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Article #437Re: 仕切り直し
From: Tomohiro Yamada
Date: Mon, 24 Jul 2000 00:00
Date: Mon, 24 Jul 2000 00:00
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4921 bytes
"M_SHIRAISHI" <eurms@apionet.or.jp>氏 wrote in message news:39738F65.149BAD1B@apionet.or.jp... > [Q-1] Suppose that both of the following (i) and (ii) hold true. > > (i) : If A holds, then either B or C holds. > (ii) : If D holds, then neither B nor C holds. > > Then select the truths, if any, among (1)- (10). > (1) : If C holds, then D does not hold. (ii)の対偶より(1)真. > (2) : If D does not hold, then neither does A Aが真でB, Cの少なくとも1つが真でDが偽の可能性があるので(2)偽. > (3) : [If A does not hold, then neither does B] or [If A holds, then so does B]. Aが偽でもBが真であることは可能だし, Aが真でもBが偽であることは可能. よって(3)偽. > (4) : If B does not hold, then neither C nor D holds. Bが成立せず, かつCやDが成立することは可能(ただしこの時(ii)よりCとDは 両立しない)なので(4)偽. > (5) : If C does not hold, then either A does not hold or D does hold. A: True, B: True, C: False, D: Falseの可能性があるので(5)偽. > (6) : If C hold despite that D does not hold, then B does not hold. A: True, B: True, C: True, D: Falseの可能性があるので(6)偽. > (7) : If either A or B holds, then D does not hold. Aが真ならB, Cいずれかが真, よっていずれにせよB, Cいずれかが真なので (ii)の対偶よりDが偽となるので(7)真. > (8) : [If B holds, then so does A] or [If B does not hold, neither does D]. BであってもAでない可能性はあるしBでなくてもDである可能性はある. よって (8)偽. > (9) : [If A holds, then so does D] or [If D holds, then so does A]. Aであれば(i)と(ii)の対偶よりDは偽だし, Dであれば(i)と(ii)の対偶より Aは偽. よって(9)偽. # ∀x[A(x)⊃¬D(x)]かつ∀x[D(x)⊃¬A(x)](実際には両者は同値)なら, ∀x¬ A(x) でない限り∀x[A(x)⊃D(x)]ではないし, ∀x¬D(x)でない限り∀x[D(x)⊃A(x)]では ない. しかし, A, Dにかかわらず常に∀x[A(x)⊃D(x)orD(x)⊃A(x)]となってしまう. > (10) : If A holds despite that B does not hold, then either C or D does not hold. # either A or B not Xは中学生の時に文法的に誤りと聞いたのだが, “AかBのいずれかはXでない”と解釈する. A: True, B: False, (i)よりC: True, (ii)の対偶よりD: False. よって(10)真. > [Q-2] Suppose that two propositions P and Q are inconsistent. > Then which of the following (a) - (d) are considered truths ? > > (a) : At least one of P and Q is a truth. P, Q共に偽の場合もある(例えばP: 100以下の素数は80個ある, Q: 100以下の 素数は120個ある)ので(a)偽. > (b) : At least one of P and Q is a falsity 矛盾の定義よりP, Q共に真であることはありえないから(b)真. > (c) : One of P and Q is a truth and the other is a falsity. (a)同様P, Q共に偽の場合もあるので(c)偽. > (d) : Both of P and Q can be falsities. 一方が真, 他方が偽の場合もあるので(例えばQがPの否定である場合)(d)偽. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ NewsのことはNewsで. Tomohiro Yamada(山田 智宏) --- APTWEB & ARTWEB y64k@chive.ocn.ne.jp or yamada@legendre.com ---------------------------------------
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X-Google-Language: Japanese,JIS X-Google-Thread: ffb0e,cea956b711ce32a5 X-Google-Attributes: gidffb0e,public X-Google-Thread: 10b7c5,cea956b711ce32a5 X-Google-Attributes: gid10b7c5,public X-Google-Thread: 1065a2,cea956b711ce32a5 X-Google-Attributes: gid1065a2,public X-Google-Thread: f4956,cea956b711ce32a5 X-Google-Attributes: gidf4956,public X-Google-Thread: 115699,cea956b711ce32a5 X-Google-Attributes: gid115699,public From: "Tomohiro Yamada" <y64k@chive.ocn.ne.jp> Subject: Re: 仕切り直し Date: 2000/07/24 Message-ID: <8li02l$e8c$1@nn-os102.ocn.ad.jp> X-Deja-AN: 650211891 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit References: <39674E92.2A87548C@apionet.or.jp> <396CE373.7E88121C@apionet.or.jp> <39738F65.149BAD1B@apionet.or.jp> X-Priority: 3 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-2022-jp" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.2919.6600 X-Complaints-To: usenet@nn02.news.ocn.ad.jp X-Trace: nn-os102.ocn.ad.jp 964461461 14604 211.11.65.80 (24 Jul 2000 17:57:41 GMT) Organization: APTWEB & ARTWEB X-MSMail-Priority: Normal Mime-Version: 1.0 NNTP-Posting-Date: 24 Jul 2000 17:57:41 GMT Newsgroups: fj.sci.lang,fj.sci.math,fj.sci.philosophy,fj.education.math,fj.education