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Article #437

Re: 仕切り直し

#437
From: Tomohiro Yamada
Date: Mon, 24 Jul 2000 00:00
92 lines
4921 bytes
"M_SHIRAISHI" <eurms@apionet.or.jp>氏 wrote in message
news:39738F65.149BAD1B@apionet.or.jp...
> [Q-1]  Suppose that both of the following (i) and (ii) hold true.
>
> (i)  : If A holds, then either B or C holds.
> (ii)  : If D holds, then neither B nor C holds.
>
> Then select the truths, if any, among (1)- (10).

>   (1)  : If C holds, then D does not hold.

 (ii)の対偶より(1)真.

>   (2)  : If D does not hold, then neither does A

 Aが真でB, Cの少なくとも1つが真でDが偽の可能性があるので(2)偽.

>   (3)  : [If A does not hold, then neither does B] or [If A holds, then so
does B].

 Aが偽でもBが真であることは可能だし, Aが真でもBが偽であることは可能.
 よって(3)偽.

>   (4)  : If B does not hold, then neither C nor D holds.

 Bが成立せず, かつCやDが成立することは可能(ただしこの時(ii)よりCとDは
両立しない)なので(4)偽.

>   (5)  : If C does not hold, then either A does not hold or D does hold.

 A: True, B: True, C: False, D: Falseの可能性があるので(5)偽.

>   (6)  : If C hold despite that D does not hold, then B does not hold.

 A: True, B: True, C: True, D: Falseの可能性があるので(6)偽.

>   (7)  : If either A or B holds, then D does not hold.

 Aが真ならB, Cいずれかが真, よっていずれにせよB, Cいずれかが真なので
(ii)の対偶よりDが偽となるので(7)真.

>   (8)  : [If B holds, then so does A] or [If B does not hold, neither does
D].

 BであってもAでない可能性はあるしBでなくてもDである可能性はある. よって
(8)偽.

>   (9)  : [If A holds, then so does D] or [If D holds, then so does A].

 Aであれば(i)と(ii)の対偶よりDは偽だし, Dであれば(i)と(ii)の対偶より
Aは偽. よって(9)偽.

# ∀x[A(x)⊃¬D(x)]かつ∀x[D(x)⊃¬A(x)](実際には両者は同値)なら, ∀x¬
A(x)
でない限り∀x[A(x)⊃D(x)]ではないし, ∀x¬D(x)でない限り∀x[D(x)⊃A(x)]では
ない. しかし, A, Dにかかわらず常に∀x[A(x)⊃D(x)orD(x)⊃A(x)]となってしまう.

> (10)  : If A holds despite that B does not hold, then either C or D does
not hold.

# either A or B not Xは中学生の時に文法的に誤りと聞いたのだが,
“AかBのいずれかはXでない”と解釈する.

 A: True, B: False, (i)よりC: True, (ii)の対偶よりD: False. よって(10)真.

> [Q-2]  Suppose that two propositions P and Q are inconsistent.
> Then which of the following (a) - (d) are considered truths ?
>
> (a)  : At least one of P and Q is a truth.

 P, Q共に偽の場合もある(例えばP: 100以下の素数は80個ある, Q: 100以下の
素数は120個ある)ので(a)偽.

> (b)  : At least one of P and Q is a falsity

 矛盾の定義よりP, Q共に真であることはありえないから(b)真.

> (c)  : One of P and Q is a truth and the other is a falsity.

 (a)同様P, Q共に偽の場合もあるので(c)偽.

> (d)  : Both of P and Q can be falsities.

 一方が真, 他方が偽の場合もあるので(例えばQがPの否定である場合)(d)偽.


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
NewsのことはNewsで.
Tomohiro Yamada(山田 智宏) --- APTWEB & ARTWEB
y64k@chive.ocn.ne.jp or yamada@legendre.com
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From: "Tomohiro Yamada" <y64k@chive.ocn.ne.jp>
Subject: Re: 仕切り直し
Date: 2000/07/24
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