🚀 go-pugleaf

On Fri, 24 May 2002 00:31:08 GMT, diegocuoghi@spamcop.net (Diego
Cuoghi) wrote:

>{#} 3rd_Crusader <3rd_Crusader@camelot.castle.com> wrote:
>
>> Further the said Piri Reis could not establish longitude since such notion
>> were developped  300 year later ! 
>
>One of the first instruments for the calculation of Longitude in the sea
>was discovered by Galileo Galilei around 1636-1637. The instrument was
>called the "gioviolabio"
>http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/museo/4/iiv03.html

See also http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Things/longitude.html

>
>But the first "official" calculation of Longitude was in the 17th
>century, and the precision instrument used was the "cronograph",
>released by the english clockmaker John Harrison in 1714.
>
>http://rubens.anu.edu.au/student.projects97/naval/defin.htm


See http://www.info.gov.hk/mardep/javascpt/sight.htm

  "The first determination of longitude by lunar distance is 
   variously attributed to Regiomontanus in 1472, Amerigo Vespucci
   in 1497, and John Werner in 1514; however, for centuries it was
   very little used, because of lack of accurate ephemeral data on
   the Moon, poor instruments, and the complexity of the necessary
   computations.

   In 1675 the Royal Observatory was established at Greenwich,
   England, and accurate ephemeral data on the Moon were slowly
   accumulated there, as well as at various observations on the
   Continent. In 1767 the English Nautical Almanac appeared,
   combining much astronomical data in a single source.
   Incidentally, this publication eventually led to the
   universal adoption of the meridian of Greenwich as the prime
   meridian for establishing longitude.

   The advent of the Nautical Almanac facilitated the working of
   lunar distance observations, and the invention of the sextant
   in 1730 made it possible to obtain such observations with
   considerable, accuracy. On his first voyage to the Pacific,
   1768-1771, Captain James Cook did not carry a chronometer, and
   determined his longitude by lunar distances. In 1769-1770 he
   charted New Zealand with remarkable accuracy. Observations were
   all made afloat by Cook, himself, and Charles Green, an
   astronomer, using Hadley sextants."

>
>> Further still Piri Reis never flew over
>> the Antartic nor the Antartic and clealy this map reveal land completely
>> free of Ice ! So if he had been able to fly then, he would not have been
>> able to survey  the contours of the coast !
>
>That land was free of ice because Piri Reis map describes only the
>South-America coast till the Tierra del Fuego, not the Antartic:
>
>http://www.diegocuoghi.it/Piri_Reis/Piri_Reis.htm



Eric Stevens