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14  History

    Objective-C was developed by Brad Cox, who founded the Stepstone
    corporation in 1983 to develop and support the language, a compiler,
    and supporting libraries.  Stepstone never really made it big,
    fostering Objective-C in a niche similar to that of Smalltalk.

    In 1985, Steve Jobs left Apple and started NeXT, a company that
    developed m68k machines and the NeXTSTEP operating system.  The user
    interface of these machines was provided by Display PostScript and the
    AppKit, which, written in Objective-C, made Objective-C the language of
    choice on NeXT computers.

    Brad Cox and Andrew Novobilski write `Object Oriented Programming: An
    Evolutionary Approach' in 1986, the first book on Objective-C.

    NEXTSTEP 1.0a was released in 1989.  The Objective-C compiler is based
    on gcc 1.34.

    In 1991, the Objective-C related modifications by NeXT to gcc find
    their way back into the FSF GNU CC distribution.  By version 1.99, gcc
    (the compiler) supports Objective-C.

    NEXTSTEP 3.0 is released in 1992.  The compiler supports Objective-C++,
    and the Objective-C language has been extended with `@protocol'.
    In the same year, gcc 2.0 comes supplied with an Objective-C runtime
    library.

    In 1993, gcc supports protocols by version 2.4.  NeXT stops the
    production of hardware.  With NEXTSTEP 3.1 they include support for
    PC's.  NeXT starts creating other products not bound to a particular
    operating system, such as Portable Distributed Objects (PDO), which
    comes with its own Objective-C compiler and debugger.

    OPENSTEP, an Objective-C API, is made public in 1994.

    NEXTSTEP 3.3 is released in 1995; it adds support for HP hppa and Sun
    sparc machines.  Also in this year, NeXT acquires all rights to the
    Objective-C programming language and trademark from Stepstone.

    Sun includes support for Objective-C++ in their SparcCompiler in 1996.
    They release OPENSTEP for Solaris.  NeXT releases OPENSTEP 4.0 for PC
    hardware.  Support for hppa and sparc has vanished.  OPENSTEP for
    Windows NT is released.

    Early 1997, Apple acquires NeXT and starts work on the next Macintosh
    operating system, code named Rhapsody, based on the technology they got
    from NeXT.  In the same year, Sun fosters the success of Java and
    subsequently kills OPENSTEP for Solaris.

    [Entry updated Tue Feb 17 1998.  Credits to Norihiro Ito, Hajime Murao,
    KATO Tsuguru, and Hironobu Suzuki.]

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-- 
Norihiro Itoh
Iwaki Development Center of Argotechnos 21 Inc.