🚀 go-pugleaf

> ISO Latin 1 8 bit alphabet?

Which languages are included? Are accented capitals included?

-- 

Jean-Francois Lamy
Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto,
Departement d'informatique et de recherche operationnelle, U. de Montreal.

CSNet:      lamy@toronto.csnet
UUCP:       {utzoo,ihnp4,decwrl,uw-beaver}!utcsri!utai!lamy
CDN:        lamy@iro.udem.cdn (lamy%iro.udem.cdn@ubc.csnet)

"ISO Latin 1 8-bit alphabet, what is it?" -- these notes are mostly
from memory, and I apologize in advance for any errors.

Latin-1 is intended to replace the current mess of National Replacement
Character Sets (the ones that use any or all of #@[\]^`{|} for letters
that aren't in the US national alphabet that we usually call ASCII).

The alphabet is currently a draft international standard, being developed
by ISO, ANSI, and CBEMA (European Business Equipment Manufacturers).
It is very similar to the "Dec-Multinational" alphabet available
with the VT200-series terminals, and Dec's personal computers.
It suits the needs of the majority of Western European Latin-letter
languages, and there are proposals for "Latin-2" and "Latin-3" to
suit needs of Polish, Lithuanian, etc.

Latin-1 adds accented variants to upper- and lower-case vowels,
as well as a number of other language-specific letters.  There
are also a number of additional symbols.

AEIOU and aeiou are provided in grave, acute, circumflex, and umlaut
variants.  The following letters are also provided:

  A-ring and a-ring (Swedish, Danish, Finnish, Norwegian)
  AE and ae ligatures (Danish)
  A-tilde and a-tilde
  C-cedilla and c-cedilla (French)
  N-tilde and n-tilde (Spanish)
  O-tilde and o-tilde
  O-slash and o-slash (Danish, Norwegian)
  OE and oe ligatures (Danish)
  ss (German sharp-s)
  Y-umlaut and y-umlaut (French, also used for the ij ligature in Dutch)

The above refers only to Dec-Multinatinal.  Latin-1 adds a few more
letters -- I believe these include Icelandic th and dh, and Turkish
undotted-i and dotted-I.

While upper- and lower-case variants of the letters are related in
the same way as "standard" ASCII, the rules to convert between
cases are language-dependent.  For example, lower-case accented letters
generally lose their accents in French, but not in Swedish.

In preparing for Latin-1, you should carefully go over your programs
to remove any instance of "high-bit used for a flag".  Also,
programs such as grep that let you search for "any alphabetic"
or -- worse -- "upper-case" are going to need rethinking.

Hoping the above hasn't been too incorrect,

Martin Minow
decvax!minow

Here's a part of ISO Draft standard:
8-bit single byte coded graphoc character sets -
Part 1 : Latin alphabet No. 1

I quote from the document:

2. FIELD OF APPLICATION
   This set of graphic characters, the Latin Alphabet No. 1, is
   intended for use in text and data processing applications and
   may also be used for information interchange.
   This set contains graphic characters used in at least the
   following countries:
	Argentina       Finland         Panama
	Australia       France          Paraguay
	Austria         Germany         Peru
	Belgium         Guatemala       Portugal
	Belize          Guyana          El Salvador
	Bolivia         Honduras        Spain
	Brazil          Iceland         Surinam
	Canada          Ireland         Sweden
	Chile           Italy           Switzerland
	Colombia        Liechtenstein   The Netherlands
	Costa Rica      Luxemburg       United Kingdom
	Cuba            Mexico          United States
	Denmark         New Zealand     Uruguay
	Ecuador         Nicaragua       Venezuela
	Faroe Islands   Norway

END Quote

The byte value is in the document represented by a notation xx/yy, where
xx is the upper nibble (four bits), and yy is the lower nibble (in decimal!).
The lower part of the table, i.e. positions 02/00 to 07/14 is exactly the
same as ASCII.
The upper part of the table contains the characters we can't live without
in large parts of the world.
Since I do not know how to send pictures in a standardised way (is macpaint
documents OK?), I here include a table from ISO No.1:


10/00   NO-BREAK SPACE
10/01   INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK
10/02   CENT SIGN
10/03   POUND SIGN
10/04   CURRENCY SIGN
10/05   YEN SIGN
10/06   BROKEN BAR
10/07   PARAGRAPH SIGN, SECTION SIGN
10/08   DIAERESIS
10/09   COPYRIGHT SIGN
10/10   FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR
10/11   LEFT ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
10/12   NOT SIGN
10/13   SOFT HYPHEN
10/14   REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN
10/15   MACRON
11/00   DEGREE SIGN
11/01   PLUS-MINUS SIGN
11/02   SUPERSCRIPT TWO
11/03   SUPERSCRIPT THREE
11/04   ACUTE ACCENT
11/05   SMALL GREEK LETTER MU, MICRO SIGN
11/06   PILCROW SIGN
11/07   MIDDLE DOT
11/08   CEDILLA
11/09   SUPERSCRIPT ONE
11/10   MASCULINE ORDINAL INDICATOR
11/11   RIGHT ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
11/12   VULGAR FRACTION ONE QUARTER
11/13   VULGAR FRACTION ONE HALF
11/14   VULGAR FRACTION THREE QUARTERS
11/15   INVERTED QUESTION MARK
12/00   CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE ACCENT
12/01   CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE ACCENT
12/02   CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
12/03   CAPITAL LETTER A WITH TILDE
12/04   CAPITAL LETTER A DIAERESIS
12/05   CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
12/06   CAPITAL DIPHTHONG A WITH E
12/07   CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
12/08   CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE ACCENT
12/09   CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE ACCENT
12/10   CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
12/11   CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
12/12   CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE ACCENT
12/13   CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE ACCENT
12/14   CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
12/15   CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
13/00   CAPITAL ICELANDIC LETTER ETH
13/01   CAPITAL LETTER N WITH TILDE
13/02   CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE ACCENT
13/03   CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE ACCENT
13/04   CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
13/05   CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
13/06   CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
13/07   (This position shall not be used)
13/08   CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OBLIQUE STROKE
13/09   CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE ACCENT
13/10   CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE ACCENT
13/11   CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
13/12   CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
13/13   CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE ACCENT
13/14   CAPITAL ICELANDIC LETTER THORN
13/15   SMALL GERMAN LETTER SHARP s
14/00   SMALL LETTER a WITH GRAVE ACCENT
14/01   SMALL LETTER a WITH ACUTE ACCENT
14/02   SMALL LETTER a WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
14/03   SMALL LETTER a WITH TILDE
14/04   SMALL LETTER a WITH DIAERESIS
14/05   SMALL LETTER a WITH RING ABOVE
14/06   SMALL DIPHTHONG a WITH e
14/07   SMALL LETTER c WITH CEDILLA
14/08   SMALL LETTER e WITH GRAVE ACCENT
14/09   SMALL LETTER e WITH ACUTE ACCENT
14/10   SMALL LETTER e WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
14/11   SMALL LETTER e WITH DIAERESIS
14/12   SMALL LETTER i WITH GRAVE ACCENT
14/13   SMALL LETTER i WITH ACUTE ACCENT
14/14   SMALL LETTER i WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
14/15   SMALL LETTER i WITH DIAERESIS
15/00   SMALL ICELANDIC LETTER ETH
15/01   SMALL LETTER n WITH TILDE
15/02   SMALL LETTER o WITH GRAVE ACCENT
15/03   SMALL LETTER o WITH ACUTE ACCENT
15/04   SMALL LETTER o WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
15/05   SMALL LETTER o WITH TILDE
15/06   SMALL LETTER o WITH DIAERESIS
15/07   (This position shall not be used)
15/08   SMALL LETTER o WITH OBLIQUE STROKE
15/09   SMALL LETTER u WITH GRAVE ACCENT
15/10   SMALL LETTER u WITH ACUTE ACCENT
15/11   SMALL LETTER u WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
15/12   SMALL LETTER u WITH DIAERESIS
15/13   SMALL LETTER y WITH ACUTE ACCENT
15/14   SMALL ICELANDIC LETTER THORN
15/15   SMALL LETTER y WITH DIAERESIS

End of table

So, go ahead and start implementing the standard on Unix. I
desperately need it!

	--      Dan Sahlin     ..!mcvax!enea!ttds!dan

In article <163@decvax.UUCP> minow@decvax.UUCP (Martin minow) writes,
apologising in advance for inexactitudes, as he is doing it from memory,
and I (little smartass!) step in for a couple of corrections and a swipe
at my antepenultimately loathed editor:


>  Y-umlaut and y-umlaut (French, also used for the ij ligature in Dutch)

Since when has French used umlaute?

>For example, lower-case accented letters
>generally lose their accents in French

*Upper*-case letters in French usually lose their accents.

>In preparing for Latin-1, you should carefully go over your programs
>to remove any instance of "high-bit used for a flag".

Ho Boy!  isn't vi going to need rewriting...

						Kay.
-- 
Virtue is its own punishment.
			... mcvax!ukc!warwick!kay

In article <402@snow.warwick.UUCP> kay@warwick.UUCP (Kay Dekker) writes:
> .. Isn't vi going to need rewriting
(to remove use of the eighth bit)
>						Kay.

Doesn't it just! But the work is under way as we speak. You should see
the Japanese vi that UNIX Pacific have done (though they call it jvi).
-- 
Mike Banahan, Technical Director, The Instruction Set Ltd.
mcvax!ukc!inset!mikeb

>Since when has French used umlaute?

For quite a long time.  For example, "Citro\:en", "Saint-Sa\:ens", "No\:el",
where "\:e" stands for umlaut-e.

Bob Goudreau

In article <402@snow.warwick.UUCP> kay@warwick.UUCP (Kay Dekker) writes:
>
>>In preparing for Latin-1, you should carefully go over your programs
>>to remove any instance of "high-bit used for a flag".
>
>Ho Boy!  isn't vi going to need rewriting...
>
And everything else.  But is Latin-1 really suitable as a replacement
for any particular national character set?  In particular, it doesn't
collate correctly for any single country's  alphabetization scheme,
except of course the English-speakers.  And just
think of the rewrites for "isalpha" and all that stuff... 

I think we have a mess on our hands.

-- 

   Mike Urban
	...!trwrb!trwspp!spp2!urban 

"You're in a maze of twisty UUCP connections, all alike"

(sigh)

Having started this mess, let me state that the two dots over
vowels (and perhaps y) fulfill different roles (and have different
names).   They define totally distinct vowels in the Scandinavian
and Finnish languages, a vowel modification in German, and a
syllable boundary in English and French.

The technical term for the two dots is "dieresis".

Since I can't spell dieresis (had to look it up) and assumed
the gentle reader would understand (or not care), I used a
more familiar term.  My apologies.

Dieresis is used in English and French to indicate
a syllable break.  Proper journals, such as the New York
Times and the New Yorker, add a dieresis to the second 'o'
of "cooperate" and most readers should be familiar with
"Noel" (Christmas) spelled with dieresis over the 'e'.

Hope this clears things up.

Martin Minow
decvax!minow

In article <133@dg_rtp.UUCP> goudreau@dg_rtp.UUCP (Bob Goudreau) writes:
>>Since when has French used umlaute?
>For quite a long time.  For example, "Citro\:en", "Saint-Sa\:ens", "No\:el",
>where "\:e" stands for umlaut-e.

The point is that 'umlaut' is the german for a mark placed on a vowel to
indicate a vowel+letter-e combination - as in Go:ring/Goering.

In French the symbol 'trema' (visually identical to umlaut) is used on the
letters i and e to indicate that the sound is broken in two (Noe:l) rather
than flowing ( Noel, pronounced as per knoll ).

"Vive l'Alsace libre!"

-Jem

In article <133@dg_rtp.UUCP> goudreau@dg_rtp.UUCP (Bob Goudreau) writes:
>>Since when has French used umlaute?
>
>For quite a long time.  For example, "Citro\:en", "Saint-Sa\:ens", "No\:el",
>where "\:e" stands for umlaut-e.

This started with somebody saying that French written language has use
for "umlaut-y"; whether this is true or not I don't know, as I don't
speak French. However, the term "umlaut" is a bit inappropriate. "Umlaut"
is a German word meaning "re-sounding", and is in German used with the
vowels a, o and u. Often umlaut is employed when the form of a word
changes. Plural of "Buch" is "B\:ucher". Due to strong German influence
during medieval time these accented vowels have been adopted by the
Swedish language, but they are considered letters of their own, and are
never referred to as "umlauts" here.

The double-dot accent in French has a completely different meaning, and
is called "trema", I think. It is used to separate two consecutive vowels
in their pronounciation, making them not sound like a diphtong.

Anyway, I suppose there is no visual difference between the "umlaut" and
"trema" accents, so in standard text-processing equipment they might
probably be considered the same, but what about in a voice synthesizer
application?
-- 
Anders Andersson, Dept. of Computer Systems, Uppsala University, Sweden
Phone: +46 18 183170
UUCP: andersa@kuling.UUCP (...!{seismo,mcvax}!enea!kuling!andersa)

I asked (following a posting about the ISO Latin 1 alphabet):

>>Since when has French used umlaute?

and Bob Goudreau replied, saying:

>For quite a long time.  For example, "Citro\:en", "Saint-Sa\:ens", "No\:el",
>where "\:e" stands for umlaut-e.

Err, those aren't umlaute, (well, at least not in my book), they're
diaereses: marks to indicate that adjacent vowels should be pronounced
separately.  I believe my question still stands.

							Kay.



-- 
Virtue is its own punishment.
			... mcvax!ukc!warwick!kay

In article <360@glasgow.glasgow.UUCP> taylor@glasgow.UUCP (Jem Taylor) writes:
>>>Since when has French used umlaute?
>>For quite a long time.  For example, "Citro\:en", "Saint-Sa\:ens", "No\:el",
>>where "\:e" stands for umlaut-e.
>
>The point is that 'umlaut' is the german for a mark placed on a vowel to
>indicate a vowel+letter-e combination - as in Go:ring/Goering.
>
>In French the symbol 'trema' (visually identical to umlaut) is used on the
>letters i and e to indicate that the sound is broken in two (Noe:l) rather
>than flowing ( Noel, pronounced as per knoll ).
>
>"Vive l'Alsace libre!"
>
>-Jem

Actually, my point is that *any* information system's implementation of a French
character set *should* include a way of generating this character.  Whether
you want to call it "e avec trema", "umlaut - e" or even "yo" (as in Russian)
makes no difference.  The important issue is its distinction from plain "e"
or even from similar (but not identical) looking accents like the Hungarian
dieresis.

Bob Goudreau

In article <163@dg_rtp.UUCP> goudreau@dg_rtp.UUCP (Bob Goudreau) writes:
> (...)   The important issue is its distinction from plain "e"
>or even from similar (but not identical) looking accents like the Hungarian
>dieresis.
>
>Bob Goudreau


Well, my Hungarian dictionary, having been written to enable Hungarians
to learn English rather than to enable me to understand Hungarian, doesn't
give the proper name for these symbols.  But there are two of them.
One which looks like an oomlaut (although it has a different name), and
one where the two dots are stretched into lines that slope up and to the
right.  The second form lengthens the vowel but otherwise keeps it sounding
like the oomlaut form.  

Michael

In article <1118@utcs.uucp> wagner@utcs.UUCP (Michael Wagner) writes:
>In article <163@dg_rtp.UUCP> goudreau@dg_rtp.UUCP (Bob Goudreau) writes:
>> (...)   The important issue is its distinction from plain "e"
>>or even from similar (but not identical) looking accents like the Hungarian
>>dieresis.
>
>Well, my Hungarian dictionary, having been written to enable Hungarians
>to learn English rather than to enable me to understand Hungarian, doesn't
>give the proper name for these symbols.  But there are two of them.
>One which looks like an oomlaut (although it has a different name), and
>one where the two dots are stretched into lines that slope up and to the
>right.  The second form lengthens the vowel but otherwise keeps it sounding
>like the oomlaut form.  
>
>Michael

That's what I meant.  The distinction between these accents is sometimes
lost by non-Hungarian readers.

Bob Goudreau