousand microscopic pictures of the
twenty fossils the owner has sent me.
<
Most of the jagged minerals found in the fossils are found
trapped in degraded organic tissues such as blood vessels.
<
These degraded blood vessels could not have gone into rocks/minerals,
begun the fossilization process there and still remained jointed
in natural posture.
<
The minerals were not found in a continuous formation, but
the organic tissues/organs were found in a continuous
formation, retaining their original outer shapes (of finger,
alvarium, handle, liver, etc.) and cell structures.
<
Plant fossils are characterized by regular radial wood structures
(year rings, rays, tracheids, etc.) in their transverse sections.
Animal fossils are very complex in transverse section.
<
The subject fossil shows complexity and its cell remains
are too large to be fungi or bacteria. There is simply not
a rock that contains numerous look-alikes of osteocytes,
osteons, Haversian canals, red blood cells, blood vessels,
brain cell dendrites and match the human skull caps in size
and shape, all at the same time.
<
   7-2
<
   Couldn't it be something other than a calvarium?
<
   The subject fossil has a deep, wide inner cavity that roughly
matches the fossil's outer shape and size. Its large size and
distinct shape cannot be found in any organs or body parts other
than skulls.
<
It contains degraded pyramidal brain cells, which are not found
in any organ except in brains. Only skulls contain brain cells.
<
 The degraded parts of brain cells could only have come from
a skull. It is unlikely for many bone cells, brain cells, and
blood vessels to leave a skull, get into another skull, and get
preserved there in continuous formation.
<
7-3
<
Couldn't it be a non-human calvarium?
<
All crania have different, distinctive shapes among different
orders of animal (ref. 5). The author has compared the fossil
with various animal skulls and found only human skulls
matched the fossil.
<
The No. 1 distinction of human skulls lies in their large cranial
capacity. No other animal has a skull that remotely matches human
skulls in their cranial capacity, shape and size.
<
7-4
<
Couldn't it be later than the Carboniferous age?
<
I cannot believe that Mr. Conrad found his fossils in a foreign
country or even in another state when hundreds of such fossils
had been found there and many more were still outcropping
there.
<
Why would he lie about their place of origin when he cared
most about the "rocks'" being recognized as fossils?
<
When his rocks have been demonstrated to be fossils, that  means he
was right all along, including the fossils' place
of origin.
,
Even if it were not from the Carboniferous age, it would still
be the oldest human skull cap in the world, as its blood
vessels in the brain have carbonized into shiny bituminous coal/
anthracite (Fig. 5).
<
Bituminous coal found east of the Rocky Mountain in the
U.S.A. is at least ten million years old.  No other human
skull cap has ever been found to be so old in the whole world.
<
Conclusion:
<
The author has examined through microscopes more than
20 thin sections cut from "rocks" that Mr. Ed Conrad
discovered and sent to the author (Fig. 1).
<
Without exception, they are all found to be fossils, including
the subject "calvarium fossil" (Fig. 2).
<
The object is a Carboniferous human calvarium fossil for the
following reasons: (1) it contains fossilized osteocytes,
Haversian canals, osteons, red blood cells and various blood vessels
in the specimens and thin sections ; (2) it contains remains
of pyramidal neuron, neuronal soma and dendrites;
(3) No other animal has an organ or body part that matches
its inner/outer shape and size; (4) Its inner cavity has
a capacity of at least 1,025 cc.; (5) It was found between
coal veins near Mahanoy, Pennsylvania, where geological
structure has been dated to be around 300 million years old.
<
Some of the fossil's blood vessels have turned into coal, suggesting
it once existed in a coal region. Even if it had
not come from the Carboniferous age, the fact that it is
fossilized and coalified would have still made it the oldest
human skull cap ever found in the world.
<
In addition to the subject fossil, there are at least four other
pieces of evidence for human civilization in the Carboniferous
age. Mankind needs no more than 8,000 years to develop
from a low-technology society to a high-technology society.
<
References:
<
Ref. 1: Wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull
<
Ref. 2: "Estimation of Cranial Volume in Dissecting Room Cadavers" by
K.Y. Manjunath, J. Anat. Soc. India 51(2) pp.
168-172 (2002)
<
Ref. 3: Same as ref. 2.
<
Ref. 4: Brain Facts and Figures in an article at URL:
<
 http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html
<
Ref. 5: On-line article at URL: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/bex/31.pdf
<
          (Page 4 of a teaching plan for grade three of primary
schools)
<
Ref. 6: On-line material at URL: http://www.boneclones.com/BH-019.htm
<
Ref. 7: Neanderthal physical traits in a Wikipedia article at URL:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal (See anatomy section)
<
Ref. 8: Same as ref. 4.
<
Ref. 9: On-line article at URL: www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/java.html
<
Ref. 10: Same as ref. 9.
<
Ref. 11: Digital microscope--Dino-Lite AM-313T5 made by AnMo
Electronics Corp. http://www.anmo.com.tw/
<
====================================
<
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<
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
Alaska Museum of Natural History
Alaska State Museums, Juneau, Alaska
Albany Museum, Rhodes University, Grahamston, South Africa
The Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology, Claremont, Calif
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City of Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History
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College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum
Connecticut State Museum of Natural History
Cumberland Lodge, Museum, and Center for Leadership Studies,
  Williamsburg, Kentucky
Dallas Museum of Natural History
Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado
Johnston Geology Museum, Emporia, Kansas
Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, Berkeley
Fernbank Museum of Natural History, Atlanta, Georgia
Fick Fossil and History Museum, Oakley, Kansas
The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Finnish Museum of Natural History: Botanical Museum
The Florida Museum of Natural History
Georgia Museum of Natural History
Harvard Museum of Natural History
Haus der Natur, Cismar, Germany
Haus der Natur, Salzburg, Austria
The High Desert Museum, Bend, Oregon
Honolulu Community College Dinosaur Exhibit, Honolulu, Hawaii
Hooper Virtual Paleontological Museum, Canada
Houston Museum of Natural Science
Humboldt State University Natural History Museum, Humboldt, California
Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland
Illinois Natural History Survey
Illinois State Museum
Institute of Systematics, Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of
Sciences
Kansas University Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science
Manchester Museum, University of Manchester, England
Massachusetts Museum of Natural History, University of Massachusetts
Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Missouri Botanical Garden
Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California
Montshire Museum of Science, Norwich, Vermont
Musée de Minéralogie, Êcole des Mines, Paris
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Fribourg, Switzerland
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle,Luxembourg
Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève (Natural History), Geneva
Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze, Firenze (Florence), Italy
Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Pisa, Italy
Museo Mundo de Ambar, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid
Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento, Italy
Museon, Den Haag (The Hague), Netherlands
Museum of Natural History - Cormack Planetarium, Providence, RI
Museums of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Museum of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley
Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
    Washington, DC
National Museum of Natural History: Naturalis, Leiden, Netherlands
The Natural History Museum, Berne, Switzerland
The Natural History Museum, London
Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, The Netherlands
Natuurmuseum Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Neanderthal Museum, Mettmann, Germany
New England Aquarium, Boston, Massachusetts
The New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
The New York State Museum
Nichols Arboretum, University of Michigan
North Carolina Museum of Life and Science
The North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences
Nova Scotia Museum
The Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, California
The Oklahoma Biological Survey
Oklahoma Museum of Natural History
  Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History, Monterey County, Cal.
Paleontological Museum, University of Oslo, Norway
The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University
Pratt Museum of Natural History, Amherst College
Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
The Rankin Museum of American and Natural History
The Raptor Center, University of Minnesota
Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Qué., Canada
The Royal British Columbia Museum
The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto
The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Alberta, Canada
San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
Satrosphere , Aberdeen, Scotland
Senckenberg Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany
Sierra College Natural History Museum
The Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History
St. Louis Science Center
Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany
State Darwin Museum, Moscow, Russia
Birch Aquarium-Museum, Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Sternberg Museum of Natural History
Stoke-on-Trent City Museum
Mayborn Museum Complex, Baylor University
The Swedish Museum of Natural History
Tallahassee Museum of History and Natural Science
Tate Geological Museum, Casper, Wyoming
The Tennessee Aquarium, Chattanooga, Tennessee
The Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas at Austin
Teylers Museum, Haarlem, The Netherlands
University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska
University of Alberta Museum of Zoology
University of California Museum of Paleontology
University of Colorado Museum of Natural History
University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History
University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska
University of Oregon Museum of Natural History
University of Washington Fish Collection
University of Wisconsin-Madison Geology Museum
University of Wyoming Geological Museum
The Vanderbilt Museum, Centerport, Long Island, New York
The Virginia Living Museum, Newport News, Virginia
Virginia Marine Science Museum, Hampton Roads, Virginia
Virginia Museum of Natural History
Virginia Museum of Natural History, Virginia Tech branch
Voralberger Naturschau Dornbirn, Dornbirn, Austria
Worldwide Museum of Natural History
Wyoming Dinosaur Center, Thermopolis, Wyoming
Zoological Museum of University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Zoological Museum of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark
<
A FEW EUROPEAN NEWSPAPERS
ALBANIA
Albanian Times (English)
Koha Jone
Rilindja Demokratike
ANDORRA
Diari d'Andorra
 AUSTRIA
Amtsblatt der Republik ?terreich (Vienna)
Kronen Zeitung
Kurier
Die Presse
Ober?rreichischen Nachrichten
Salzburger Nachrichten (Salzburg)
Der Standard (Vienna)
Vorarlberger Nachrichten (Bregenz)
Wiener Zeitung (Vienna)
BELARUS
Belarusnews
Vecherny Minsk
BELGIUM
De Financieel Ekonomische Tijd (Antwerp)
De Morgen (Brussels)
Het Belang van Limburg (Limburg)
Het Laatste Nieuws (Brussels)
Het Volk (Brussels)
La Libre Belgique (Brussels)
La Meuse (Liege, Sud Presse)
La Nouvelle Gazette (Charleroi)
De Standaard ( (Brussels)
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Dnevni avaz (Sarajevo)
Hrvatska Rijec (Sarajevo)
BULGARIA
ITK PARI (Sofia)
Kapital (Sofia)
Sega (Sofia)
Standart News (Sofia)
CROATIA
Feral Tribune (Split)
Glas Koncila (Hrvatska, Zagreb)
Monitor (Zagreb)
Slobodna Dalmacija (Split)
Vecernji list (Zagreb)
Vjesnik (Zagreb)
 CYPRUS
Cyprus Mail (Nicosia) (English)
Cyprus News Agency
Cyprus Today
Politis news (Nicosia)
Simerini (Nicosia)
CZECH REPUBLIC
Hospodarske Noviny (Prague)
iDNES (Prague)
Lidove Noviny (Prague)
Neviditelny Pes (Prague)
Prague Daily Monitor (Prague) (English)
Prague Post (Prague) (English)
DENMARK
Uhus Stiftstidende (Copenhagen)
Berlingske Tidende (Copenhagen)
Bornholms Tidende (Ronne)
Copenhagen Post, The (Copenhagen) (English)
Dagbladet B? (Copenhagen)
DanskeNyheder
Ekstra Bladet (Copenhagen)
Engineering Weekly (Copenhagen)
Folkebladet
Fyens Stiftstidende (Odense)
Jydske Vestkysten
Jyllands-Posten (Viby)
Lolland-Falsters Folketidende
Nordjyske Stiftstidende (Aalborg)
Politiken (Copenhagen)
ESTONIA
The Baltic Times (English)
Delovye Vedomosti (Tallinn)
Eesti Ekspress
Eesti Paevaleht
Postimees (Tallinn)
Sonumileht (Tallinn)
FINLAND
Aamulehti (Tampere)
H?en Sanomat (Hameenlinna)
Helsingin Sanomat (Helsinki)
Helsingin Sanomat International Edition (Helsinki) (English)
Hufvudstadsbladet (Helsinki)
Iltalehti (Helsinki)
Ilta-Sanomat (Helsinki)
Jakobstads Tidning (Jakobstad)
Kaleva (Oulu)
Kauppalehti Online
Keskisuomalainen
Laitilan Sanomat
L?i-Savo
Laukaa-Konnevesi
Turun Sanomat (Turku)
Vasabladet
FRANCE
L'Alsace Journal (Alsace)
Le Bien Public (Bourgogne)
Charente Libre (Charente)
Le Courrier de Mantes (Mantes)
Le Courrier Picard (Picardie)
La D?che du Midi
Dernieres Nouvelles d'Alsace (Alsace)
Les Echos
L'Est R?blicain (Nancy)
Le Figaro (Paris)
France-Amerique (Paris)
International Herald Tribune (English) (Paris)
Le Monde (Paris)
Le Monde Diplomatique (France)
Le Telegramme - Bretagne On Line (Brittany)
Liberation (Paris)
Monaco Actualite (Monaco)
Nice-Matin (Nice)
Le Nouvel Observateur (Paris)
Ouest France (Brittany, Rennes)
Le Parisien (Paris)
Le R?blicain Lorrain (Lorraine, Metz)
Regards (Paris)
Sud Oest (Aquitaine, Bordeaux)
La Tribune (Paris)
Voix du Nord
GEORGIA
Daily Georgia Times (English)
Svobodnaya Gruzia
GERMANY
Augsburger Allgemeine (Bavaria, Augsburg)
Badische Zeitung (Freiburg)
Berliner Morgenpost (Berlin)
Berlin Online (Berlin)
Berliner Zeitung (Berlin)
Bild
Die Tageszeitung Online
Die Welt
Die Zeit Online
Frankenpost
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (Frankfurt)
Frankfurter Rundschau (Frankfurt)
General-Anzeiger (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bonn)
German Daily Newspapers
Haller Tagblatt & KreisKurier (Baden-Wurttemberg, Schwabisch Hall )
Hamburger Abendblatt (Hamburg)
Hamburger Morgenpost (Hamburg)
Handelsblatt (D?orf)
Holsteinischer Courier (Schleswig-Holstein, Neumunster)
Iserlohner Kreisanzeiger und Zeitung (Nordrhein-Westfalen , Iserlohn)
K?r Stadt-Anzeiger (Koln)
Leipziger Volkszeitung (Sachsen, Leipzig)
L?r Nachrichten (Schleswig Holstein, Lubeck)
Main-Echo (Bavaria, Aschaffenburg)
Mainpost (Wurzburg)
Neue Presse (Hannover)
Norddeutsche Neueste Nachrichten (Rostock)
Nordwest-Zeitung (Oldenburg)
Rheinische Post Online (Dusseldorf)
Rhein-Zeitung (Koblenz) (Koblenz)
Saarbr?Zeitung (Saarbr? Saarland)
Schwabacher Tagblatt (Schwabach, Bavaria)
Suddeutsche Zeitung (Bavaria, Munich)
Der Tagesspiegel (Berlin)
Trierischer Volksfreund (Trier)
Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (Ruhrgebiet)
Westf?sche Nachrichten (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Munster)
Westf?schen Rundschau (Nordrhein-Westfalen, Dortmund)
GIBRALTAR
Gibraltar Chronicle (Gibraltar) (English)
Panorama (Gibraltar) (English)
GREECE
Athens News (Athens) (English)
Eleftherotypia (Athens)
Kathimerini (Athens) (English)
Ta Nea (Athens)
HUNGARY
Budapest Business Journal (Budapest) (English)
The Budapest Sun (Budapest) (English)
Duna?os (Fejer, Dunaujvaros)
Magyar Demokrata (Budapest)
Magyar Forum (Budapest)
Magyar H?ap (Budapest)
Nepszabadsag (Budapest)
N?zava (Budapest)
 ICELAND
Morgunbladid ?etinu (Reykjavik)
Skarpur (Reykjavik)
V?r (Reykjavik)
IRELAND
Examiner, The (Cork)
Galway Advertiser, The (Galway)
Irish Independent, The (Dublin)
Irish News (Belfast)
Irish Times (Dublin)
Kerryman Newspaper, The (County Kerry)
Munster Express, The
Sunday Business Post, The
ITALY
Alto Adige (Bolzano)
Brescia Oggi (Brescia)
Il Centro (Abruzzo, Pescara)
Chiamami Citt?/a> (Rimini)
Corriere del Giorno (Taranto)
Corriere della Sera
Dolomiten
L'Eco di Bergamo (Bergamo)
Il Foglio
Gazzetta de Mantova (Mantova)
Gazzetta di Reggio (Reggio)
Giornale (Bologna)
Internazionale
Il Giornale di Vicenza (Vicenza)
Il Manifesto (Rome)
L'Arena (Verona)
La Nazione (Florence)
Nuova Ferrara (Ferrara)
La Nuova Sardegna (Sassari)
La Nuova Venezia (Venezia)
Il Piccolo di Trieste (Trieste)
La Provincia Pavese (Pavia, Pavia)
La Repubblica
Il Resto del Carlino (Bologna)
La Stampa (Turin)
Il Tirreno (Livorno)
La Tribuna di Treviso (Treviso)
L'Unione Sarda (Cagliari)
The Baltic Times (English)
Diena (Riga)
Neatariga Rita Avize (Riga)
Zemgales Zinas (Jelgava)
LIECHTENSTEIN
Liechtensteiner Vaterland
 LITHUANIA
Lietuvos Rytas (Vilnius)
Lietuvos Zinios (Vilnius)
 LUXEMBOURG
L?ebuerger Journal
Luxemburger Wort
Tageblatt
MACEDONIA
Dnevnik (Skopje)
Makedonsko Sonce (Skopje)
Utrinski Vesnik (Skopje)
MALTA
The Business Times (Valletta) (English)
The Malta Independent (Valletta) (English)
Malta Today (Valletta) (English)
The Times & Sunday Times (Valletta) (English)
 MOLDOVA
Tineretul (Chisinau)
NETHERLANDS
Algemeen Dagblad (Zuid-Holland, Rotterdam)
Cobouw (Zuid-Holland, The Hague)
Dagblad De Limburger (Limburg, Maastricht)
Het Financieele Dagblad (Noord-Brabant, Eindhoven)
Eindhovens Dagblad (Noord-Holland, Amsterdam)
Haagsche Courant (Zuid-Holland, The Hague)
Haarlems Dagblad (Noord-Holland, Haarlem)
Het Belang van Limburg (Giessen, Limburg)
Het Parool (Noord-Holland, Amsterdam)
NRC Handelsblad (Zuid-Holland, Rotterdam)
Rotterdams Dagblad (Rotterdam)
Tctubantia (Overijssel, Enschede)
Trouw (Noord-Holland, Amsterdam)
De Volkskrant (Noord-Holland, Amsterdam)
NORWAY
Adresseavisen (Trondheim)
Aftenposten (Oslo)
Aftenposten: English Version (Oslo) (English)
Agderposten (Aust-Agder, Arendal)
Avisa Nordland (Bodo)
Avisa S??ag (Sor-Trondelag, Orkanger)
Bergens Tidende (Hordaland, Bergen)
Bergensavisen (Hordaland, Bergen)
Dag og Tid (Oslo)
Dagbladet (Oslo)
Dagens N?ngsliv (Oslo)
Dagsavisen (Oslo)
F?elandsvennen (Vest-Agder, Kristiansand)
Firdaposten (Sogn og Fjordane, Floro)
Fredriksstad Blad
Fremover (Nordland, Narvik)
Gudbrandsd?Dagningen (Oppland, Lillehammer)
Hamar Arbeiderblad (Hedmark, Hamar)
Hamar Dagblad (Hedmark, Hamar)
Haugesunds Avis (Haugesund)
Laagendalsposten (Kongsberg)
Nettavisen (Oslo) (English)
Nettavisen (Oslo)
Nordlys (North Norway, Tromsoe)
Norway Post, The (Oslo) (English)
Oppland Arbeiderblad (Gjoevik)
?tlands-Posten (Larvik)
Porsgrunns Dagblad (Telemark)
Ringerikes Blad (Akershus, Lillestr?
Rogalands Avis (Rogaland, Stavanger)
Romerikes Blad (Akershus, Lillestrom)
Sandefjords Blad (Vestfold, Sandefjord)
Sunnmorsp? (Alesund)
Teknisk Ukeblad (Oslo)
Telemarksavisa (Telemark, Skien)
T?rgs Blad (Tonsberg)
Tr?-Avisa (Nord Trondelag, Steinkjer)
Verdens Gang (Oslo)
POLAND
Dziennik Polski (Maloposkie, Krakow)
Gazeta Wyborcza (Warsaw)
Rzeczpospolita (Warsaw)
Tygodnik Powszechny
Trybuna (Mazowieckie, Warsaw)
Warsaw Voice, The (Warsaw)
Zycie Warszawy (Warsaw)
PORTUGAL
A Bola (Lisboa, Lisbon)
Canal de Neg??s (Lisboa, Lisbon)
Correio da Manh? (Lisboa, Lisbon)
Di?o de Not?as (Funchal)
Di?o Digital (Lisboa, Lisbon)
Di?o Econ??o (Lisboa, Lisbon)
O Jogo
Jornal de Noticias ( (Oporto)
P?o (Lisbon)
Record (Lisbon)
ROMANIA
Adevarul
Cotidianul (Bucuresti, Bucharest)
Evenimentul Zilei Online
Nine O'Clock (Bucuresti, Bucharest) (English)
ZIUA (Bucuresti, Bucharest)
RUSSIA
Evening Kazan (Tatarstan, Kazan)
Itar-Tass (Moscow)
Izvestia (Moscow)
Kazanskii Universitet (Moscow)
Kommersant Daily (Moscow)
Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow)
The Moscow Times (Moscow) (English)
Moskovskii Komsomolets (Moscow)
Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow)
Novosti (Vladivostok)
Pravda (Moscow)
Russia Today
St. Petersburg Times (St. Petersburg)
Trud (Moscow)
Vladivostok News (Vladivostok)
SCOTLAND
Courier On-Line, The (Dundee)
Daily Record (Glasgow)
Press and Journal, The(Aberdeen)
Scotsman, The (Edinburgh)
Sunday Mail (Glasgow)
Sunday Post, The (Dundee)
SLOVAKIA
Praca (Zapadoslovenska, Bratislava)
Pravda (Zapadoslovenska, Bratislava)
Slovakia Daily Surveyor
Slovak Spectator, The (Zapadoslovenska, Bratislava)
SME Online
SLOVENIA
Delo (Ljubljana)
Dnevnik (Ljubljana)
SPAIN
ABC (Madrid)
AVUI (Catalonia, Barcelona; Premsa Catalana)
Cinco Dias (Madrid)
El Correo (Pais Vasco, Bilbao)
El Correo Gallego (Galicia)
Costa Blanca News (English)
DEIA (Pais Vasco, Bilbao)
El D?de Baleares (Baleares, Palma de Mallorca)
Diario de Mallorca (Baleares, Palma de Mallorca)
El Diario Montanes (Cantabria, Santander)
El Diario Vasco (Pais Vasco, San Sebastian)
La Estrella Digital
Expansi??irecto (Madrid)
Faro de Vigo (Galicia, Vigo)
Heraldo de Arag?? (Aragon, Zaragoza)
Hoy Diario de Extremadura (Extremadura, Merida)
Ideal (Andalucia, Granada)
El Ideal Gallego (Galicia)
Levante-El Mercantil Valenciano (Valencia)
Marca (Madrid)
El Mundo
El Norte de Castilla (Castilla y Leon, Valladolid)
El Pais (Madrid)
El Periodico de Catalunya (Barcelona)
El Progreso (Galicia, Lugo)
Las Provincias (Valencia)
Regi?? (Catalonia, Manresa)
La Rioja (La Rioja, Logrono)
Sport
La Vanguardia (Catalonia, Barcelona)
SUR (English)
SWEDEN
Aff?v?den (Stockholm)
Aftonbladet (Stockholm)
Bor?Tidning (Vastra Gotaland, Boras)
Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm)
Expressen (Stockholm)
G?orgs-Posten (G?org)
Hallands Nyheter
Nerikes Allehande
Hallandspostenr
Norrbottens-Kuriren (Norrbotten, Lulea)
Norrkopings Tidningar
Ostersund Posten
?tg?Correnspondenten (Ostergotland, Linkoping)
Svenska Dagbladet (Stockholm)
Sydsvenska Dagbladet (Malm?
V?erbottens-Kuriren (Vasterbotten, Umea)
Vestmanlands L? Tidning (V?manland)
SWITZERLAND
Basler Zeitung (Basel-Stadt, Basel)
Berner Zeitung (Bern)
Bote der Urschweiz (Central Switzerland)
Der Bund (Bern)
Corriere del Ticino (Ticino, Lugano)
Der Landbote (Zurich, Winterthur)
Freiburger Nachrichten (Freiburger)
La Libert?/a>
Le Matin (Vaud, Lausanne)
Neue Zurcher Zeitung
Schaffhauser Nachrichten
St. Galler Tagblatt (St. Gallen)
Die S?chweiz (Graubunden, Chur)
Tages-Anzeiger (Zurich)
Tribune de Geneve (Geneva)
Webdo (Lausanne)
WochenZeitung
Zisch (Luzern, Central Switzerland)
Zurcher Unterlander (Zurich, Dielsdorf)
 TURKEY
Aksam (Istanbul)
D? (Istanbul)
Fanatik (Istanbul)
G? (Istanbul)
Hurriyet Gazetesi (Istanbul)
Milli Gazete (Istanbul)
Milliyet Gazetesi (Istanbul)
Ozgur Politika (Istanbul)
Radikal (Istanbul)
Sabah (Istanbul)
Star (Istanbul)
Yeni Asya
Yeni Mesaj
Yeni Safak (Istanbul)
Zaman
UKRAINE
The Day (Kiev)
Facty i Kommentarii (Kiev)
Postup (Lviv)
Segodnya (Kiev)
UNITED KINGDOM
Index - UK Newspapers
Bristol Evening Post (Bristol)
Cambridge Evening News (Cambridge)
Coventry Evening Telegraph (Coventry)
Daily Record (Glasgow)
The Daily Telegraph (London)
Derbyshire Evening Telegraph (Derby)
Evening Argus (Brighton)
Evening Chronicle (Newcastle)
Evening Standard (London)
Evening Telegraph
Evening Times (Glasgow)
Express & Star (Wolverhampton)
Financial Times (London)
Financial Times (U.S. mirror site) (London)
Go2 Birmingham (Grimsby)
Grimsby Evening Telegraph (Birmingham)
Guardian, The (London)
The Herald (Glasgow)
Huddersfield Daily Examiner (Huddersfield)
Hull Daily Mail (Hull)
Independent, The (London)
Jersey Evening Post, The (Channel Islands)
The Journal (Newcastle)
Lancashire Evening Telegraph
London Evening Standard (London)
The Mirror (London)
The News (Portsmouth)
Norfolk Now (Norfolk)
Northampton Chronicle & Echo (Northampton)
The Nottingham Evening Post (Nottingham)
Observer, The (London)
Oldham Evening Chronicle, The
Sentinel Online, The
South Wales Argus (Newport)
South Wales Evening Post
South West News
The Sun (London)
Sunday Mall (Glasgow)
Sunderland Echo (Sunderland)
Telegraph, The (London)
This is Local London (London)
The Times and Sunday Times (London)
The Sunday Times (London)
West Sussex Observer (Chichester)
Western Mail, The (Cardiff)
Yorkshire Evening Post (Leeds)
YUGOSLAVIA
Blic Online (Begrade)
Dnevnik (Vojvodina)
Politika (Belgrade)
Vecernje Novosti (Belgrade)
Vijesti (Montenegro)