🚀 go-pugleaf

Nancy S. Coney
                    Western Illinois University
                     
                    Wade C. Mackey
                    Bryan, Texas 
                     
                     
                    It is argued that the presence of a father, during the daughter\'s formative years, acts as a deterrent against his
                    daughter-grown-to- maturity becoming promiscuous. Given that multiple sexual partners is the best predictor for
                    contracting a sexually transmitted disease, rates of sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S. were compared to rates
                    of out-of-wedlock births across the U.S. The results were significant. As rates of out-of-wedlock births increased, rates
                    of sexually transmitted diseases also increased. The association occurred (1) if rates of out-of-wedlock births and
                    rates of sexually transmitted diseases were surveyed from the same time frame as well as (2) if the rates of
                    out-of-wedlock births were surveyed from a prior generation and the rates of sexually transmitted diseases were
                    surveyed from a subsequent generation. Neither pattern held for rates of divorce and rates of sexually transmitted
                    diseases. It is further suggested that no extant theory on the female psyche or motivation hierarchy would predict that
                    early father presence with his daughter would deter later promiscuity on her part, but that such a theory or model
                    would be desirable. 
                     
                    Geneticists in the last decade have formulated a view of the animal kingdom that describes what they call “altruism”
                    an inverse function of the genetic distance between the interacting individuals or species. That is to say, individuals
                    are indifferent or hostile to others in proportion to their genetic unlikeness. 
                     
                     
                     
                    KEY WORDS: Father-child relations, out-of-wedlock births, divorce, sexually transmitted diseases, psychology of
                    women. 
                     
                    Rule #1: All politics are local. Rep. Tip O\'Neill 
                     
                    Rule #2: All long term politics are reproduction strategies 
                     
                    Rule #3: Effective long term politics camouflage Rule #2. Ipsoc Macquire 
                     
                     
                     
                     
                     
                    Homo sapiens is a separate species and thus, by definition, is unique. In addition to their singularity by achieving the
                    rank of species, humans possess an oddity which is rare in the biota and virtually idiosyncratic in large, terrestrial
                    primates. Humans have social fathers. Across the world\'s community of cultures, men marry. Once married, the
                    overwhelming majority of the husbands become fathers. Once fatherhood is achieved, the fathers willingly share their
                    treasure – their time, their emotions, and their food and resources – with their young (Hewlett 1992, HRAF 1949,
                    Lamb 1987, Mackey 1985, 1996). Any rare exception to this trend receives much publicity and analysis. For example,
                    when the Ik of Kenya were experiencing severe famine and deprivation, children were nurtured only until the age of
                    three and were then expected to fend for themselves (Turnbull 1972). Turnbull\'s ethnography of the Ik regularly focused
                    on the lack of normative parenting (from mothers and fathers). 
                     
                    The adult males of the (large) terrestrial primates, viz. chimpanzees, gorillas, baboons, essentially leave parenting to
                    the mothers. The adult males will certainly challenge predators that would threaten the troop\'s young. Nonetheless the
                    day-to-day care of the troop\'s young is left to the mothers (Fossey 1983, Goodall 1986, 1988, Jolly 1985, Schaller
                    1964, Smuts 1985, Smuts et al. 1986, cf Hrdy 1977, Hausfater & Hrdy 1984). As a matter of contrast, canid adult
                    males are highly solicitous of their young and – not unlike men – uniquely provision as well as protect their young, as
                    with wolves (Mech 1966, 1970; Mowat 1963, Murie, 1944), coyotes (Dobie 1949, McMahan 1976, Ryden 1974, Young
                    & Jackson 1951), jackals (Lawick & Lawick-Goodall 1971, Moehiman 1980), hunting dogs (Kuhme 1965), and foxes
                    (Alderton 1994). That is, adult male canids (1) leave the perimeter of their group, (2) procure food, (3) return the food to
                    the group, and (4) feed their young (and their mates). No adult male primate, other than men, does this. Virtually all
                    adult male canids do. Convergent evolution seems like an appropriate concept to apply to this particular consonance
                    between men and adult male canids. 
                     
                    Because neither adult male chimpanzees nor adult male gorillas systematically provision their young, but men do, the
                    tendency probably occurred after the Hominid/Pongid split. Thus, there are several million years of evolution available
                    during which the psychologies of fathers and the psychologies of daughters have had the opportunity to adapt to each
                    other. This exercise explores one such putative adaptation. 
                     
                     
                     
                    Parenting
                     
                    Intensive \"mothering\" is as old as mammals themselves. Intensive \"fathering\", as seen above, is more erratic and for
                    large terrestrial primates non-existent. The question can be asked: \"What psychological adjustments may have
                    occurred between the father and the daughter as the daughter grew to maturity under the aegis and the provisioning of
                    the father?\" One dynamic seems clear: the father-daughter relationship was not and is not sexual. Although
                    father-daughter incest does occur, and does seem to occur more than mother-son incest, father-daughter incest is
                    rare (de Young 1987, Kluft 1990, Shepher 1983 Kinsey, Pomeroy and Martin 1953, Finkelhor 1979, Finkelhor and
                    Dziuba-Leatherman 1994). The young daughter is much more at risk of sexual abuse if her social and biological father
                    is not proximate. Adjunct boyfriends of the mother and step-fathers are several orders of magnitude more likely to
                    abuse the immature girl than is the social and biological father (Gordon and Creighton 1988, Russell 1986, Tyler 1986;
                    see Immerman and Mackey [1997] for sequelae to sexual abuse of a pre-pubescent girl). Such a father acts as an
                    insurance policy against his daughter\'s sexual exploitation. It is argued below that an affiliative bond is constructed
                    between the father and his daughter and that one of the consequences of that affiliative bond is a more coherent
                    mating template of the young-daughter-grown-to-maturity. 
                     
                     
                     
                    Prolegomenon
                     
                    Three assumptions/premises are germane to this argument. First, it is accepted here that women have not adopted a
                    chimpanzee mating strategy of multiple sexual partners per breeding season (Goodall 1986,1988, Waal, 1982, 1984,
                    1990, Turke 1984). Whatever the mix between nature and nurture, the end result is that cultures effectively discourage
                    married women from having multiple partners (adultery) (Broude 1980, Schlegel 1972, Van den Berghe 1979,
                    Stephens 1963, Divale and Harris 1976, Fisher 1972, 1992, cf Kurland 1979 and Immerman and Mackey in press). To
                    the extent that the Sex in America survey is valid and generalizable, for any given year the large majority of married
                    women in the U.S. mate only with their husbands (Michaels, et al., 1994. See Kost and Forrest, 1992, for a similar
                    conclusion). While the incidence of cuckoldry cum issue, which is unknown to husbands, is not zero, it appears to be
                    close to error variance (1 % - 3% of births). (Ellis and Walsh 1997, Brock and Schrimpton 1991). Thus, when a girl is
                    born, she is normally born into and raised within a biocultural mosaic wherein her mother has a very restricted range
                    of mating partners. For any given year – rather than for a life-time or ever – the mean, median, and mode of the
                    mother\'s sexual partners is probably close to one. Accordingly, the daughter\'s maternal role model would reflect a
                    tendency to have restricted numbers of mating partners. 
                     
                    Second, it is argued that for most females the first and most intensive interaction with an adult male is with her father.
                    Because the father is, at base, a constant, she would have a consistent, perhaps a constant, image of a trusted and
                    loved adult male figure. A lack of a father would seem to create a more amorphous and nebulous imagery of \"adult
                    masculinity\". Accordingly, a constant image of a father, i.e. of a man, would more crystallize for the
                    daughter-grown-to-adulthood an \"adult male masculine image\". Conversely, a lack of a constant image of a man – i.e.
                    the absence of a father – would create a more diffuse image or template for evaluating the mating partners for the
                    daughter-grown-to-adulthood. Framed differently, the notion of \"imprinting\" seems appropriate. A generalized definition
                    of \"Imprinting\" would include the organization of a system which is time-specific, permanent, and relatively resistant to
                    extinction (see Freedman and Gorman 1993, Hess 1973, Lorenz 1935, Tinbergen 1951, 1965, cf Rossi and Rossi
                    1990 and Perusse et al. 1994; see Bornstein [1989] and Leland [1994] for overviews). In this instance, the young girl\'s
                    experiences with her father would be expected to have lasting effects upon her development and organization of an
                    effective psycho-sexual template: her reproductive tactics. 
                     
                    Third, several countries, e.g. the U.S., Sweden, Denmark, (i) have created a de facto social experiment in which a set
                    of expectations has been generated that treat social fathers as either optional or supernumerary and (ii) tend to collect
                    fairly clean demographic data. (In 1993, 47% of all live births in Denmark were to unmarried mothers. The analogous
                    figures in Sweden and the U.S. were 50% and 31% respectively (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1996). Divorces, of
                    course, would add to the number of fatherless minor children to 

 Pripojte se zdarma k internetu:
 *** http://VOLNY.CZ