🚀 go-pugleaf

In article <1993Jan25.020913.12833@vela.acs.oakland.edu> atterlep@vela.acs.oakland.edu (Cardinal Ximenez) writes:
>  What were the exact achievements for the following countries in 1900?
>
>	Germany
>	Austria
>	France
>	Russia
>	Turkey
>	Italy
>
>  References will be helpful is the full answers are too long.  

The full answers are indeed quite long.  I can think of two references:
John Woodward's A Treatise on Heraldry (1892; reprinted 1969), who gives
the national arms of most European countries (as of 1892) in his chapter
23.  Also, one may look up an old encyclopedia, such as Meyer's Lexicon,
in a pre-war edition: Meyer's usually illustrates and blazons the arms
of a country under that country's name.

Here are a few, from Woodward:
-Germany: single-headed eagle sable, armed and langued gules, over its head 
the crown of Charlemagne. On its breast an escutcheon bearing Prussia:
Argent, a single-headed eagle displayed sable, crowned, with Kleestengeln or,
armed gules, holding scepter and orb, on its breast Hohenzollern (quarterly
argent and sable).
-Austria: double-headed eagle sable, armed, beaked or, holding sword 
and orb, over its head an imperial crown. On its breast an escutcheon tierced
in pale Habsburg, Austria (Gules a fess Argent) and Lorraine (Lothringen).
On its wings the arms of various possessions (Hungary, Bohemia, etc).
-Russia: double-headed eagle sable, armed, beaked gules, holding scepter 
and orb, over its head an imperial crown. On its breast an escutcheon bearing
Moscow: Gules, St.George slaying the dragon, proper. On its wings the 
arms of various possessions (Kazan, Siberia, Poland, Finland, etc).
-Italy: Gules, a cross argent (Savoy). The flag used to be the modern flag
	with that escutcheon in the middle.
-Turkey: Gules, a crescent decrescent, and an estoile within its horns argent.
(like the modern flag).
-France: no arms to speak of after 1870. One sometimes sees The letters RF
(Republique Francaise) or on a field azure; sometimes a fasces with a liberty
cap over it and olive and oak branches around it.



-- 

	Francois Velde