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Setting Precedent: A History of U.S. Military Occupational Crimes

The United States government and military have engaged in wars that 
have resulted in the occupation of former belligerents on numerous past 
occasions, including the Spanish-American War, WWI, WWII, the Korean 
War and most recently the Gulf War and the War in Iraq. What is 
interesting about this inevitable consequence of defeat is that often 
the American public is misled about the occupation, its goals, 
direction and purpose. This paper will delve into a comparative 
generalization between the American occupation of Post War Germany and 
its present occupation of Iraq.The crimes the U.S. Military has been 
accussed of committing in Iraq are not without precedent. In most 
cases, the United States Military was first accused of eerily simial 
atrocities against German POWs and civilains in post-War Germany.--Curt 
Maynard

04/24/07
Peoplevoice.org 
Curt Maynard
The United States government and military have engaged in wars that 
have resulted in the occupation of former belligerents on numerous past 
occasions, including the Spanish-American War, WWI, WWII, the Korean 
War and most recently the Gulf War and the War in Iraq(). What is 
interesting about this inevitable consequence of defeat is that often 
the American public is misled about the occupation, its goals, 
direction and purpose. This paper will delve into a comparative 
generalization between the American occupation of Post War Germany and 
its present occupation of Iraq.
The crimes the U.S. Military has been accussed of committing in Iraq 
are not without precedent. In most cases, the United States Military 
was first accused of eerily simial atrocities against German POWs and 
civilains in post-War Germany.
Today, the United States government and its military have developed an 
extremely bad reputation internationally. Very often, the stories told 
by the American government through the western media in respect to the 
occupation in Iraq are quickly proven to be inaccurate. So inaccurate 
in fact, that they can only be appropriately termed lies. When the lies 
themselves become blatantly apparent, most often as the result of an 
independent media investigation and/or by bloggers on the Internet, the 
stories these lies initially sought to cover-up are then ignored, 
dropped, or distorted by further exaggeration.
Few people today are completely unaware of the duplicity associated 
with the War in Iraq and the subsequent occupation of the Iraqi nation. 
What most people may be unaware of however is that lying to the 
American people is something the United States government has become 
quite proficient at, especially as it relates to the occupation of 
former belligerents, the government has I fact been practicing such 
deception for generations. The United States government has in the past 
exploited its presence in the nations it has defeated to cover up 
crimes that it has itself committed, both during the war and during the 
latter occupation itself. These crimes vary from intentionally causing 
the deaths of “at least 800,000” German POWs, by way of “exposure, 
unsanitary conditions, disease and starvation,” to machine gunning 
captured and helpless German Prisoners of War, to fabricating, 
falsifying and omitting diary entries of the former Nazi leadership in 
order to cover-up horrendous acts committed by the Anglo-Allies during 
the Italian Campaign in 1943.
The fact is that the today American government is quickly losing 
credibility on the International stage and a great deal of this has to 
do with its past behavior in respect to the commission of war crimes, 
crimes against humanity and its subsequent efforts to conceal these 
facts. Today the United States government strands accused of subjecting 
human beings to torture, something the United States has condemned in 
the past; as have other civilized nations. Today the United States 
Military stands accused of committing atrocities in Iraq, something it 
vociferously denies, but the evidence weighs heavily against this 
disclaimer. Today the United States Military stands accused of 
employing poison gas against Iraqi insurgents and civilians, something 
it has self-righteously accused the former Iraqi regime of committing 
against its own in the 1980s.
The possibility exists that this accusation that of using poison gas in 
Iraq, is nothing more than false propaganda, but the notion that the 
United States military’s might use toxic agents against human beings, 
despite its violation of the Geneva Gas Protocols isn’t without 
precedent.
When Peter Arnett was fired from CNN for spreading an allegedly 
unsubstantiated story that the United States military had intentionally 
used nerve agent in Laos during the Vietnam War, many Americans 
accepted the fact that it was untrue, rather than consider that 
Arnett’s story might have some merit. Arnett interviewed Admiral Thomas 
Moorer U.S.N. (ret), and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 
for the story and he verified the story and stated further that he felt 
the use of poison gas was justified under the conditions it was used. 
When asked if nerve agent had been used during the Vietnam War, Melvin 
Laird the Secretary of Defense at the time stated that he was not aware 
of it, but would not dispute what Moorer had to say on the matter. This 
may appear a strange comment coming from Moorer’s civilian boss, but 
the fact of that matter was, Laird was excluded from much of what the 
Nixon-Kissinger White House did during his tenure, and Moorer was not. 
Rather than deny the allegations outright, former National Security 
Adviser, Henry Kissinger had no comment whatsoever. Unfortunately for 
Arnett, Moorer eventually retracted his statement, and CNN fired Arnett 
for distorting the story.
What is possibly the most important issue here is not so much what 
Americans believe to be true, but what people from other nations 
believe to be accurate. Unknown to most Americans, the U.S. military 
has been accused of using chemical and biological agents against its 
enemies in the past. Both North Korea and China accused the U.S. 
military of engaging in biological warfare during the Korean War. The 
use of the herbicide Agent Orange during the Vietnam War cannot 
conceivably be considered anything else but the implementation of a 
chemical agent during wartime. The U.S. military may not have been 
aware of the carcinogenic nature of Agent Orange in the 1960s and early 
1970s, but the fact of the matter was that it poisoned hundreds of 
thousands of human beings, including a considerable number of U.S. 
servicemen. Americans may believe that these accusations were either 
unsubstantiated and therefore untrue, or as in the case of Agent 
Orange, accidental, but other nations do not necessarily take the same 
position.
Of course Admiral Thomas Moorer is arguably the best source one could 
possibly ask for in respect to such information, after all he was the 
highest ranking Military officer in the United States at the time the 
nerve agent was allegedly used in Laos. As noted above, the United 
States did deploy gas munitions to the European Theatre of Operations 
during the Second World War, which culminated in at least one serious 
accident that the United States government lied about and attempted to 
conceal from the American public.
The hypocrisy associated with the United States government isn’t 
confined to World War Two and the Vietnam era, it continues to this 
day. Torture violates International law, yet the United States 
government is engaged in it in Iraq and is busily manipulating the law 
in order to absolve itself of guilt, something it has done before and 
presumably will continue to do.
According to a former S.S. judge-advocate name Konrad Morgan, he had 
been pressured to testify at the Nuremberg Military Tribunal that Ilse 
Koch had tanned human skin and turned it into lampshades, something 
Morgan later called a legend and totally untrue. When he refused to lie 
on the stand, “The Americans almost killed me… They threatened three 
times to turn me over to the Russians or French or Poles.” The 
notorious S.S. Obersturmbannfuhrer Rudolf Hoess, first of three 
commandants of Auschwitz was likewise subjected to torture. According 
to Hoess, “At my first interrogation, evidence was obtained by beating 
me. I do not know what is in the record, although I signed it… Alcohol 
and the whip were too much for me.” Hoess was a mass murderer, of that 
there is no doubt, but for some inexplicable reason Hoess confessed to 
gassing two million persons between June 1941 and the end of 1943, when 
today the memorial plaque at Auschwitz enumerates a total of 1.5 
million murdered, which deviates from Hoess’ confession by a 
substantial number, not to mention the fact that many more people were 
thought to have been gassed and murdered after 1943 and before the camp 
was liberated by the Soviets in January 1945. The point of bringing 
this to light isn’t to exonerate Hoess or to question the numbers 
murdered at Auschwitz, only to emphasize the likelihood that he was in 
fact tortured and moreover, tortured by American military personnel.
Morgan and Hoess weren’t the only Nazi officials that claimed to have 
been tortured, many of the defendants at Nuremberg claimed as much, 
including Julius Streicher, who stated, he had been repeatedly kicked 
in the genitals, forced to drink water from a urinal, and forced to 
open his mouth so that an American soldier could spit into it. Hans 
Frank too, the former governor of occupied Poland was beaten upon 
capture, despite having turned himself in to the Americans along with 
his highly incriminating diaries. In many cases the prisoners at 
Nuremberg were placed under considerable psychological stress after 
their families were apprehended by the Allies, in an effort to compel 
the prisoners to confess to crimes real or imagined.
Much of the above information in respect to the torture of former 
German civilian and military leaders was obtained from the writings of 
David Irving, a rather tainted historian who has in the past been 
accused of harboring National Socialist sympathies and allowing this 
bias to affect his historiography. Without a doubt Irving harbors an 
unconventional and even socially unacceptable view of history as it 
relates to the Third Reich and the Second World War, however because of 
this, students of history are afforded the unique opportunity of seeing 
certain events through the eyes of a historical nonconformist, which 
can be extremely revealing.
As far as bias itself is concerned, all historians are subject to it to 
a certain extent, and it cannot help but taint their subsequent 
research and writing. Bertrand Russell, a liberal labor activist and 
Winston Churchill had diametrically opposed perspectives on history as 
it related to the Second World War, yet both men are considered 
excellent historians in their own right. Churchill’s voluminous 
contributions to history in respect to his wartime memoirs are 
considered by many to be the most revealing sources associated with 
WWII, yet Churchill himself openly advocated deceptive policies, 
including outright lies, and is more responsible for the purging of 
incriminating British documents in the post war period than anyone else 
in recent memory. Bearing the above in mind when critiquing and/or 
condemning David Irving, the careful student of history should consider 
that like it or not, Irving is considered by many to be one of the 
foremost experts on the Nazi hierarchy and possibly the world’s 
greatest expert on the former Nazi Propaganda Minister Dr. Joseph 
Goebbels. Of course Irving’s writing should be critically examined, 
just as anyone else’s should, but if one wants to truly develop an 
objective opinion on the Second World War, one that encompasses a broad 
view and therefore understanding, Irving’s writing must be included in 
one’s research library.
The defendants at Nuremberg were guilty of innumerable crimes, 
including mass murder, slavery, conspiracy, corruption, theft, of this 
there is no doubt. However, this didn’t stop the American prosecution 
team from engaging in extremely unethical behavior, including coercing 
confessions from the prisoners, leading them to believe that certain 
conversations would be kept in confidence when they weren’t, utilizing 
psychologists to probe the minds of the prisoners in such a way as to 
provide the prosecution with a strategy to demoralize them individually 
and as a group. In short the actual prosecution of these men was a 
shameful example of American jurisprudence at work. This is not to say 
that these men were innocent, they weren’t, but in hindsight, the 
Nuremberg Military Tribunal appears to have been somewhat of a farce, a 
show trial in which the verdict was known the moment the Germans 
capitulated.
Several Nazis equally guilty in many respects as those later convicted 
and hanged were not charged with certain crimes, but were in fact 
treated with tenterhooks by the Americans. These two were Grand Admiral 
Erich Raeder and Admiral Karl Doenitz, the latter being the heir to the 
throne of the Third Reich after Hitler’s suicide. Both men were 
initially charged with Crimes Against Humanity along with many of the 
other Nuremberg defendants but were acquitted of these more serious 
crimes after the British and Americans had determined that although 
both had committed Crimes against Humanity in respect to unrestricted 
submarine warfare, so had the Americans and therefore it might prove 
embarrassing to have this uncomfortable fact brought to light in a 
public trial monitored by millions of radio listeners around the world. 
Francis Biddle, one of the judges at Nuremberg even went so far as to 
say in respect to Germany’s record of war crimes on the high seas that 
“Germany” had “waged a much cleaner war than we did,” meaning the 
United States Navy.
Much of these facts remain unknown to many people, not just Americans. 
In respect to conspiracy, the United States has outdone itself in the 
fabrication of history. Its efforts to conceal what happened at Bari, 
Italy in December of 1943 when the American merchant ship, the USS John 
Harvey blew up gassing much of the Italian city with its toxic cargo, 
has been highly successful and remains unknown to most Italian citizens 
to this day, despite the fact that it happened in their own country.
In respect to crimes against humanity, there is no doubt whatsoever 
that the United States government and military conspired in various 
ways to starve millions of Germans immediately following Germany’s 
capitulation. This may come as a shock to the reader, but documentary 
evidence leaves no other possible conclusion. James Bacque, the author 
of the book Other Losses, has exposed irrefutable evidence that the 
United States Army under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower 
intentionally enacted policies that led directly to the deaths of at 
least 800,000 German POWs after the end of the Second World War. 
Denigrated by critics for not having training in historiography or 
document analysis, Bacque nonetheless proves he possesses a 
considerable amount of aptitude in both areas, with the publication of 
Other Losses. Bacque relies almost exclusively on primary 
documentation, from such sources as The International Red Cross, U.S. 
Military archives, British and Canadian archives and a good bit of 
eyewitness testimony. Despite his critics, Bacque reveals that hundreds 
of thousands of Germans were systematically starved, and subjected to 
the effects of exposure, disease, and neglect. The reason Bacque is of 
extreme importance today is that once again the United States military 
is being accused of committing atrocities in an occupied country, and 
the military appears to be predictably falling back on the very same 
techniques it used in post war Germany in order to cover these facts 
up. Today very few serious people would argue the fact that the 
American media isn’t keeping the American people informed about what is 
happening in Iraq, except perhaps in the most superficial manner.
Today, it is a well-established fact that American troops have 
committed acts of torture at Abu Ghraib, an American prison in Iraq. 
The photographs of acts that cannot be described as anything other than 
torture have been splashed across the screen of world consciousness for 
many months as of April 2005. What isn’t so well known is whether 
high-ranking United States military officials sanctioned these illegal 
acts. At this juncture, the Army and civilian government have denied 
any knowledge that the acts were being committed. There is a tremendous 
amount of international and domestic skepticism in respect to this 
claim, however this isn’t being brought out into the light of day, it 
is being stifled by the mainstream news media. This isn’t a new 
phenomenon, according to Bacque the very same technique was applied in 
post war Germany in respect to hiding the number of German POWs that 
had died in American captivity over a relatively short period of time.
Bacque opined, “Once the half-dead men were discharged, however 
conflict between eyewitnesses and propaganda arose. The evidence of the 
witnesses lost credibility as it was repeated by word of mouth alone. 
It had the status of doubtful rumor from resentful individuals, lacking 
the authority of print.” The author was absolutely correct in 
identifying this very significant fact as perhaps the most important 
ingredient in the future fabrication of history, a history that would 
conveniently lay the responsibility of these men’s deaths on the Soviet 
Union, a fait accompli that escaped the notice of journalists and 
historians for decades. According to the Bacque, “Inside Germany, 
Eisenhower or his deputies ran everything, so censorship was much 
easier to maintain. Newspapers, radio stations, book publishers, even 
movie theaters had to have licenses to operate in the U.S. zone. For a 
long time they had no freedom, but much free propaganda.” Control over 
these information outlets was essential, it was only through these 
means that the occupational forces could create the kind of atmosphere 
described by Bacque:
In Germany after 1945, there were millions of biographies; there was no 
history. When the nation was cut in four, its history was fragmented by 
the political divisions, censorship, coverup and fear of criticizing 
the USA and France. No intelligent public opinion was formed on the 
subject [Of German POWs] because no expression of it was allowed. The 
occupation of Germany resulted in an occupied mentality, which 
attempted to subject reason to unreasoning discipline.
Millions of Germans wondered what had happened to their loved ones, and 
it was during the Cold War that the Americans and French figured out a 
way in which to rid themselves of the burden of their responsibility by 
dumping it on the Russians. Through a bit of creative paper shuffling, 
propaganda and deceit, the Americans conveniently blamed the Russians, 
sating that it was they who had taken these German soldiers prisoner 
and thus in the words of Arthur Smith, author of the book Heinkehr aus 
dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, “The mystery about the location of Germany’s 
POWs ceased to be.” Dr. Joseph Goebbels’ the infamous Nazi 
Reichsminister of Propaganda and Enlightenment, was himself quite 
impressed with Anglo-American propaganda efforts, perhaps even somewhat 
envious, saying once, “When I think what the English are reporting in 
the way of news from the areas occupied by us and compare with it how 
little we do to meet it, I am all the more anxious to do something in a 
big way.”
What is important here is that one understands the power of the press, 
of mass communication. The United States military dominates and 
controls the news media in Iraq, dictating to the media whom it may and 
whom it may not include as reporters representing their various media 
corporations. In effect, this means that the U.S. military decides who 
reports what. If an independent journalist should discover something 
and worse attempt to disseminate it, there may well be consequences as 
suggested by a “companion of freed Italian journalist Giuliana Sgrena, 
who was released from the clutches of Iraqi militants on March 4, 2004 
only to be shot at by U.S. military troops, an act said to be 
“deliberate.” According to an interview Pier Scolari, a friend of 
Sgrena’s, “The Americans knew she was coming,” he said, “Giuliana had 
information, and the US military did not want her to survive.” Whether 
or not there was any merit to this claim or not remains to be seen, her 
companion Pier Scolari seemed to believe so and the story hit the 
Internet almost immediately. The Internet is a medium that the United 
States military has never had to contend with in respect to an 
occupation in the past, it remains to be seen how exactly they will 
deal with it.
Despite Bacque’s lack of credentials, Other Losses is an excellent book 
that emphasizes a point rarely discussed among historians and that is 
the psychological phenomenon of “selective distortion,” well understood 
in advertising circles. “This phenomenon can occur in two primary ways. 
If an individual wants to believe something is not true, then even in 
the face of an overwhelming amount of information disputing their 
original contention, they will still reject what they do not want to 
believe. Likewise, this can happen in the same manner with an 
individual that wants to believe something is in fact true, no matter 
the amount of material refuting that belief.” The imperative ingredient 
in creating this “selective distortion” is of course early access to 
the target, the individual, and the way this is generally achieved is 
through the indoctrination processes offered by the media.
In order for this to succeed however, the target must not be exposed to 
contradictory stimuli, at least not initially. Once the phenomenon has 
congealed however, those so exposed to it will inevitably develop what 
is known as “brand loyalty,” which is another advertising term relevant 
here because the “traditional macroeconomic view of advertising ‘holds 
that the main purpose of advertising is to manipulate or persuade’”
What Bacque brings to light in Other Losses, is that the United States 
military committed atrocities on a large scale in Post War Germany and 
utilized its monopoly of the German press to conceal that fact. Of that 
there is no doubt today. These atrocities included the exact same 
murderous outcome that the United States government was prosecuting 
Nazi war criminals for, at exactly the same time they were being 
subjected to the judgment of the Allies in Nuremberg. Bacque describes 
how the United States government “created” the illusion of a “World 
Food Shortage,” in concert with the American and German media, despite 
the fact that agricultural output in the United States and Canada had 
exceeded expectations and was at an all time high. This was done 
intentionally in order to excuse the fact that the United States was 
depriving the German population of foodstuffs, specifically wheat. 
Bacque never comes directly out and says why he suspects this was the 
case other than to suggest vengeance on the part of high-ranking U.S. 
Military officials including Eisenhower, whom “hated Germans… because 
the German is a beast,” according to a letter he wrote home to his wife 
in September 1944. In order to subvert the spirit of the Geneva 
Convention and the protection it afforded prisoners of war, Eisenhower 
changed the status of German POWs immediately after Germany surrendered 
to that of “disarmed enemy forces” [DEF], which conveniently placed 
them outside of the protection of the Convention as well as the 
monitoring of the Red Cross.
This too has been done today in respect to Iraqi prisoners as well as 
anyone deemed to be an international terrorist. The Iraqi prisoners are 
no longer considered POWs since Iraq capitulated in 2003 and they, 
along with any “international terrorists,” are instead referred to as 
“battlefield detainees,” for exactly the same reason that German POWs 
were forced to assume the designation of DEF’s, so that the Geneva 
Convention’s protection wouldn’t include them, nor would the Red Cross 
or Red Crescent be allowed to examine the conditions under which they 
are/were being held. Of course the United States military has been 
accused of committing crimes against these prisoners to include rape, 
torture, beatings, humiliation and murder, but there is no way to 
substantiate these claims at this time as the military won’t allow 
inspections to be conducted by independent organizations. Bacque 
provides precedent in the sense that he provides the reader with 
irrefutable evidence that the military did exactly the same thing sixty 
years ago, the question is, what exactly is going on at Guantanamo Bay 
and other military facilities in which these people are being held 
today? After reading Other Losses one no longer has the luxury of the 
uninformed, it is quite clear what the U.S. military did in post war 
Germany and the same thing could just as easily be happening in these 
“detainee” camps today.
How would the military go about covering up these crimes? Simple – they 
fabricate history and go after young Iraqi’s as early as possible, 
preferably right in the classroom, just as they did in Germany sixty 
years ago. Jonathon Zimmerman, an instructor of history at New York 
University and contributor to the Washington Post had this to say:
Here's a quick quiz from an Iraqi elementary-school textbook of the 
not-too-recent past: What do you get when you add three 
rocket-propelled grenades and four Kalashnikov rifles? If you guessed 
simply "seven weapons," you're wrong. The correct answer, of course, is 
"seven ways to kill the infidel enemy." Millions of children imbibed 
such propaganda in Saddam Hussein's Iraq. Textbooks often bore a 
colorful picture of Hussein on the first page, smiling in his crisp 
battle fatigues. Inside, students encountered passages comparing him to 
the famous Arab warrior Saladin or to Nebuchadnezzar, the legendary 
Babylonian king… Propaganda afflicted every subject of study, including 
math and science. But it was sharpest in history and civics textbooks… 
When schools officially reopen in the fall, Iraq will need an entirely 
new set of textbooks. And that's where Creative Associates 
International comes in. The Washington-based firm has received a $62.5 
million contract from the U.S. Agency for International Development to 
overhaul the Iraqi school system. Part of the job involves preparing a 
new set of "de-Baathified" textbooks, purging passages that fawn over 
Hussein and his Baath Party.
It is highly unlikely that any Iraqi textbook actually stated what 
Zimmerman suggests above, Iraq was a highly secular nation under Saddam 
Hussein and probably would have avoided the term “infidel,” at least in 
the context Zimmerman implies. The history instructor from New York 
University however neglects to provide us with a source, so we can’t 
know for certain. What is certain though is that de-Baathafied 
textbooks means essentially the same thing as “de-Nazified,” a change 
in the curriculum that will favor the occupying power, the United 
States of America. On can be sure than anything eluding to American war 
crimes will be absent from the final product, a product produced by the 
corporation Creative Associates International, a fitting name to be 
sure.
In the end, one must conclude that the United States government’s 
record is anything but illustrious and that present skepticism in 
regards to what is happening in Iraq is well founded. The Internet has 
taken on a life of its own; the mainstream media is losing its base as 
people flock instead to the Internet blogs. The mainstream media will 
do all that it can to discredit the Internet for being unregulated and 
uncensored, but it was the regulation and censorship engaged in by the 
mainstream media that has instead discredited it. The winds of change 
are truly blowing and short of massive censorship of the Internet it is 
unlikely that the western powers will forever be able to maintain their 
own subjective views of history.
=====
Footnotes

This statement relates specifically to the fact that the American 
people were led to believe that Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi nation 
were in possession of “Weapons of Mass Destruction,” had ties to Al 
Qaeda, and were likely involved in some manner with the terrorist 
attack on September 11, 2001. Subsequent investigations have not proved 
any of the above.
Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 2.
See photo and 
associated story. Index I.
An American liberty ship christened the USS John Harvey blew up in the 
harbor of the Italian city of Bari, releasing some 100 tons of mustard 
gas it had surreptitiously transported to the ETO into the harbor and 
surrounding atmosphere. More than 80 allied personnel died and 
uncounted numbers of Italian civilians. Joseph Goebbels’ noted this 
fact as well as the fact that the associated Luftwaffe attack led to 
the sinking of some 17 Allied ships, a devastating loss to the 
Americans, second in severity only to Pearl Harbor, and unreported to 
the American people. On at least three occasions, these revealing 
entries were excised from the published version of Goebbels’ diaries 
released in 1948 and the facts associated with Bari weren’t exposed 
until almost three decades later. Maynard, Curtis. Bari Revisited: 
Remaining unanswered questions Related to the German Air Raid at Bari. 
Texas A&M University-Kingsville. 2003.
March 2, 2005 - Dr Khalid ash-Shaykhli, a representative of the Iraqi 
Ministry of Health who was authorized to assess health conditions in 
al-Fallujah after the end of the major battles there, announced that 
the surveys and studies which a medical team did in al-Fallujah and 
subsequently reported to the Ministry confirm that US forces used 
substances that are internationally prohibited -- including mustard 
gas, nerve gas, and other burning chemicals -- in the course of its 
attacks on the city. Mafkarat Al-Islam, Uruknet.Info. Site accessed on 
March 5, 2005.
TIME Magazine, June 15 1998. Vol. 151. No. 23.
The Nixon White House excluded both Secretary of State Rogers and 
Secretary of Defense Laird from much of its policy. This is a 
continuing theme throughout Seymour Hersh’s revealing expose of the 
Nixon administration. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power. (New York: 
Summit Books, 1983).
Maynard, Curtis. Bari Revisited: Remaining unanswered questions Related 
to the German Air Raid at Bari. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. 2003.
Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point Publications. 
1996, pg 149 – 150. Quoted by John Toland from an interview with Konrad 
Morgan, October 25, 1971. This paper will not attempt to tread on the 
toxic ground of whether or not Koch did use human skin to have 
lampshades made, only that Konrad Morgan denied it.
Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point Publications. 
1996, pg 241.
Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point Publications. 
1996, pg 242.
A photo of the current memorial plaque can be seen at this link. It 
should be noted here as well that prior to 1990 the Auschwitz memorial 
plaque listed “4 million” victims at Auschwitz, this was changed in 
1990 and now states “1.5 million.” A photo of the older plaque can be 
viewed at this link.
Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point Publications. 
1996. Pg. 50. Taken from the manuscript of Julius Streicher, June 16, 
1945.
Butler, Rupert. Legions of Death: The Nazi Enslavement of Europe. 
Pen & Sword. London. 1983. Pg 238. The diary was subsequently used to 
incriminate and convict Frank for crimes against humanity.
Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point Publications. 
1996.
Churchill is well known for having said, “In wartime the truth is 
so precious that it must always be carefully guarded by a bodyguard of 
lies.” While investigating the accidental mustard gas release at Bari 
Italy in 1943, this author encountered much deception on the part of 
Churchill including orders that expressly forbid any mention of any 
form of “poison gas” present at Bari as well as orders from the former 
PM insisting that certain documents in British Archives be destroyed.
Reasons for this conclusion include the fact that Irving has a strong 
command of the German language as it was used during the Second World 
War, is recognized the world over for being able to read Goebbel’s 
unique and difficult to decipher handwriting, and possibly most 
importantly, has an unparalleled ability to access the memoirs of 
former German military and civilian leaders through their families 
because of his “sympathetic” views. It must be said here that Irving 
was found to be a “neo-Nazi,” and “distorter” of history in a libel 
trial he lost to an American historian and “Holocaust expert,” named 
Deborah Lipstadt in the 1990s.
Gilbert, G.M. Nuremberg Diary. Da Capo Press. 1995.
Raeder was sentenced to life in prison and Doenitz was given ten years. 
Both men were released from prison in the mid 1950s.
Irving, David. Nuremberg The Last Battle. Focal Point Publications. 
1996. Pg 259.
This fact was ascertained through corresponding with an eighty-year old 
gentlemen by the name of Alfio Faro, currently living in Rome, who 
lived in Italy during the time Bari was attacked and the gas released. 
He was absolutely stunned to read about the incident in my history 
thesis. Faro, Alfio, in a letter to this author August 2004. It should 
be stated here that without the complicity of the Italian government 
this fact wouldn’t be possible.
Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 145-146.
Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 147-148.
Bacque, James. 
Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 150.
Bacque, James. Other Losses. 
Stoddart. 1989. Pg 154.
Joseph Goebbels, Goebbels Diaries. Edited by Louis Lochner. New York: 
Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1948. Pg. 485.
AFP (French Press) article posted by the Turkish Press. Accessed on 
March 5, 2005. Sgrena herself later came out of the hospital accusing 
the United States government of intentionally trying to kill her in 
order to silence evidence provided by her implicating the US Military 
in war crimes. Whether true or not, the Italian public appears to 
believe her, and not the official US or Italian version, which may or 
may not have something to do with the current weakening of the 
Berlusconi regime – a government that is on the verge of collapse as of 
this writing.
Maynard, Curtis. A Study Focusing on the Formation of Opinion, and the 
Knowledge Associated with its Development. Psychology Thesis. Texas A&M 
Kingsville, 2002. Pg 38. Futrell, C. Fundamentals of Selling. Boston. 
Irwin-McGraw-Hill. 1999.
Maynard, Curtis. A Study Focusing on the Formation of Opinion, and the 
Knowledge Associated with its Development. Psychology Thesis. Texas A&M 
Kingsville, 2002. Pg 39. McConnel, R. C., & Brue, L. S. (1996). 
Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies 13th Edition. New York: 
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Bacque, James. Other Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 23.
Bacque, James. Other 
Losses. Stoddart. 1989 Pg 64.
This process was known as de-Nazification and included the publication 
of school textbooks free of Nazi propaganda but full of American 
propaganda.
Zimmerman, Jonathon, “Iraq’s Textbooks – and Ours.” 
Washington Post. June 13, 2003, Pg B07. Accessed on March 6, 2005.




-- 
"Naturally the common people don't want war: Neither in Russia, nor in 
England, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after 
all, IT IS THE LEADERS of the country who determine the policy and it 
is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a 
democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist 
dictatorship. Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to 
the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is TELL 
THEM THEY ARE BEING ATTACKED, and denounce the peacemakers for lack of 
patriotism and exposing the country to danger. IT WORKS THE SAME IN ANY 
COUNTRY."
 
--Goering at the Nuremberg Trials