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From article <NAO.92Oct22001803@mimo.jaist-east.ac.jp>
	by nao@jaist-east.ac.jp (Naoki HAMADA)
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$B!V$O!W(J topic marker
$B!V$,!W(J subject marker

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ha - topic marker

How do you decide if an expression is a topic, marked with wa, or
a subject, marked with ga? Both look like the subject of an
English sentence!

Think of the topic as a comment on something that has already been
introduced into the conversation, or that is part of general or
shared knowledge. As such, wa can mean "Speaking of (the)..." or
"As for (the)."

Ex: Kimura san wa, gakusei desu./Mr. Kimura is a student.(Speaking
                                 of Mr. Kimura, he's a student.)

Ex: Nihonjin wa, hashi o tsukaimasu./The Japanese use
                                     chopstics.(As for the
                                     Japanese, they use
                                     chopsticks.)

ga - subject marker

Ga marks what the Japanese call the grammatical subject of
sentence. Think of the subject in the following two ways:

First, in neutral descriptions of observable action or situations.

Ex: Tegami ga kimashita./The mail came.
Ex: Ame ga hutte imasu./It's raining.(The rain is falling.)

Note that in the negative counterparts of these sentences, wa, not
ga, must be used.

Ex: Tegami ha kimasen deshita./The mail didn't came.

Second, for special emphasis, to distinguish a paticular person or
thing from all others.

Ex: Watakushi ga shimashita./I did it.(I am the one who did it.)
Ex: Tokyo ga okii desu./Tokyo is big.(It is Tokyo that is big.)

When an interrogative pronoun is used as the subject of a
sentence, ga must always be used too.

Ex: Dare ga, kore o shimashita ka./Who did this?(Who is the one
                                   who did this?)

ga - object marker

O usually marks the object. But ga marks the object of certain
non-action verbs and certain adjectives and adjectival nouns.

Ex: Yoko san wa, eigo ga wakarimasu./Yoko understands English.
Ex: Nihongo ga dekimasu ka./Can you speak Japanese?
Ex: Hon ga hoshii desu./I want book.
Ex: Meri san wa, tenisu ga jozu desu./Mary is good at tennis.

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$B!t$A$J$_$K!V(JBARRON'S JAPANESE GRAMMAR$B!W(JBarron's Educational
$B!t(JSeries, Inc. ISBN 0-8120-4643-9 US$5.95 $B$@$=$&$J!#(J
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           Junet$B=w@-%\!<%+%kC5DeCD(J  Rainy Eyes by Junko Ohtsuka #1
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