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Article #2623S.N.A.G.G.
From: fskanes
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1992 15:47
Date: Tue, 10 Nov 1992 15:47
5623 lines
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276180 bytes
S.N.A.G.G.-ST. JOHN'S
SAY NO TO AMERICAM GARBAGE-ST. JOHN'S
P.O. BOX 1121 STN. C. ST. JOHN'S NEWFOUNDLAND
A1C 5M5
FACT SHEET
NORTH AMERICAN RESOURCE RECOVERY (NARR) is in the process of registering
a incinerator with our Provincial Government. Registration is expected
in the near future.
This incinerator will burn 3500 tonnes of garbage daily. The garbage for
this incinerator will be shipped by container from New York and possibly
the Eastern seaboard of the U.S.
The site for this incinerator is Long Harbour, Placentia Bay on the
Avalon Pennisula. This is 1 1/2 hrs drive from St. John's.
The site was formerly the Albright and Wilson (ERCO) phosphorus plant which
operated for 20 years. It has yet to be cleaned up although the plant has
been closed for several years! Years ago red herring were found near the
phosphorus plant area in Placentia and the pollution was attributed to
phosphorus. Recently, additional herring are being caught and these are
being analyzed.
NOTE---MR. BOB KENNEDY, PRESIDENT OF NARR, IS ON LEAVE FROM ALBRIGHT AND
WISON FOR A 2 YEAR PERIOD.
The Avalon pennisula is the most densely populated part of the province
with approximately 300,000 people, roughly half of the population of the
province.
The Avalon is very rich in natural resources and attracts many tourists.
Here are some examples-- St. Mary's Ecological Reserve, the 2nd largest
gannet(bird) colony in North America; Avalon Wilderness Area; Avalon
Caribou Herd; Salmonier Nature Park; Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve;
Witless Bay Ecological Reserve; Manuels River Historical Society; Castle
Hill Historical Park. There are many more as well.
Both provincial opposition parties (PC/NDP) have publicly and formally come
out against this project. Our government (Liberal) has yet to provide its'
position.
ACOA ( Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency ) has funded NARR $937,000
for a feasibility study which is being done by Dames and Moore Canada.
NOTE-- JOHN CROSBIE IS THE FEDERAL MINISTER RESPONSIBLE FOR ACOA. LONG
HARBOUR IS IN HIS DISTRICT, ST. JOHN'S WEST.
The company claims that 150 jobs will be created but haven't confirmed this
. We are told 40 at the most.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.N.A.G.G.
S.N.A.G.G. St. John's is a non-profit, volunteer group of concerned
citizens that was officially formed on May 20th 1992, to support S.N.A.G.G.
Placentia in its opposition to the proposed incinerator project for Long
Harbour.
The SAY NO TO AMERICAN GARBAGE GROUP stands unconditionally against the
importation and incineration of garbage as proposed by North American
Resource Recovery or any other agency.
S.N.A.G.G. is pleased to be an active member of the Coalition Against
Incineration and offers its full support to other organizations as follows-
---ACTION ENVIRONMENT NFLD & LAB; ASSOCIATIN FOR ADULT EDUCATION; NLFD-LAB
PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION; NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR WILDLIFE ASSOC;
EXTENSION COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CO-OP; NFLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION;
ASSOCIATION OF REGISTERED NURSES OF NEWFOUNDLAND; IMACULATE CONCEPTION
COUNCIL OF THE CATHOLIC WOMEN'S LEAGUE; TRINITY CONCEPTION COMMUNITY
FUTURES; HOSPITALITY NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR.
All of these associations have lodged formal opposition to the project.
We are against this project because of our concern for the preservation of
this island and its air, soil, and water and therefore the health and
dignity of its inhabitants.
We stand together in the firm belief that the negative impact of this
proposal will far outweigh any possible benefits that could be derived from
such a ludicrous initiative and we call on the government of this province
to reject this project immediately. We feel there is no excuse for ANY
POLITICIAN OR BUREAUCRAT to be undecided about this proposal for lack of
information and we demand that the members of our government inform the
public of their individual and collective position in relation to this
issue.
We think there is no justification for wasting taxpayer's dollars on an
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY and strongly oppose this tacit admission of the
project's continuation against the will of the majority of Newfoundlanders.
We are furthermore outraged by the $937.500.00 of federal tax dollars that
ACOA has granted to NARR to promote this project. This funding would be
much better directed to projects such as intensifying the Long Harbour
cleanup, initiating or assisting recycling and/or composting developments,
or providing support to a comprehensive waste management program. It is
our position that we should be looking towards long term developments for
this province. The tourism industry is a growing component in our economy,
and we feel that developments such as this will be detrimental to further
growth in this area.
At time when all peoples of this planet must be considered global citizens
and awareness concerning environmental issues is dramatically rising, the
provincial and federal governments should realize that the Long Harbour
incinerator project is not a step in the right direction.
Sine they do not it is S.N.A.G.G.'s declared mandate to bring this fact
home to them as forcefully as possible. We hope to do this with the full
majority support of the people of Newfoundland and Labrador, and we believe
that we have their support.
Those Newfoundlanders and Labradorians who are not concerned with the
importance of this issue must be made aware of the magnitude of this
porposal and the consequences to our collective health and well being that
will result from a facility such as the one proposed. As an island people
(for the most part) we must realize that these projects are targeted for
economically depressed and somewhat isolated areas where acceptance by the
people is easier to achieve, and where opposition, in terms of numbers, is
more easliy ignored. It is intolerable to consider that we are first on the
list of target dump sites because of our need for employment and the
facilities that we have to offer. These `facilities' are nothing more than
our land, sea and air.
The obvious question that must be posed by every thinking menber of Nfld &
Lab is "If this project is so environmentally safe and economically
beneficial, why would a company want to go through the extra expense and
trouble of transporting waste here?"
S.N.A.G.G. notes that part of the answer to that question is quite obvious-
- THAT THE MAGNITUDE OF THE RESIDUE FROM SUCH A FACILITY SUCH AS THIS --UP
TO 1200 TONNES PER DAY OF BOOTTOM ASH, FLY ASH, AND PARTICULAR MATTER, ALL
OF IT CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS WASTE-- is virtually impossible to dispose of
properly. Eventually, problems with the soil, air , water and wildlife will
develop which in turn will result in problems with us, the people. This is
the reason that the province of Ontario has banned future incineration
projects and part of the reason why we should as well.
Incineration is not a technology that resolves the waste crisis we should
welcome solutions that attack the problem at its root--refusing, reducing,
reusing, recycling and composting if the benefits of clean air and water
are to be preserved for the present and future generations of this island.
FINAL NOTE--IF ANYINE WOULD LIKE TO HELP PLEASE WRITE THE ADDRESS BELOW OR
CONTACT ME DIRECTLY BY E-MAIL. FSKANES@KEAN.UCS.MUN.CA.
ALSO, CAN ANYONE SUGGEST A NET CONNECTION OF ACTIVIST, ENVIRONMENTALISTS
THAT WOULD BE INTERESTED IN THIS ISSUE ON A LIKAGE BASIS?
Yours Truly
Tim Angel, Chair
S.N.A.G.G. St. John's
P.O.Box 1121 Stn. C.
St. John's, Newfoundland
A1C 5M5 Canada
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From: jgardner <JGARDNER@UKANVM.BITNET>
Subject: call for papers
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October 31, 1992
PHI ALPHA THETA
INTERNATIONAL HONOR SOCIETY IN HISTORY
ALPHA-OMICRON CHAPTER
CALL FOR PAPERS
Advance Announcement
The Alpha-Omicron chapter of Phi Alpha Theta at the
University of Kansas is pleased to announce a call for papers for
the annual Regional Meeting of the Kansas chapters of Phi Alpha
Theta, to be held on April 17th, 1993, at Washburn University of
Topeka, Topeka Kansas. The Regional Meeting of the Kansas
chapters of Phi Alpha Theta provides an excellent opportunity for
undergraduate and graduate students of history to meet and
discuss matters of interest. Papers in all fields of study are
welcome, and we encourage anyone wishing to participate to begin
planing at this time for the conversion of a seminar, honors, or
existing paper, into a presentable piece.
Paper proposals should be double spaced typed, no longer
than three hundred words, and should be sent to Dr. Kenneth Cott,
University of Washburn, Department of History, Topeka KS, 66621,
no later than March 15th, 1993. Additionally, we would be most
pleased if all those who participate in the Regional Meeting
would submitted an electronic copy of their paper, saved in
ASCII, to Prof. Lynn H. Nelson (e-mail LHNELSON at UKANVM), for
placement in the KU ftp cite, MALIN.
We would like to ask all faculty members to encourage their
undergraduate and graduate students to participate and/or attend
this Regional Meeting. If you have any questions, please feel
free to contact either Professor Strikwerda or Jeff Gardner at
the Department of History, 3001 Wescoe Hall (e-mail JGARDNER at
UKANVM).
Sincerely
Jeff Gardner
President, Alpha-Omicron Chapter of Phi Alpha Thetaº
Jeff Gardner
University of Kansas
Department of History
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From: Stuart Lee <STUART@VAX.OXFORD.AC.UK>
Subject: Humanities Postgraduates/ A forum for discussion
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Dear All,
I have noticed recently that there have been several questions
appearing on lists concerning Postgraduate issues. It occurred to me then that
now might be a fortuitous time to repost the message concerning HumGrad, the
discussion list for all PostGraduate students in Humanities subjects. The list
is managed by myself and Gavin Burnage (GBURNAGE@UK.AC.OX.VAX) from the British
National Corpus. Please feel free to cross-post and distribute this information
accordingly,
Stuart Lee
*************************************************************************
H U M G R A D
HUMGRAD is a UK-based electronic mailing list for postgraduates
working in the humanities. It's a forum for the exchange of ideas,
information and comment on any humanities subject and the work and
problems of postgraduates. Subscribing to it will put you in touch
with people across the UK and beyond who have interests and
difficulties similar to your own. A big advantage of a list for
postgraduates is that it provides the opportunity to ask questions
away from the minefield of the academic high ground. As well as being
a place for general humanities discussion, HUMGRAD might be able to
help you discover the potential of computers in humanities research,
even if your computing skills and interests are currently minimal.
To join the list, send this command in a mail message:
JOIN HUMGRAD Your Name
to one of the following addresses as appropriate:
MAILBASE@MAILBASE.AC.UK (everywhere outside the UK)
MAILBASE@UK.AC.MAILBASE (within the UK)
MAILBASE is more or less equivalent to the LISTSERVs to be found on
EARN and BITNET -- but don't expect the commands to be exactly the
same! When you subscribe, a Mailbase User's Guide is sent to you
automatically (unless you're a mailbase user already). To find out
more about the use of mailbase before subscribing, email the command
HELP or SEND MAILBASE USERHELP to one of the mailbase addresses above.
If you want to deal with a mailbase human rather than the mailbase
computer, send a message to MAILBASE-REQUEST@MAILBASE.AC.UK (outside
the UK) or MAILBASE-REQUEST@UK.AC.MAILBASE (within the UK). The
HUMGRAD list owners, Stuart Lee and Gavin Burnage, will be be able to
help with queries related specifically to the list.
Gavin Burnage Stuart Lee
British National Corpus CTI Centre for Textual Studies
Oxford University Computing Services
13 Banbury Road
OXFORD OX2 6NN
0865-273280 0865-273221
GBURNAGE@NATCORP.OX.AC.UK STUART@VAX.OX.AC.UK
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From: tittle@ics.uci.edu (Cindy Tittle Moore)
Subject: soc.feminism Information
X-Last-Updated: 1992/08/06
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Archive-name: feminism/info
Version: 1.4
Last-modified: 6 August 1992
This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info. Or, send email to
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/info", leaving the body of the message
empty.
Summary of changes: Some further elaboration in the guidelines for
submission. An explanation of the implications of multiple
moderation.
History of soc.feminism
This group was formed in late 1989. There was considerable
debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
be. There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
and be open to both women and men. In the end, four moderators
were selected to moderate the group.
As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
but soc.feminism won out. The decision was somewhat political, as
it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.
It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
invalidating different reader's points of views. On the other
hand, it has not been a battleground over whether or not women
should be considered equal with men, and it is not likely to
become one. Women and men both of diverse views have always been
welcome to post.
The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators. We
were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam and
rec.arts.sf.reviews have followed suit.
The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
[Moore], Miriam H. Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
net-connection trouble. Jean Marie Diaz has been inactive since
the summer of 1991. Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in
December of 1991, and we are keeping our eyes open for at least
one more (send email to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu if
interested).
Soc.feminism FAQ's
Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them). The others are
FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
feminism, esp. as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
women). Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
violence, are in the works.
To obtain these FAQs, ftp to pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) and
look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism. If you cannot use
ftp, send email to the mail server at
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with no subject line, and any
combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's
you're interested in) in the body of your message.
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3
Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.
Digest
There is a digest version of soc.feminism available. Write to
feminism-digest@ncar.ucar.edu for details or to subscribe. It is
mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
consists of what has been posted (no editing). This is NOT
automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.
Submissions and Requests addresses
To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
other, non-moderated groups. This should work for most people.
If you have trouble with this, email the article to
feminism@ncar.ucar.edu. This will treat it exactly as any other
article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
your newsreader should email the intercepted article to). If you
have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. This address will forward your
mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.
General Guidelines for submission
You should first note that these guidelines are just that. They
cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
will be rejected. Much can depend on context, for example. In
addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all. That said, there
are some specific constraints noted below, and as other problems
appear, we will add them here.
Articles must be relevant to feminism. They may not contain
ad-hominem attacks or flames.
Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
restricted here are abortion and rape. This is partly because the
topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
debates. Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
on the topic's relationship with feminism. Informative articles
(e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed. You should
note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
question of rape, the majority of abortion-related articles that
are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
articles submitted are. This should not be construed to reflect
the personal opinions of the moderators, or any individual posting
to soc.feminism.
Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
their posting. In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
to USENET/email. The existence, however, of some groups that are
almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
problems than simple demographics. Many women have complained
that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
practical action you can take is ... to post. The last time this
question was posted (this topic is now rejected), there were
responses from many of the regular female posters, and a good
number of lurkers who were motivated to say that they read the
group even though they didn't post. We cannot estimate the number
of lurkers on this group, but it is probably fairly high. Asking
men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given
USENET's public nature. There are a number of women-only forums,
pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ.
There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
protracted disagreements. Chief among these are 1) the question
of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
colleges). These topics have come up many times and most regular
readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
the references given on these topics in the References post before
jumping in or starting such a topic. This gives everybody a
common basis to discuss from. While these topics are not
forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
circularity starts to occur.
The notion of "reasonable discussion" has recently come up on this
group. The idea is that the discussions should themselves stay
reasonable, and overly argumentative dialogues, especially those
that simply dismiss the points raised by the previous article,
should be excluded as well. We are still experimenting with this.
There have also been arguments that "irrelevant" discussions are
still pertinent when it is a discussion of a topic from a feminist
point of view. Many times when we say that a topic is "drifting,"
the contention is that it is still relevant to soc.feminism
because it is a presentation of a feminist point of view on some
topic. We have been experimenting with relaxing this also, but it
helps to clearly delineate a feminist slant on some topic to get
it past the moderators.
The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive. We will not
post anything we deem homophobic. Many articles on or about
lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the
close association between feminism and lesbianism. Articles about
gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism
present. Here's a check list:
* Gay rights alone are structurally similar to women's rights,
black rights, minority rights. They may be acceptable (as
would black or minority rights articles) if there are
parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn
link.
* Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
patriarchy. Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
* Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable. Calm and reasoned
arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
is "right" or "wrong."
If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
individual's permission before posting it. There are no legal
rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
net.etiquette for this group.
If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
all information about where it comes from. Partial quotes,
newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
potentially infringe copyright law. We will not post articles
that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
magazine articles, or substantial portions of books. A review
that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
a source without as much quoting is better.
Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
generally allowed. However, a discussion of such a thread in
another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
and adding your thoughts to it. Remember that we do not crosspost
any soc.feminism articles.
Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay
attention to your attributions. We have done some ourselves when
it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part
of our job. Therefore, your article may be returned with a
request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old
signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like.
Multiple Moderation
This group is moderated by several moderators, each working
independently. Submissions are sent to feminism@ncar.ucar.edu,
where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded
to that moderator only. This means that there is some variation
in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual
variation between different people. We do try to minimize this
variation by consulting with each other on the occassional,
problematic, article. However, the whole purpose of multiple
moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore
we do not consult each other over every posting we get. Please
keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to
this.
Anonymous Posting
We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before. In
general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for
remaining anonymous. You will not be anonymous to the moderators,
but your article will be posted without identifying material if we
consent to posting it anonymously. For articles that you wish to
be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and
your reasons for the request. We will not post it if we think
that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be
informed via email of the decision. In any case, your identity
will be kept confidential.
Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when
there is no email address available to reach the person who posted
the article. Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common
practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real
name in the "handle" field.
Editorial Policy
If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is
generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article
back with comments. At this point, you can change it and send it
back directly to that moderator. If you feel that changes are
unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address.
Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if
you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request. If
you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received
email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request. Do
keep in mind, though, that articles may sit for a while;
moderators do not necessarily check their mail over the weekends,
and that site connectivity may mean that your site will not
receive your article from the moderator's site within the time you
expect. However, email is not perfect and has been known to send
mail into giant black holes, so bear with us.
Minor modifications may be made to articles that have lines that
are too long, have their attributions mixed up, or quote excessive
material. Moderators will occasionally inject their comments,
usually to the effect of advising people where followups are going
to, warning of topic drift, or some other explanatory note. Any
further modifications are always after consultation with the
original author as described in the previous paragraph.
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.
Thank you,
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"The last thing feminism is about is exclusion. Feminists can be
defined as those women and men who recognize that the earth doesn't
revolve around anybody's son---or around any one group."
-- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_
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From: tittle@ics.uci.edu (Cindy Tittle Moore)
Subject: soc.feminism References (part 3 of 3)
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This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
20. Religion.
21. Sex and/or Violence.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23. Test Biases.
24. Women of Color.
25. Women's Health.
(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.
[continuing from part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------
Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
approaches toward women
Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds. _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_. Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_. Oxford University Press. 1987.
Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.
Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_. New
York. Longman. 1983.
Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_. Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
between the family, the state and patriarchy.
Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA. 1987.
Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
western countries.
Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_. University of
Wisconsin Press. 1990.
Collection on women and the welfare state. Includes articles by
Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.
Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_. Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford. Distributed by Oxford University Press. 1987.
Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.
Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_. Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law. The
author is a lawyer.
Mueller, Carol M., ed. _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_. SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA. 1988.
Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_. Princeton University Press. 1984.
Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_. Stanford University
Press. 1988.
The meaning of the social "contract" for women.
Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_. Stanford University Press. 1989.
A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
The meaning of consent.
Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_. 1990.
Excellent study of abortion politics in America. Examines the
patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
rights discourse for women. Re-imagining "rights."
Tribe, Laurence H. _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_. W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990. ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
abortion. Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
would be upon defining a fetus as a "person." Excellent and very
readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.
Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_. Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA. 1988.
An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
state.
Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991. ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
affect gender roles and being female in this country.
Wilson, Elizabeth. _Women and the Welfare State_. Tavistock
Publications, London. 1977.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------
Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
"factual" in order to keep women subordinate. One caveat about
this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
family.
Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.
Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds. _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1990.
Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
School. Includes bibliographical references and index.
Smith, Joan. _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_. Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989. ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
From blurb: "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating. She observes
the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
prevalent. It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).
20. Religion.
--------------
Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_. Revised edition. Beacon
Press, Boston. 1986. ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft". It places
feminist wicca in one of its contexts. Otherwise the book is
mainly about neopaganism.
Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_. Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987. ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
Christianity. In particular, there are interesting parallels
between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
Christian history and latter-day feminists.
Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_. Beacon Press,
Boston. 1984. ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
Feminist biblical interpretation.
Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_. Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. 1981.
This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
Jewish law.
Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_. Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.
Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988. ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
Documents the strength of influence women had in early
Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
need not be anti-woman. Originally published in German under
_Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.
Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist: A Reader_. Schocken,
1984.
Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_. Beacon Press. 1989.
Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_. Schocken
Books, 1976.
Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
by religious and social forces. Although most of the emphasis is
mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
perspective. Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
one of the few female writers of the middle ages.
Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988. Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_. Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York. 1989.
The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
inextricably interwined with western culture views of women. The
latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
receptive to women became patriarchal.
Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_. Harper Collins, 1990. ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.
Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_. ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
(i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
as they are feminist. They ignore the distinctions between
Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
"church" to catch up with their reality. Ruther has written other
books with similar themes.
Schneider, Susan Weidman. _Jewish and Female_. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.
Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982. ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
gives a bit more sense of the dialog.
Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_. 10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco. 1989. ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
This has clearly been a very influential book. Z. Budapest is
another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.
Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers. 1976. ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
worship.
21. Sex and/or Violence.
-------------------------
Barry, Kathleen. _Female Sexual Slavery_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.
Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien. _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.
Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_. Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York. 1987.
Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
This is a disturbing, contradictory work. It is misrepresented
both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
consequences of rape in our society.
Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_. Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
Case studies on murder and sex crimes.
Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
Tables, 55 References.
Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.
Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
Original copyright 1970.
"Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
rape is not universal to the human species."
Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.
Haber, Joel D. "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
non-abused ones.
Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_. Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
They were not. In fact, in many cases their punishment was
harsher than that of men. But this book is much more than a
desription of battered women who kill in self-defense. It is a
social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons. Here
are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
American society and women's place in it."
Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK. 1988.
Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873. 1985.
Koss, M.P. "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education." Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
Controversial. This was a study that showed a good percentage of
the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
paid for dinner, etc. There were questions designed in such a way
that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
rape. They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
questions containing the word rape.
McFarlane, Judith. "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
pregnancy did.
Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.
Morgan, Robin. _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company. 1989. ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
Controversial. Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
is fascinated by the terrorist. We might even ambivalently admire
such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
phenomenon of terrorism."
Quigley, Paxton. _Armed and Female_. E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.
Randall, Teri. "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
"Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
combined."
Russell, Diana H. _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1984.
Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
violence. According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
rape.
Scully, Diana. _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_. Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.
Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier. "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
A study that found that medical records included the labels
"neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
in ten non-battered women.
Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_. Doubleday, New York, 1980. Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
independent of gender. They do not, however, include any
consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.
Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss. Harper and Row, New York. 1988.
Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
started it'.
Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988.
Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
show. Bibliographies.
_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
how often people are affected by crimes. The survey is given to a
population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
live in a residence. There are two parts to the survey. a
screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
detailed questionnaire given to victims. The detailed
questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
households with 101,000 people. Approximately 96% of the selected
population agreed to participate in the survey.
_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
total (i.e., men and women) population.
_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
based on police reports. The data given by the UCR includes
_only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
the officer filing the report.
_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
among women. It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s). The FBI's
definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
consent. 1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
(rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
occurs for boys.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------
Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_, 5/6 (1990) 305-325.
Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.
Chestler, Phyllis. [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]
Dale, R.R. _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_. Vols. I & II. 1969.
Wide range of research on secondary schools.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds. _The other half;
roads to women's equality_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds. _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_. Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_. Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York. c1988.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.
*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.
Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle. _Gender at Work_. Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.
*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_, 5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]
Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.
Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.
LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.
Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1984. 223-230.
MacKinnon, Catharine. _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_. Yale University Press, New Haven. 1979.
MacKinnon, Catharine. "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_. Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.
Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.
Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.
Pringle, Rosemary. _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.
Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990. 153-163.
Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.
Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_. University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
their work throughout history. It is the perfect companion volume
to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.
Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.
Selvin, Paul. "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.
Simeone, Angela. _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_. Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts. 1987.
Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_. Cambridge
University Press, UK. 1987, pages 173-194.
Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.
Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds. _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_. The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992. ISBN
0-89594-544-4. ($10.95)
Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse. Stories
are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry. Many
of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
Hill.
Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.
Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children: Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors, _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.
Weitzman, Lenore. _The Marriage Contract_.
"...child care decisions. Twentieth century case law has
established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES. For while most
statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
--unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]
"The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....
"Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
challenged. As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"
"More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
contested cases. [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
"Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
_Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]
23. Test Biases.
-----------------
Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
those on men. If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
woman will tend to get higher grades in college. Thus an
admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
reject some women who would have done better than men who were
accepted.
In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
_American Scientist_, Brush wrote:
[A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
the 0.05 level of confidence).
A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
15 games. Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
percent winning record?
A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 11 E) 15
With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
the equation first.
Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
have always received higher scores, on average, but their
advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
women's higher scores on the verbal part. Women lost this
compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
introduction of test questions about science, business and
"practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
human relations, the arts, and the humanities. There was no
compensating change in the mathematics section.
Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.
24. Women of Color.
--------------------
Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco. 1987.
Anzaldua, Gloria, ed. _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_. Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco. c1990.
Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston. 1990. Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
perspective. May also include under feminist epistemology.
Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_. Random House, New York, 1981.
DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York.
1990.
Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
narratives.
Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_. South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115. 1981. ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
with feminism. The title comes from an address on the subject
given by Sojourner Truth.
Hooks, Bell. _Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston. 1989.
Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_. Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981. Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
Anthology of writings by women of color.
Smith, Barbara, ed. _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_. First
edition. Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York. 1983.
25. Women's Health.
--------------------
Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
A very practical guide to women & our bodies.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York. 1984.
Updated.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.
ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group. _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
New book on women and aids and politics.
Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
mistreats women.
Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble. _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_. Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics. Includes
bibliographical references.
(Auto)Biographies.
------------------
Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
did.
Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).
Komisar, Lucy. _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_. G.
Braziller, New York. 1987.
Marlow, Joan. _The Great Women_. A&W Publishers, New York. 1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.
Moers, Ellen, ed. _Literary Women_. Reprint. The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
Copywrite 1977. Describes women authors.
Morgan, Robin. _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York. 1977.
Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.
Miscellaneous.
--------------
"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No. 2, p 141.
Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles. He and
UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
men in most track events by early next century.
Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_. Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.
Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_. Capricorn Books. 1964. Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970. Norton, New York, 1976. Women's Press, London 1979.
Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).
Dyer, K.F.: _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_. Junction Books (UK),
1982. ISBN 086245-075-X.
This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
must read.
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.
|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_. 1985.
| Defines many things from a feminist's point of view. Includes
| a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.
Lenskij, Helen: _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_. Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986. ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
A must read.
Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_. Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987. ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.
|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_. 1972.
Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980. ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.
Steinem, Gloria. _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
such things as:
* Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
* The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
* "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
"If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
* What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.
Tuana, Nancy, ed. _Rereading the Canon_. Series. Penn State Press.
This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
original and some previously published, offering feminist
reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.
|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_. 1986.
Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1. AMS Press Inc., NY 1986. ISBN 0-404-63401-X.
Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938. Extensively reprinted.
Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.
Woolf, Virginia. _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York. 1981, c1957.
Winterson, Jeanette. _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London). 1987.
Acknowledgments.
----------------
My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, lip@s1.gov
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S. Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L. Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J. Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J. Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J. Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.
Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
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From: kurt@dna.lth.se (Kurt Swanson)
Subject: rec.crafts.brewing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Message-ID: <1992Nov1.123653.17374@lth.se>
Followup-To: poster
Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
posted to rec.crafts.brewing, involving home beer making.
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[V2M1: send comments/corrections to Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se]
Frequently Asked Questions in Rec.Crafts.Brewing:
1. How is beer made?
2. How do I start? What equipment do I need?
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
4. Where can I access the archives?
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
6. What is a good text on brewing?
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
15. What is CAMRA?
16. What is a hydrometer? How is it used? What is "specific gravity"?
17. What is a wort chiller? How/why is it used?
18. What is hot break? What is cold break?
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids? What is HBU? What is IBU?
21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop?
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond?
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?
[Special thanks to Steve Russell and Tony Babinec]
[Extra-special thanks to Brian Smithey]
-------------------
1. How is beer made?
Beer is made from extracting sugar from the starch in malted grain. This is
boiled with sufficient water & hops to make a "wort." When this has cooled,
brewer's yeast is added to ferment the wort to create this finished product,
which is suitable for bottling or kegging, and maturation. Some people mash
their own grain, while others buy canned malt extract. Either method is
suitable for creating an award-winning brew, though mashing does allow
greater control over the finished product, and "mash'ers" claim better beer
is made. For more complete information get the compressed file beginners.Z
from the Stanford server (see #4).
2. How do I start? What equipment do I need?
There are specialty shops all over the country that sell ingredients
and equipment for making beer and wine at home. Check your yellow
pages under "Beer" or "Wine" for homebrewing or home winemaking
shops. If you can't find a shop locally, many shops do mail order
(more on mail order later). Basic equipment includes a kettle for
boiling the wort, a fermentation vessel of some kind -- glass
carboys (5 gallon bottled water bottles) and food-grade plastic
buckets are popular -- siphon hose for bottling, bottles, and a bottle
capper and caps. Most shops sell "starter kits", which include
essential equipment (and sometimes some not-so-essential equipment),
ingredients for your first batch, and a book. Prices vary, $60-70
U.S. is common.
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
The Digest is an alternate forum for discussing homebrewing. It is not
associated in any manner with this newsgroup, or Usenet in general, except
that a high percentage of people contribute to both forums. The digest is a
list-group which is sent out daily, containing all postings from the
previous 24-hours. The HBD generally handles a more advanced discussion of
brewing issues. Flames are not permitted. Currently the HBD is being
posted to this newsgroup as a courtesy. Beware that some newsreaders will
split the digest into its component articles, and that follow-up posts will
not be seen by the original poster, nor other HBD subscribers. Direct
replies should work - but make sure the address is correct. To subscribe to
the digest, send a message containing "subscribe" to
homebrew-request@hpfcmi.fc.hp.com.
4. Where can I access the archives?
Currently no one that I know of archives rec.crafts.brewing, but the
archives to the HBD are available. They can be obtained via anonymous ftp
from sierra.stanford.edu in the pub/homebrew directory. Get the file called
index for a complete description of what is available. Many other "goodies"
reside in this directory. Please limit access to non-business hours.
If you do not have ftp access, you can send a mail message containing the
word "help" in it, to listserv@sierra.stanford.edu, and you will receive
instructions.
Another server does exist for those who do not have ftp access, send a mail
message containing only the word "HELP" to archive-server@wang.com for more
information.
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
This is available on the archives, in the recipe-book subdirectory. See #4
for information on accessing the archives.
6. What is a good text on brewing?
It is generally agreed that "The Complete Joy of Home Brewing," by Charlie
Papazian is an excellent beginners text. Other find David Miller's "The
Complete Handbook of Homebrewing" just as good for the beginner, as well as
containing more information suited for intermediate/advanced brewers. I use
both. Other texts include "The Big Book of Brewing," by Dave Line, which is
a British text (with British & metric measurements), and "Brewing Lager
Beer" by Greg Noonan. Mr. Line has also written a recipe book which does
contain basic instructions, called "Brewing Beer Like Those You Buy." Also
you might try "Brewing Quality Beers," by Byron Burch, which has been
described as "short enough to read for the extremely impatient, yet has lots
of good information." Lastly, CAMRA (see below), publishes "Home
Brewing: The CAMRA Guide," by Graham Wheeler, 1990. Write to CAMRA
directly, at the address given below.
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
The wang archive server contains the file "suppliers" which is a good place
to start, or try the classifieds in any copy of Zymurgy. Also, try the
yellow pages under "Beer making supplies" and "Wine Making."
Lastly, the original copy of "the Cat's Meow" (see #5), contains a list
of mail order shops.
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
These are three special topic mailing lists, unassociated with Usenet.
Subscribers send mail to the list and then copies are immediately mailed out
to every other subscriber. The lambic-list covers information on brewing a
special type of Belgian brew called lambic (ask for it at your liquor
store). The beerjudge-list covers topics related to judging beer in
competitions, as well as administration of the judge test. The
cider-list involves the brewing of cider. To subscribe, send mail
to lambic-request@cs.ulowell.edu, judge-request@synchro.com,
and cider-request@expo.lcs.mit.edu . Include your name, email
address, and in the case of the judge-list, your judging rank
("apprentice" for non-judges).
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
Zymurgy is a quarterly publication, plus one special topics issue, put out
by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA). Zymurgy contains many
article on brewing as well as information & ads regarding clubs and
supplies. Contact the AHA by phone or US mail to:
American Homebrewers Association, Inc.
P.O. Box 1679
Boulder, CO 80306-1679
(303) 447-0816
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
The Wang archive server contains a file listing brewpubs. The file is call
brewpub-list. See question #4 on how to access the server.
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
Worry? No. There are several possibilities. First, depending on your
recipe, an acceptable terminal gravity may be high. For example, a Barley
Wine with an initial gravity of 1.120, might completely ferment out at
1.040. On the other hand, a lite lager, with an initial gravity of 1.025
might ferment all the way down to 1.002. Thus you should check with your
recipe, or a similar recipe of that style, to determine what might be
proper. If you still believe it is high, and this is a frequent occurrence,
you may have a "stuck fermentation." This occurs for a variety of reasons.
The wort might not have been sufficiently aerated to start with, you might
slosh it around in the fermenter. Or, fermentation temperature might have
dropped to the point where the yeast may go dormant. Also, the yeast might
not have enough nutrients in the wort to work with. This often occurs in
extract brewing. In these latter two cases, you might try adding a yeast
nutrient, according to the instruction that come with it. Lastly, give it
time, as fermentation may slow, then suddenly accelerate at a later date.
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
Some yeasts take longer to start than others. Make sure your fermentation
temperature is in the right range (lower temps slow yeast activity). Also,
high temperatures are bad for yeast. Besides problems of mutation, yeast
may be killed if pitched before the wort has sufficiently cooled. You might
try aerating the wort by sloshing it around in the fermenter. Lastly, the
pitching rate affects startup time. If you pitch too little yeast, not only
will the lag time be greater, but you also risk infection. Many people
either use 2 packets of dry yeast (Whitbread excepted), or make a starter
culture from one packet, or from liquid yeast.
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
Steve Russell has compiled an on-line list of homebrew clubs. You can
contact him by sending mail to: srussell@msc.cornell.edu or
srussell@crnlmsc2.bitnet.
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
The following was graciously submitted by Paul Chisholm regarding a recent
discussion on bottle fillers in this newsgroup... Thanks, Paul...
Some people Worry (for shame!-) that a bottle filler causes more
oxidation (because of spraying through the smaller opening, rather than
through the whole opening at the end of the siphon tube, I guess). The
solution is to tilt the bottle at the beginning, and stick the end of
the bottling wand into the bottom "corner" of the bottle. The wand's
end is soon covered with beer, and no amount of spraying will cause any
extra air to be mixed in with the beer. Also, if the end of the wand
(or siphon tube, or whatever) isn't much lower than the end of the
siphon tube in the priming carboy (or whatever), the beer will be
siphoned slowly, at low pressure, reducing spraying. (This works for
any bottle filling procedure.)
Another problem is the bottle filler has beer in it. When you lift the
filler from the bottle, that beer doesn't go into the bottle, and the
headspace is greatly increased. Even if you fill the bottle almost
full, the resulting headspace is larger than some people consider
optimal. You can fill the bottle, move the filler to the top of the
bottle, and press the tip of the filler to drizzle enough beer down the
side of the bottle to reduce the head space.
There are two kinds of fillers. One kind has a spring. The other has
a stopper that's held down by the weight of the beer. The latter is
slower. Does that mean oxidation is less of a problem? I expect it's
easier to finish filling (using the side-of-the-bottle trick) with a
springless filler.
(There's also something called Phil's Philler, which has a hole at the
top as well as at the bottom. You can remove the filler without
removing the beer in it, thus eliminating the headspace problem.)
My take on all this is that there are ways to use a bottle filler to
reduce problems (and reduce Worry). I didn't find enough evidence of
problems to bottle my beer without a bottle filler.
15. What is CAMRA?
CAMRA stands for "the CAMpaign for Real Ale," a British consumers'
group that is concerned with changes, primarily in the quality of
British beers. For membership details write:
Campaign for Real Ale, Ltd
34 Alma Road
St. Albans
Herts AL1 3BR
United Kingdom
16. What is a hydrometer? How is it used? What is "specific gravity"?
A hydrometer measures the weight of a liquid relative to the same
volume of water (i.e., relative densities). In brewing, much of
this excess weight is expected to be from fermentable and unfermentable
malt sugars. Most hydrometers measure Specific Gravity (SG), which
tells how many times heavier than water the liquid of interest is;
for example, a 1.050 SG wort is 1.05 times heavier than an equal volume
of water at 60 F. SG measurements are temperature dependent, and SG
should be measured at 60 F., as water is SG 1.0 at 60 F.
Hydrometers often come with a temperature conversion chart, but
hydrometers often are not accurately calibrated, so that water at
60F will not read 1.0. An easy way to take SG readings with a
hydrometer is to measure at room temperature, and then measure water
at room temperature and take the difference.
Some abbreviations commonly used in homebrewing relating to specific
gravity: OG, Original (wort specific) Gravity; FG or TG, Final or
Terminal Gravity (when the beer is finished fermenting).
17. What is a wort chiller? How/why is it used?
A wort chiller is a device used to quickly cool boiling wort to
yeast pitching temperatures. Two common constructions are the
immersion chiller and the counterflow chiller. The immersion
chiller consists of a coil of copper tubing that is immersed in
the wort, and cold water is run through the tubing. Counterflow
designs usually consist of copper tubing inside of a larger diameter
plastic tubing; cold water runs through the plastic tubing in one
direction, cooling wort runs through the copper tubing in the other
direction.
Using a chiller to quickly cool wort has several advantages over
slow air cooling. You get your yeast pitched quickly, reducing
the risk of infection; the time the wort spends at DMS* producing
temperatures is reduced; and a quick chill promotes good cold break.
* DMS is Dimethyl Sulfide, a malt by-product with an aroma
described as similar to cooked corn.
18. What is hot break? What is cold break?
Hot and cold break are terms used by homebrewers to describe the
flocculation of proteins and other materials during the boil (the
hot break) and cooling (the cold break). This material tends to
settle to the bottom of your kettle or fermenter, where it becomes
part of the "trub". Sometimes the terms "hot break" and "cold break"
will be used to refer to the activity ("I had a great cold break
when I pumped ice water through my wort chiller"), while at other
times the brewer may be referring to the actual matter ("The cold
break settled to the bottom of my carboy"); if you're worried that
you may not be understood, you can always specify whether you're
talking about the occurrence or the stuff. Usually it is understood
from context.
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
All fermentables (malt extract syrup, dry malt extract, grain malt,
sugar, honey, etc.) cause an increase in the specific gravity of the
solution when added to water. A common way to measure how much the
specific gravity increases is the number of SG points of increase
when a pound of the ingredient is added to one gallon of water.
Most fermentables used for beer are in the range of 25-45 points
per pound per gallon. Values for many of these ingredients may be
found in the references mentioned in the Bibliography section. When
substituting one fermentable for another, use the ratio of the
specific gravity contributions of each ingredient to scale the one
you will use to the amount that will provide the desired SG contribution.
Example: You have an all-grain recipe that calls for 8# of Malted
Barley, and you want to replace it with extract syrup. One of my
references lists the SG contributions of these ingredients as
approximately 30 points for the grain and 36 points for the syrup
per pound of ingredient per gallon of water. You multiply the
8# of grain in the recipe by 30/36 to get 6 2/3 pounds of malt
extract syrup.
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids? What is HBU? What is IBU?
Alpha acids are bittering compounds found in hops that are extracted
when hops are boiled with wort. The alpha acid "rating" on hops
describes how much of the weight of the hop is made up of alpha acids.
Hops with a higher alpha acid content will contribute more bitterness
than a low alpha hop when using the same amount of hop.
HBU stands for "Homebrew Bitterness Unit", which is a recipe unit
for hops. It takes into account the alpha acid content of the hop,
so that a recipe will call for a certain amount of HBU's rather than
an amount specified in ounces. HBU is computed by multiplying the
weight of hops in oz. by the alpha acid percentage of the hops; sum
for all hop additions. For example, 1 oz of 7% alpha hops will have
a HBU of 7. Note that volume is ignored in the HBU, therefore it
is important to include the volume of the recipe, or express the
hop additions in HBU per gallon (or HBU per 5 gallons) rather than
just strictly HBU.
IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of
the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer,
rather than a recipe unit. However, the "Hops and Beer" special
issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating
IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume,
wort gravity, and time in the boil.
Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential"
for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU
represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not
the hops.
21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop?
Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some
time after the boil. The technique is used to increase hop aroma
in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost
when hops are boiled. Common practice is to add the hops to a
secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the
beer will be served. Dry hops added to a fermenter should be
left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two. The
consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the
time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient
to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the
hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops
is not deemed necessary. Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets
may be used for dry hopping.
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond?
For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color
of malted barley and beer. Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure,
and contribute more color to brewed beer. Darker crystal malts (such
as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color
than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt. Dave Miller's
book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting
the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes
into making the beer.
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
"Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing
yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories. There are more than a dozen
varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast. Many brewers
that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by
bacteria. For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts
available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy.
Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts,
especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture
yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results.
The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast",
and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood
in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab.
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching
the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with
an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build
up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort. This
"starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with
water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water. Some
brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their
antiseptic qualities. When the starter is at high krauesen (the
term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your
starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch.
Typical time for a starter is 24 hours. This technique is recommended
for both dry and liquid yeasts.
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?
You multiply (or divide) by 1. PPM (parts per million) is
*defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter).
--
Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science,
Lunds universitet. Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se
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From: genie@soda.berkeley.edu (Jeannie Yang)
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology
Subject: anthro jokes
Date: 3 Nov 1992 22:39:59 GMT
Organization: U.C. Berkeley, CS Undergraduate Association
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Here are the anthropologist jokes I received in my mailbox. I only
have these 'cause only two people replied (thanks guys!) Well, enjoy!
| "An archaeologist will date
Jeannie Yang <:0) | any old thing."
genie@soda.berkeley.edu | ---a bumper sticker
Department of Anthropology, UCB | spotted by Dr. Meg Conkey
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
>From vu0350@bingsuns.cc.binghamton.edu Sat Oct 17 20:39:25 1992
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Date: Sat, 17 Oct 92 23:37:04 EDT
From: vu0350@bingsuns.cc.binghamton.edu (allen lutins)
Message-Id: <9210180337.AA07482@bingsuns.cc.binghamton.edu >
To: genie@soda.berkeley.edu
Subject: Re: Looking for jokes....
Newsgroups: sci.anthropology
In-Reply-To: <1bnnq5INN43e@agate.berkeley.edu>
Organization: State University of New York at Binghamton
Cc:
Status: RO
...well, i'm happy to supply these, but i do so with an urgent request:
*please* post these to sci.anthropology when you collect them together;
and if it's not too much trouble, i'd also appreciate getting a copy
via e-mail...thanks so much.
P.S. ...please don't blame me for how awful these are; i did *not* write
them... :)
----------------------------------------------------------------
An anthropology graduate student went to Borneo for his thesis work. He flew
there, found a guide with a canoe to take him up the river to the
remote site he where he would do his study. About noon on the second
day of travel up the river they began to hear drums. Being a city boy
by nature, the anthropologist was disturbed by this. He asked the
guide, "What are those drums" The guide turned to him and said "Drums
OK, but VERY BAD when they stop."
Well, the anthropologist settled down a little at this, and things went
reasonably well for about two weeks. Then, just as they were packing
up the camp to leave, the drums suddenly stopped! This hit the
anthropologist like a ton of bricks (to coin a phrase), and he yelled
at the guide
"The Drums have stopped, What happens now?"
The guide crouched down, covered his head with his hands and said
"Bass Solo"
----------------------------------------------------------------
Another anthropologist arrives in Borneo to gather data for his thesis.
Accompanied by his trusty guide, he too seeks out a very remote locale
for his research.
Around dusk of the first day, he's sitting by the campfire with his
guide when in the distance, he hears tribal drums. They get louder.
The guide announces, "I don't like the sound of those drums."
The dusk turns evening. The drums get louder. The guide says, "I really
don't like the sound of those drums."
Evening turns to dead of night. The drums get louder and louder, until
it is obvious that the drummers must be quite close. The guide says
again, "I *really* don't like the sound of those drums."
Suddenly the drums stop, and a voice from the darkness cries out,
"Hey man, he's not our regular drummer!"
----------------------------------------------------------------
An archaeology undergraduate signs up for his field school training in a
emote part of Borneo. He's heard stories of the seamier side of field work
and hopes to enjoy himself sexually while there, but is troubled to discover
on his arrival that of 16 members, all are male.
On his second day, he asks a few of the men in his presence what they do for
fun...one of the grad students says, "Well, every Friday night someone takes
one of the land rovers into Tenzif village 50 miles away and brings back a few
prostitutes." The undergrad thinks for a moment...he decides that the risk
of disease, especially with the lack of nearby medical facilities, is not
worth the fun...so he replies, "I don't think that would interest me..."
One of the crew chiefs notes, "Well on Saturday nights, the project director
lets us take all three land rovers out; we pile in and all head out for
Tenzif so we can choose whatever prostitutes we want..." The undergrad
quickly replies, "No, I really don't think that'd interest me?"
"Why?" asked the camp manager, "...are you gay?" "Why, no" replied the
undergrad, to which the camp manager responded, "...then you won't like
Sunday nights either..."
--
******************************************************************************
"There is nothing either good or bad, | allen h. lutins vy8934@bingvaxa
but thinking makes it so." | VU0350@bingsuns.cc.binghamton.edu
Shakespeare (Hamlet II:2) | "Individualists of the world, Unite!"
From amazin@acpub.duke.edu Tue Oct 20 20:40:31 1992
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Date: Tue, 20 Oct 92 23:40:43 -0400
From: amazin@acpub.duke.edu (Jennifer Grace)
Message-Id: <9210210340.AA04455@north8.acpub.duke.edu>
Subject: Joke
Cc: genie@soda.berkeley.edu
Status: RO
Here's a dumb one that's probably been around a few times:
Q: How many Eskimos does it take to screw in a light bulb.
A: One, but only if he's Inuit.
(Say it out loud, and you'll get it.)
Jennifer
Dept. of Cultural Anthropology
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From: tittle@ics.uci.edu (Cindy Tittle Moore)
Subject: soc.feminism Information
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Archive-name: feminism/info
Version: 1.4
Last-modified: 6 August 1992
This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info. Or, send email to
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/info", leaving the body of the message
empty.
Summary of changes: Some further elaboration in the guidelines for
submission. An explanation of the implications of multiple
moderation.
History of soc.feminism
This group was formed in late 1989. There was considerable
debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
be. There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
and be open to both women and men. In the end, four moderators
were selected to moderate the group.
As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
but soc.feminism won out. The decision was somewhat political, as
it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.
It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
invalidating different reader's points of views. On the other
hand, it has not been a battleground over whether or not women
should be considered equal with men, and it is not likely to
become one. Women and men both of diverse views have always been
welcome to post.
The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators. We
were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam and
rec.arts.sf.reviews have followed suit.
The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
[Moore], Miriam H. Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
net-connection trouble. Jean Marie Diaz has been inactive since
the summer of 1991. Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in
December of 1991, and we are keeping our eyes open for at least
one more (send email to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu if
interested).
Soc.feminism FAQ's
Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them). The others are
FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
feminism, esp. as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
women). Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
violence, are in the works.
To obtain these FAQs, ftp to pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) and
look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism. If you cannot use
ftp, send email to the mail server at
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with no subject line, and any
combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's
you're interested in) in the body of your message.
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3
Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.
Digest
There is a digest version of soc.feminism available. Write to
feminism-digest@ncar.ucar.edu for details or to subscribe. It is
mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
consists of what has been posted (no editing). This is NOT
automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.
Submissions and Requests addresses
To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
other, non-moderated groups. This should work for most people.
If you have trouble with this, email the article to
feminism@ncar.ucar.edu. This will treat it exactly as any other
article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
your newsreader should email the intercepted article to). If you
have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. This address will forward your
mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.
General Guidelines for submission
You should first note that these guidelines are just that. They
cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
will be rejected. Much can depend on context, for example. In
addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all. That said, there
are some specific constraints noted below, and as other problems
appear, we will add them here.
Articles must be relevant to feminism. They may not contain
ad-hominem attacks or flames.
Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
restricted here are abortion and rape. This is partly because the
topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
debates. Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
on the topic's relationship with feminism. Informative articles
(e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed. You should
note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
question of rape, the majority of abortion-related articles that
are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
articles submitted are. This should not be construed to reflect
the personal opinions of the moderators, or any individual posting
to soc.feminism.
Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
their posting. In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
to USENET/email. The existence, however, of some groups that are
almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
problems than simple demographics. Many women have complained
that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
practical action you can take is ... to post. The last time this
question was posted (this topic is now rejected), there were
responses from many of the regular female posters, and a good
number of lurkers who were motivated to say that they read the
group even though they didn't post. We cannot estimate the number
of lurkers on this group, but it is probably fairly high. Asking
men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given
USENET's public nature. There are a number of women-only forums,
pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ.
There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
protracted disagreements. Chief among these are 1) the question
of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
colleges). These topics have come up many times and most regular
readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
the references given on these topics in the References post before
jumping in or starting such a topic. This gives everybody a
common basis to discuss from. While these topics are not
forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
circularity starts to occur.
The notion of "reasonable discussion" has recently come up on this
group. The idea is that the discussions should themselves stay
reasonable, and overly argumentative dialogues, especially those
that simply dismiss the points raised by the previous article,
should be excluded as well. We are still experimenting with this.
There have also been arguments that "irrelevant" discussions are
still pertinent when it is a discussion of a topic from a feminist
point of view. Many times when we say that a topic is "drifting,"
the contention is that it is still relevant to soc.feminism
because it is a presentation of a feminist point of view on some
topic. We have been experimenting with relaxing this also, but it
helps to clearly delineate a feminist slant on some topic to get
it past the moderators.
The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive. We will not
post anything we deem homophobic. Many articles on or about
lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the
close association between feminism and lesbianism. Articles about
gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism
present. Here's a check list:
* Gay rights alone are structurally similar to women's rights,
black rights, minority rights. They may be acceptable (as
would black or minority rights articles) if there are
parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn
link.
* Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
patriarchy. Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
* Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable. Calm and reasoned
arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
is "right" or "wrong."
If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
individual's permission before posting it. There are no legal
rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
net.etiquette for this group.
If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
all information about where it comes from. Partial quotes,
newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
potentially infringe copyright law. We will not post articles
that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
magazine articles, or substantial portions of books. A review
that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
a source without as much quoting is better.
Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
generally allowed. However, a discussion of such a thread in
another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
and adding your thoughts to it. Remember that we do not crosspost
any soc.feminism articles.
Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay
attention to your attributions. We have done some ourselves when
it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part
of our job. Therefore, your article may be returned with a
request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old
signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like.
Multiple Moderation
This group is moderated by several moderators, each working
independently. Submissions are sent to feminism@ncar.ucar.edu,
where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded
to that moderator only. This means that there is some variation
in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual
variation between different people. We do try to minimize this
variation by consulting with each other on the occassional,
problematic, article. However, the whole purpose of multiple
moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore
we do not consult each other over every posting we get. Please
keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to
this.
Anonymous Posting
We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before. In
general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for
remaining anonymous. You will not be anonymous to the moderators,
but your article will be posted without identifying material if we
consent to posting it anonymously. For articles that you wish to
be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and
your reasons for the request. We will not post it if we think
that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be
informed via email of the decision. In any case, your identity
will be kept confidential.
Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when
there is no email address available to reach the person who posted
the article. Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common
practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real
name in the "handle" field.
Editorial Policy
If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is
generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article
back with comments. At this point, you can change it and send it
back directly to that moderator. If you feel that changes are
unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address.
Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if
you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request. If
you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received
email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request. Do
keep in mind, though, that articles may sit for a while;
moderators do not necessarily check their mail over the weekends,
and that site connectivity may mean that your site will not
receive your article from the moderator's site within the time you
expect. However, email is not perfect and has been known to send
mail into giant black holes, so bear with us.
Minor modifications may be made to articles that have lines that
are too long, have their attributions mixed up, or quote excessive
material. Moderators will occasionally inject their comments,
usually to the effect of advising people where followups are going
to, warning of topic drift, or some other explanatory note. Any
further modifications are always after consultation with the
original author as described in the previous paragraph.
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.
Thank you,
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"The last thing feminism is about is exclusion. Feminists can be
defined as those women and men who recognize that the earth doesn't
revolve around anybody's son---or around any one group."
-- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_
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From: tittle@ics.uci.edu (Cindy Tittle Moore)
Subject: soc.feminism References (part 3 of 3)
X-Last-Updated: 1992/08/06
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Organization: University of California at Irvine: ICS Dept.
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Date: Wed, 28 Oct 1992 06:03:27 GMT
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Archive-name: feminism/refs3
Version: 2.2
Last-modified: 6 August 1992
This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3. Or, send email to
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
20. Religion.
21. Sex and/or Violence.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23. Test Biases.
24. Women of Color.
25. Women's Health.
(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.
[continuing from part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------
Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
approaches toward women
Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds. _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_. Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_. Oxford University Press. 1987.
Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.
Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_. New
York. Longman. 1983.
Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_. Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
between the family, the state and patriarchy.
Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA. 1987.
Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
western countries.
Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_. University of
Wisconsin Press. 1990.
Collection on women and the welfare state. Includes articles by
Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.
Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_. Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford. Distributed by Oxford University Press. 1987.
Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.
Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_. Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law. The
author is a lawyer.
Mueller, Carol M., ed. _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_. SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA. 1988.
Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_. Princeton University Press. 1984.
Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_. Stanford University
Press. 1988.
The meaning of the social "contract" for women.
Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_. Stanford University Press. 1989.
A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
The meaning of consent.
Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_. 1990.
Excellent study of abortion politics in America. Examines the
patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
rights discourse for women. Re-imagining "rights."
Tribe, Laurence H. _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_. W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990. ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
abortion. Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
would be upon defining a fetus as a "person." Excellent and very
readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.
Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_. Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA. 1988.
An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
state.
Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991. ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
affect gender roles and being female in this country.
Wilson, Elizabeth. _Women and the Welfare State_. Tavistock
Publications, London. 1977.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------
Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
"factual" in order to keep women subordinate. One caveat about
this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
family.
Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.
Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds. _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1990.
Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
School. Includes bibliographical references and index.
Smith, Joan. _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_. Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989. ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
From blurb: "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating. She observes
the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
prevalent. It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).
20. Religion.
--------------
Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_. Revised edition. Beacon
Press, Boston. 1986. ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft". It places
feminist wicca in one of its contexts. Otherwise the book is
mainly about neopaganism.
Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_. Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987. ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
Christianity. In particular, there are interesting parallels
between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
Christian history and latter-day feminists.
Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_. Beacon Press,
Boston. 1984. ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
Feminist biblical interpretation.
Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_. Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. 1981.
This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
Jewish law.
Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_. Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.
Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988. ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
Documents the strength of influence women had in early
Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
need not be anti-woman. Originally published in German under
_Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.
Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist: A Reader_. Schocken,
1984.
Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_. Beacon Press. 1989.
Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_. Schocken
Books, 1976.
Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
by religious and social forces. Although most of the emphasis is
mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
perspective. Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
one of the few female writers of the middle ages.
Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988. Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_. Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York. 1989.
The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
inextricably interwined with western culture views of women. The
latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
receptive to women became patriarchal.
Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_. Harper Collins, 1990. ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.
Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_. ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
(i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
as they are feminist. They ignore the distinctions between
Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
"church" to catch up with their reality. Ruther has written other
books with similar themes.
Schneider, Susan Weidman. _Jewish and Female_. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.
Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982. ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
gives a bit more sense of the dialog.
Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_. 10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco. 1989. ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
This has clearly been a very influential book. Z. Budapest is
another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.
Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers. 1976. ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
worship.
21. Sex and/or Violence.
-------------------------
Barry, Kathleen. _Female Sexual Slavery_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.
Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien. _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.
Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_. Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York. 1987.
Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
This is a disturbing, contradictory work. It is misrepresented
both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
consequences of rape in our society.
Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_. Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
Case studies on murder and sex crimes.
Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
Tables, 55 References.
Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.
Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
Original copyright 1970.
"Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
rape is not universal to the human species."
Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.
Haber, Joel D. "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
non-abused ones.
Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_. Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
They were not. In fact, in many cases their punishment was
harsher than that of men. But this book is much more than a
desription of battered women who kill in self-defense. It is a
social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons. Here
are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
American society and women's place in it."
Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK. 1988.
Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873. 1985.
Koss, M.P. "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education." Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
Controversial. This was a study that showed a good percentage of
the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
paid for dinner, etc. There were questions designed in such a way
that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
rape. They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
questions containing the word rape.
McFarlane, Judith. "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
pregnancy did.
Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.
Morgan, Robin. _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company. 1989. ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
Controversial. Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
is fascinated by the terrorist. We might even ambivalently admire
such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
phenomenon of terrorism."
Quigley, Paxton. _Armed and Female_. E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.
Randall, Teri. "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
"Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
combined."
Russell, Diana H. _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1984.
Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
violence. According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
rape.
Scully, Diana. _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_. Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.
Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier. "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
A study that found that medical records included the labels
"neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
in ten non-battered women.
Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_. Doubleday, New York, 1980. Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
independent of gender. They do not, however, include any
consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.
Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss. Harper and Row, New York. 1988.
Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
started it'.
Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988.
Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
show. Bibliographies.
_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
how often people are affected by crimes. The survey is given to a
population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
live in a residence. There are two parts to the survey. a
screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
detailed questionnaire given to victims. The detailed
questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
households with 101,000 people. Approximately 96% of the selected
population agreed to participate in the survey.
_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
total (i.e., men and women) population.
_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
based on police reports. The data given by the UCR includes
_only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
the officer filing the report.
_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
among women. It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s). The FBI's
definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
consent. 1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
(rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
occurs for boys.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------
Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_, 5/6 (1990) 305-325.
Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.
Chestler, Phyllis. [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]
Dale, R.R. _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_. Vols. I & II. 1969.
Wide range of research on secondary schools.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds. _The other half;
roads to women's equality_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds. _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_. Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_. Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York. c1988.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.
*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.
Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle. _Gender at Work_. Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.
*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_, 5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]
Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.
Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.
LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.
Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1984. 223-230.
MacKinnon, Catharine. _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_. Yale University Press, New Haven. 1979.
MacKinnon, Catharine. "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_. Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.
Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.
Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.
Pringle, Rosemary. _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.
Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990. 153-163.
Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.
Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_. University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
their work throughout history. It is the perfect companion volume
to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.
Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.
Selvin, Paul. "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.
Simeone, Angela. _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_. Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts. 1987.
Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_. Cambridge
University Press, UK. 1987, pages 173-194.
Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.
Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds. _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_. The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992. ISBN
0-89594-544-4. ($10.95)
Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse. Stories
are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry. Many
of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
Hill.
Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.
Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children: Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors, _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.
Weitzman, Lenore. _The Marriage Contract_.
"...child care decisions. Twentieth century case law has
established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES. For while most
statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
--unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]
"The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....
"Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
challenged. As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"
"More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
contested cases. [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
"Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
_Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]
23. Test Biases.
-----------------
Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
those on men. If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
woman will tend to get higher grades in college. Thus an
admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
reject some women who would have done better than men who were
accepted.
In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
_American Scientist_, Brush wrote:
[A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
the 0.05 level of confidence).
A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
15 games. Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
percent winning record?
A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 11 E) 15
With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
the equation first.
Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
have always received higher scores, on average, but their
advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
women's higher scores on the verbal part. Women lost this
compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
introduction of test questions about science, business and
"practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
human relations, the arts, and the humanities. There was no
compensating change in the mathematics section.
Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.
24. Women of Color.
--------------------
Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco. 1987.
Anzaldua, Gloria, ed. _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_. Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco. c1990.
Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston. 1990. Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
perspective. May also include under feminist epistemology.
Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_. Random House, New York, 1981.
DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York.
1990.
Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
narratives.
Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_. South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115. 1981. ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
with feminism. The title comes from an address on the subject
given by Sojourner Truth.
Hooks, Bell. _Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston. 1989.
Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_. Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981. Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
Anthology of writings by women of color.
Smith, Barbara, ed. _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_. First
edition. Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York. 1983.
25. Women's Health.
--------------------
Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
A very practical guide to women & our bodies.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York. 1984.
Updated.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.
ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group. _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
New book on women and aids and politics.
Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
mistreats women.
Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble. _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_. Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics. Includes
bibliographical references.
(Auto)Biographies.
------------------
Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
did.
Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).
Komisar, Lucy. _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_. G.
Braziller, New York. 1987.
Marlow, Joan. _The Great Women_. A&W Publishers, New York. 1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.
Moers, Ellen, ed. _Literary Women_. Reprint. The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
Copywrite 1977. Describes women authors.
Morgan, Robin. _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York. 1977.
Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.
Miscellaneous.
--------------
"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No. 2, p 141.
Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles. He and
UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
men in most track events by early next century.
Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_. Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.
Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_. Capricorn Books. 1964. Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970. Norton, New York, 1976. Women's Press, London 1979.
Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).
Dyer, K.F.: _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_. Junction Books (UK),
1982. ISBN 086245-075-X.
This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
must read.
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.
|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_. 1985.
| Defines many things from a feminist's point of view. Includes
| a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.
Lenskij, Helen: _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_. Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986. ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
A must read.
Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_. Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987. ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.
|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_. 1972.
Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980. ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.
Steinem, Gloria. _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
such things as:
* Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
* The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
* "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
"If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
* What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.
Tuana, Nancy, ed. _Rereading the Canon_. Series. Penn State Press.
This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
original and some previously published, offering feminist
reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.
|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_. 1986.
Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1. AMS Press Inc., NY 1986. ISBN 0-404-63401-X.
Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938. Extensively reprinted.
Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.
Woolf, Virginia. _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York. 1981, c1957.
Winterson, Jeanette. _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London). 1987.
Acknowledgments.
----------------
My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, lip@s1.gov
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S. Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L. Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J. Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J. Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J. Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.
Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
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From: kurt@dna.lth.se (Kurt Swanson)
Subject: rec.crafts.brewing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Message-ID: <1992Nov1.123653.17374@lth.se>
Followup-To: poster
Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
posted to rec.crafts.brewing, involving home beer making.
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[V2M1: send comments/corrections to Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se]
Frequently Asked Questions in Rec.Crafts.Brewing:
1. How is beer made?
2. How do I start? What equipment do I need?
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
4. Where can I access the archives?
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
6. What is a good text on brewing?
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
15. What is CAMRA?
16. What is a hydrometer? How is it used? What is "specific gravity"?
17. What is a wort chiller? How/why is it used?
18. What is hot break? What is cold break?
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids? What is HBU? What is IBU?
21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop?
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond?
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?
[Special thanks to Steve Russell and Tony Babinec]
[Extra-special thanks to Brian Smithey]
-------------------
1. How is beer made?
Beer is made from extracting sugar from the starch in malted grain. This is
boiled with sufficient water & hops to make a "wort." When this has cooled,
brewer's yeast is added to ferment the wort to create this finished product,
which is suitable for bottling or kegging, and maturation. Some people mash
their own grain, while others buy canned malt extract. Either method is
suitable for creating an award-winning brew, though mashing does allow
greater control over the finished product, and "mash'ers" claim better beer
is made. For more complete information get the compressed file beginners.Z
from the Stanford server (see #4).
2. How do I start? What equipment do I need?
There are specialty shops all over the country that sell ingredients
and equipment for making beer and wine at home. Check your yellow
pages under "Beer" or "Wine" for homebrewing or home winemaking
shops. If you can't find a shop locally, many shops do mail order
(more on mail order later). Basic equipment includes a kettle for
boiling the wort, a fermentation vessel of some kind -- glass
carboys (5 gallon bottled water bottles) and food-grade plastic
buckets are popular -- siphon hose for bottling, bottles, and a bottle
capper and caps. Most shops sell "starter kits", which include
essential equipment (and sometimes some not-so-essential equipment),
ingredients for your first batch, and a book. Prices vary, $60-70
U.S. is common.
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
The Digest is an alternate forum for discussing homebrewing. It is not
associated in any manner with this newsgroup, or Usenet in general, except
that a high percentage of people contribute to both forums. The digest is a
list-group which is sent out daily, containing all postings from the
previous 24-hours. The HBD generally handles a more advanced discussion of
brewing issues. Flames are not permitted. Currently the HBD is being
posted to this newsgroup as a courtesy. Beware that some newsreaders will
split the digest into its component articles, and that follow-up posts will
not be seen by the original poster, nor other HBD subscribers. Direct
replies should work - but make sure the address is correct. To subscribe to
the digest, send a message containing "subscribe" to
homebrew-request@hpfcmi.fc.hp.com.
4. Where can I access the archives?
Currently no one that I know of archives rec.crafts.brewing, but the
archives to the HBD are available. They can be obtained via anonymous ftp
from sierra.stanford.edu in the pub/homebrew directory. Get the file called
index for a complete description of what is available. Many other "goodies"
reside in this directory. Please limit access to non-business hours.
If you do not have ftp access, you can send a mail message containing the
word "help" in it, to listserv@sierra.stanford.edu, and you will receive
instructions.
Another server does exist for those who do not have ftp access, send a mail
message containing only the word "HELP" to archive-server@wang.com for more
information.
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
This is available on the archives, in the recipe-book subdirectory. See #4
for information on accessing the archives.
6. What is a good text on brewing?
It is generally agreed that "The Complete Joy of Home Brewing," by Charlie
Papazian is an excellent beginners text. Other find David Miller's "The
Complete Handbook of Homebrewing" just as good for the beginner, as well as
containing more information suited for intermediate/advanced brewers. I use
both. Other texts include "The Big Book of Brewing," by Dave Line, which is
a British text (with British & metric measurements), and "Brewing Lager
Beer" by Greg Noonan. Mr. Line has also written a recipe book which does
contain basic instructions, called "Brewing Beer Like Those You Buy." Also
you might try "Brewing Quality Beers," by Byron Burch, which has been
described as "short enough to read for the extremely impatient, yet has lots
of good information." Lastly, CAMRA (see below), publishes "Home
Brewing: The CAMRA Guide," by Graham Wheeler, 1990. Write to CAMRA
directly, at the address given below.
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
The wang archive server contains the file "suppliers" which is a good place
to start, or try the classifieds in any copy of Zymurgy. Also, try the
yellow pages under "Beer making supplies" and "Wine Making."
Lastly, the original copy of "the Cat's Meow" (see #5), contains a list
of mail order shops.
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
These are three special topic mailing lists, unassociated with Usenet.
Subscribers send mail to the list and then copies are immediately mailed out
to every other subscriber. The lambic-list covers information on brewing a
special type of Belgian brew called lambic (ask for it at your liquor
store). The beerjudge-list covers topics related to judging beer in
competitions, as well as administration of the judge test. The
cider-list involves the brewing of cider. To subscribe, send mail
to lambic-request@cs.ulowell.edu, judge-request@synchro.com,
and cider-request@expo.lcs.mit.edu . Include your name, email
address, and in the case of the judge-list, your judging rank
("apprentice" for non-judges).
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
Zymurgy is a quarterly publication, plus one special topics issue, put out
by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA). Zymurgy contains many
article on brewing as well as information & ads regarding clubs and
supplies. Contact the AHA by phone or US mail to:
American Homebrewers Association, Inc.
P.O. Box 1679
Boulder, CO 80306-1679
(303) 447-0816
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
The Wang archive server contains a file listing brewpubs. The file is call
brewpub-list. See question #4 on how to access the server.
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
Worry? No. There are several possibilities. First, depending on your
recipe, an acceptable terminal gravity may be high. For example, a Barley
Wine with an initial gravity of 1.120, might completely ferment out at
1.040. On the other hand, a lite lager, with an initial gravity of 1.025
might ferment all the way down to 1.002. Thus you should check with your
recipe, or a similar recipe of that style, to determine what might be
proper. If you still believe it is high, and this is a frequent occurrence,
you may have a "stuck fermentation." This occurs for a variety of reasons.
The wort might not have been sufficiently aerated to start with, you might
slosh it around in the fermenter. Or, fermentation temperature might have
dropped to the point where the yeast may go dormant. Also, the yeast might
not have enough nutrients in the wort to work with. This often occurs in
extract brewing. In these latter two cases, you might try adding a yeast
nutrient, according to the instruction that come with it. Lastly, give it
time, as fermentation may slow, then suddenly accelerate at a later date.
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
Some yeasts take longer to start than others. Make sure your fermentation
temperature is in the right range (lower temps slow yeast activity). Also,
high temperatures are bad for yeast. Besides problems of mutation, yeast
may be killed if pitched before the wort has sufficiently cooled. You might
try aerating the wort by sloshing it around in the fermenter. Lastly, the
pitching rate affects startup time. If you pitch too little yeast, not only
will the lag time be greater, but you also risk infection. Many people
either use 2 packets of dry yeast (Whitbread excepted), or make a starter
culture from one packet, or from liquid yeast.
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
Steve Russell has compiled an on-line list of homebrew clubs. You can
contact him by sending mail to: srussell@msc.cornell.edu or
srussell@crnlmsc2.bitnet.
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
The following was graciously submitted by Paul Chisholm regarding a recent
discussion on bottle fillers in this newsgroup... Thanks, Paul...
Some people Worry (for shame!-) that a bottle filler causes more
oxidation (because of spraying through the smaller opening, rather than
through the whole opening at the end of the siphon tube, I guess). The
solution is to tilt the bottle at the beginning, and stick the end of
the bottling wand into the bottom "corner" of the bottle. The wand's
end is soon covered with beer, and no amount of spraying will cause any
extra air to be mixed in with the beer. Also, if the end of the wand
(or siphon tube, or whatever) isn't much lower than the end of the
siphon tube in the priming carboy (or whatever), the beer will be
siphoned slowly, at low pressure, reducing spraying. (This works for
any bottle filling procedure.)
Another problem is the bottle filler has beer in it. When you lift the
filler from the bottle, that beer doesn't go into the bottle, and the
headspace is greatly increased. Even if you fill the bottle almost
full, the resulting headspace is larger than some people consider
optimal. You can fill the bottle, move the filler to the top of the
bottle, and press the tip of the filler to drizzle enough beer down the
side of the bottle to reduce the head space.
There are two kinds of fillers. One kind has a spring. The other has
a stopper that's held down by the weight of the beer. The latter is
slower. Does that mean oxidation is less of a problem? I expect it's
easier to finish filling (using the side-of-the-bottle trick) with a
springless filler.
(There's also something called Phil's Philler, which has a hole at the
top as well as at the bottom. You can remove the filler without
removing the beer in it, thus eliminating the headspace problem.)
My take on all this is that there are ways to use a bottle filler to
reduce problems (and reduce Worry). I didn't find enough evidence of
problems to bottle my beer without a bottle filler.
15. What is CAMRA?
CAMRA stands for "the CAMpaign for Real Ale," a British consumers'
group that is concerned with changes, primarily in the quality of
British beers. For membership details write:
Campaign for Real Ale, Ltd
34 Alma Road
St. Albans
Herts AL1 3BR
United Kingdom
16. What is a hydrometer? How is it used? What is "specific gravity"?
A hydrometer measures the weight of a liquid relative to the same
volume of water (i.e., relative densities). In brewing, much of
this excess weight is expected to be from fermentable and unfermentable
malt sugars. Most hydrometers measure Specific Gravity (SG), which
tells how many times heavier than water the liquid of interest is;
for example, a 1.050 SG wort is 1.05 times heavier than an equal volume
of water at 60 F. SG measurements are temperature dependent, and SG
should be measured at 60 F., as water is SG 1.0 at 60 F.
Hydrometers often come with a temperature conversion chart, but
hydrometers often are not accurately calibrated, so that water at
60F will not read 1.0. An easy way to take SG readings with a
hydrometer is to measure at room temperature, and then measure water
at room temperature and take the difference.
Some abbreviations commonly used in homebrewing relating to specific
gravity: OG, Original (wort specific) Gravity; FG or TG, Final or
Terminal Gravity (when the beer is finished fermenting).
17. What is a wort chiller? How/why is it used?
A wort chiller is a device used to quickly cool boiling wort to
yeast pitching temperatures. Two common constructions are the
immersion chiller and the counterflow chiller. The immersion
chiller consists of a coil of copper tubing that is immersed in
the wort, and cold water is run through the tubing. Counterflow
designs usually consist of copper tubing inside of a larger diameter
plastic tubing; cold water runs through the plastic tubing in one
direction, cooling wort runs through the copper tubing in the other
direction.
Using a chiller to quickly cool wort has several advantages over
slow air cooling. You get your yeast pitched quickly, reducing
the risk of infection; the time the wort spends at DMS* producing
temperatures is reduced; and a quick chill promotes good cold break.
* DMS is Dimethyl Sulfide, a malt by-product with an aroma
described as similar to cooked corn.
18. What is hot break? What is cold break?
Hot and cold break are terms used by homebrewers to describe the
flocculation of proteins and other materials during the boil (the
hot break) and cooling (the cold break). This material tends to
settle to the bottom of your kettle or fermenter, where it becomes
part of the "trub". Sometimes the terms "hot break" and "cold break"
will be used to refer to the activity ("I had a great cold break
when I pumped ice water through my wort chiller"), while at other
times the brewer may be referring to the actual matter ("The cold
break settled to the bottom of my carboy"); if you're worried that
you may not be understood, you can always specify whether you're
talking about the occurrence or the stuff. Usually it is understood
from context.
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
All fermentables (malt extract syrup, dry malt extract, grain malt,
sugar, honey, etc.) cause an increase in the specific gravity of the
solution when added to water. A common way to measure how much the
specific gravity increases is the number of SG points of increase
when a pound of the ingredient is added to one gallon of water.
Most fermentables used for beer are in the range of 25-45 points
per pound per gallon. Values for many of these ingredients may be
found in the references mentioned in the Bibliography section. When
substituting one fermentable for another, use the ratio of the
specific gravity contributions of each ingredient to scale the one
you will use to the amount that will provide the desired SG contribution.
Example: You have an all-grain recipe that calls for 8# of Malted
Barley, and you want to replace it with extract syrup. One of my
references lists the SG contributions of these ingredients as
approximately 30 points for the grain and 36 points for the syrup
per pound of ingredient per gallon of water. You multiply the
8# of grain in the recipe by 30/36 to get 6 2/3 pounds of malt
extract syrup.
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids? What is HBU? What is IBU?
Alpha acids are bittering compounds found in hops that are extracted
when hops are boiled with wort. The alpha acid "rating" on hops
describes how much of the weight of the hop is made up of alpha acids.
Hops with a higher alpha acid content will contribute more bitterness
than a low alpha hop when using the same amount of hop.
HBU stands for "Homebrew Bitterness Unit", which is a recipe unit
for hops. It takes into account the alpha acid content of the hop,
so that a recipe will call for a certain amount of HBU's rather than
an amount specified in ounces. HBU is computed by multiplying the
weight of hops in oz. by the alpha acid percentage of the hops; sum
for all hop additions. For example, 1 oz of 7% alpha hops will have
a HBU of 7. Note that volume is ignored in the HBU, therefore it
is important to include the volume of the recipe, or express the
hop additions in HBU per gallon (or HBU per 5 gallons) rather than
just strictly HBU.
IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of
the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer,
rather than a recipe unit. However, the "Hops and Beer" special
issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating
IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume,
wort gravity, and time in the boil.
Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential"
for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU
represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not
the hops.
21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop?
Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some
time after the boil. The technique is used to increase hop aroma
in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost
when hops are boiled. Common practice is to add the hops to a
secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the
beer will be served. Dry hops added to a fermenter should be
left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two. The
consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the
time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient
to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the
hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops
is not deemed necessary. Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets
may be used for dry hopping.
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond?
For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color
of malted barley and beer. Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure,
and contribute more color to brewed beer. Darker crystal malts (such
as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color
than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt. Dave Miller's
book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting
the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes
into making the beer.
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
"Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing
yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories. There are more than a dozen
varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast. Many brewers
that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by
bacteria. For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts
available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy.
Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts,
especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture
yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results.
The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast",
and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood
in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab.
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching
the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with
an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build
up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort. This
"starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with
water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water. Some
brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their
antiseptic qualities. When the starter is at high krauesen (the
term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your
starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch.
Typical time for a starter is 24 hours. This technique is recommended
for both dry and liquid yeasts.
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?
You multiply (or divide) by 1. PPM (parts per million) is
*defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter).
--
Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science,
Lunds universitet. Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se
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From: tittle@ics.uci.edu (Cindy Tittle Moore)
Subject: soc.feminism Information
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This is an informational post about the newsgroup soc.feminism.
It is posted every 25 days.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/info. Or, send email to
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/info", leaving the body of the message
empty.
Summary of changes: Some further elaboration in the guidelines for
submission. An explanation of the implications of multiple
moderation.
History of soc.feminism
This group was formed in late 1989. There was considerable
debate over the subject matter of the group, who would be allowed
to post, who would moderate, and what the name of the group would
be. There was a large contingent of people who were afraid that
the purpose of soc.feminism would be to provide a women-only
feminist-supportive environment, and they ensured that the charter
of soc.feminism would allow pro-feminist and anti-feminist views,
and be open to both women and men. In the end, four moderators
were selected to moderate the group.
As for the name of the group, it was nearly named talk.feminism,
but soc.feminism won out. The decision was somewhat political, as
it was felt that more sites carried soc. groups than talk. groups.
It turns out that the subject matter of the group has evolved
toward a basic assumption of the notion that women deserve a basic
equality with men, with the disagreement focused on how to best
achieve that, or the prices we pay for a certain route.
Unfortunately, many of _these_ disagreements overwhelm the group
at times, and we are working on ways to tone this down without
invalidating different reader's points of views. On the other
hand, it has not been a battleground over whether or not women
should be considered equal with men, and it is not likely to
become one. Women and men both of diverse views have always been
welcome to post.
The original proposer of soc.feminism was Patricia Roberts, who
collected the votes, worked with Greg Woods to set up a program
allowing multiple moderators and chose the initial moderators. We
were the first multiply moderated group: soc.religion.islam and
rec.arts.sf.reviews have followed suit.
The four original moderators of soc.feminism were Cindy Tittle
[Moore], Miriam H. Nadel, Jean Marie Diaz and Valerie Maslak.
Valerie dropped out about a year later when faced with increasing
net-connection trouble. Jean Marie Diaz has been inactive since
the summer of 1991. Muffy Barkocy became a new moderator in
December of 1991, and we are keeping our eyes open for at least
one more (send email to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu if
interested).
Soc.feminism FAQ's
Soc.feminism publishes several FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)
on a monthly basis (this posting is one of them). The others are
FAQ's on: References (books and articles on feminism, in three
parts), Terminologies (descriptions of different "kinds" of
feminism, esp. as used in this newsgroup), and Resources (a
compilation of various organizations and groups of, for, and by,
women). Two more: a history of feminism and a discussion of
violence, are in the works.
To obtain these FAQs, ftp to pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) and
look under /pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism. If you cannot use
ftp, send email to the mail server at
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with no subject line, and any
combinantion of the lines below (select the ones to get the FAQ's
you're interested in) in the body of your message.
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/info
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/terms
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/resources
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs1
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs2
send usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3
Note that you must repeat the full path name for each included line.
Digest
There is a digest version of soc.feminism available. Write to
feminism-digest@ncar.ucar.edu for details or to subscribe. It is
mailed out about once a week or so depending on volume and
consists of what has been posted (no editing). This is NOT
automated; you are sending email to a person at feminism-digest.
Submissions and Requests addresses
To submit an article to soc.feminism, post as you normally do for
other, non-moderated groups. This should work for most people.
If you have trouble with this, email the article to
feminism@ncar.ucar.edu. This will treat it exactly as any other
article posted to soc.feminism (in fact, this is the address that
your newsreader should email the intercepted article to). If you
have questions about the group, you can send your questions to
feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu. This address will forward your
mail to all active moderators (moderators take vacations, too).
Please do not send email specifically to any one moderator unless
you have been requested to do so, as email addresses may change.
General Guidelines for submission
You should first note that these guidelines are just that. They
cannot precisely spell out exactly what will be accepted and what
will be rejected. Much can depend on context, for example. In
addition, there are always new takes on topics, and a set of
guidelines could not hope to enumerate them all. That said, there
are some specific constraints noted below, and as other problems
appear, we will add them here.
Articles must be relevant to feminism. They may not contain
ad-hominem attacks or flames.
Two topics that are of general feminist interest that are severely
restricted here are abortion and rape. This is partly because the
topics are inherently inflammatory and because there exist
talk.abortion and talk.rape newsgroups to carry on full-fledged
debates. Some discussion *is* allowed, mostly as long as the
articles are not inflammatory and as long as the primary focus is
on the topic's relationship with feminism. Informative articles
(e.g., about specific groups, or calls for marches, or official
positions of feminist organizations, etc) are allowed. You should
note that while soc.feminism takes no official position on the
question of rape, the majority of abortion-related articles that
are approved tend to be pro-choice simply because most of the
articles submitted are. This should not be construed to reflect
the personal opinions of the moderators, or any individual posting
to soc.feminism.
Every now and then someone posts a question of the form "This is a
feminist newsgroup, but I never see any women posting to it!"
This may or may not be accompanied by a plea for men to reduce
their posting. In the first place, simple demographics of USENET
mean that there are overwhelmingly more men than women with access
to USENET/email. The existence, however, of some groups that are
almost totally female or balanced more 50-50, points to other
problems than simple demographics. Many women have complained
that soc.feminism is still "too hostile" for other women; there
are undoubtedly many others that refrain from posting because of
the negative aspects of being labelled or considered a feminist.
If you are a woman and would like to see more women post, the only
practical action you can take is ... to post. The last time this
question was posted (this topic is now rejected), there were
responses from many of the regular female posters, and a good
number of lurkers who were motivated to say that they read the
group even though they didn't post. We cannot estimate the number
of lurkers on this group, but it is probably fairly high. Asking
men to refrain from posting is simply unfair, especially given
USENET's public nature. There are a number of women-only forums,
pointers to which appear in the Resources FAQ.
There are many other topics that flare up into prolonged and
protracted disagreements. Chief among these are 1) the question
of gender neutral language, 2) the actual statistics on
spouse-beating or other crimes in comparing which gender is "worse
off," 3) the propriety of "women only" events when "men only" are
always attacked as sexist (including the question of women-only
colleges). These topics have come up many times and most regular
readers would be appreciative if you check and even read some of
the references given on these topics in the References post before
jumping in or starting such a topic. This gives everybody a
common basis to discuss from. While these topics are not
forbidden, they may be stopped at the moderators' discretion when
circularity starts to occur.
The notion of "reasonable discussion" has recently come up on this
group. The idea is that the discussions should themselves stay
reasonable, and overly argumentative dialogues, especially those
that simply dismiss the points raised by the previous article,
should be excluded as well. We are still experimenting with this.
There have also been arguments that "irrelevant" discussions are
still pertinent when it is a discussion of a topic from a feminist
point of view. Many times when we say that a topic is "drifting,"
the contention is that it is still relevant to soc.feminism
because it is a presentation of a feminist point of view on some
topic. We have been experimenting with relaxing this also, but it
helps to clearly delineate a feminist slant on some topic to get
it past the moderators.
The subject of homosexuality is relatively sensitive. We will not
post anything we deem homophobic. Many articles on or about
lesbianism are considered relevant to feminism because of the
close association between feminism and lesbianism. Articles about
gay males are accepted if there is a clear relevance to feminism
present. Here's a check list:
* Gay rights alone are structurally similar to women's rights,
black rights, minority rights. They may be acceptable (as
would black or minority rights articles) if there are
parallels drawn with feminism or some other clearly drawn
link.
* Because much of the theory of patriarchy revolves around how
female sexuality is directed and used for the benefit of the
patriarchy, Lesbianism is a direct challenge to the
patriarchy. Therefore most articles on Lesbianism are relevant.
* Anti-gay rhetoric is not acceptable. Calm and reasoned
arguments against homosexuality is not acceptable.
Soc.feminism is not a forum for whether or not homosexuality
is "right" or "wrong."
If the post includes private email, be sure to obtain that
individual's permission before posting it. There are no legal
rules about this (yet), but it is requested as part of general
net.etiquette for this group.
If you are posting material that may be copyrighted, please give
all information about where it comes from. Partial quotes,
newspaper articles, book blurbs and the like are generally OK, but
with full source information, we can decide whether such postings
potentially infringe copyright law. We will not post articles
that violate copyright law: examples include entire newspaper or
magazine articles, or substantial portions of books. A review
that extensively quotes such a source is OK, a commentary on such
a source without as much quoting is better.
Posting pointers alone to discussions in other groups is not
generally allowed. However, a discussion of such a thread in
another group is perfectly fine, eg, summarizing the discussion
and adding your thoughts to it. Remember that we do not crosspost
any soc.feminism articles.
Finally, please edit out all unnecessary quoted text and pay
attention to your attributions. We have done some ourselves when
it seemed necessary, but we do not feel that this should be part
of our job. Therefore, your article may be returned with a
request to streamline it if you do not take care to remove old
signatures, excess text, unrelated points and the like.
Multiple Moderation
This group is moderated by several moderators, each working
independently. Submissions are sent to feminism@ncar.ucar.edu,
where one current moderator is selected, and the article forwarded
to that moderator only. This means that there is some variation
in what is approved or not, since there is inherent individual
variation between different people. We do try to minimize this
variation by consulting with each other on the occassional,
problematic, article. However, the whole purpose of multiple
moderation is to reduce the load on any one individual, therefore
we do not consult each other over every posting we get. Please
keep this in mind if you have a complaint which may be related to
this.
Anonymous Posting
We have posted articles anonymously for contributors before. In
general, you must satisfy us that you have a good reason for
remaining anonymous. You will not be anonymous to the moderators,
but your article will be posted without identifying material if we
consent to posting it anonymously. For articles that you wish to
be posted anonymously, you must preface it with your request and
your reasons for the request. We will not post it if we think
that your reasons are insufficient or deceitful; you will be
informed via email of the decision. In any case, your identity
will be kept confidential.
Mail "handles" are not considered anonymous; anonymity is when
there is no email address available to reach the person who posted
the article. Soc.feminism has no policy regarding the common
practice of using a fanciful name or nickname instead of the real
name in the "handle" field.
Editorial Policy
If the moderator who receives your article thinks that it is
generally OK if it is somewhat edited, you will get your article
back with comments. At this point, you can change it and send it
back directly to that moderator. If you feel that changes are
unreasonable, you can appeal to the feminism-request address.
Articles that are rejected receive a "rejection notice"; again if
you think it was unfounded, drop a note to feminism-request. If
you sent an article and it has not appeared nor have you received
email about it, you may wish to enquire via feminism-request. Do
keep in mind, though, that articles may sit for a while;
moderators do not necessarily check their mail over the weekends,
and that site connectivity may mean that your site will not
receive your article from the moderator's site within the time you
expect. However, email is not perfect and has been known to send
mail into giant black holes, so bear with us.
Minor modifications may be made to articles that have lines that
are too long, have their attributions mixed up, or quote excessive
material. Moderators will occasionally inject their comments,
usually to the effect of advising people where followups are going
to, warning of topic drift, or some other explanatory note. Any
further modifications are always after consultation with the
original author as described in the previous paragraph.
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.
Thank you,
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"The last thing feminism is about is exclusion. Feminists can be
defined as those women and men who recognize that the earth doesn't
revolve around anybody's son---or around any one group."
-- Regina Barreca, _They Used to Call Me Snow White...But I Drifted_
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From: tittle@ics.uci.edu (Cindy Tittle Moore)
Subject: soc.feminism References (part 3 of 3)
X-Last-Updated: 1992/08/06
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Organization: University of California at Irvine: ICS Dept.
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Date: Wed, 28 Oct 1992 06:03:27 GMT
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Archive-name: feminism/refs3
Version: 2.2
Last-modified: 6 August 1992
This posting contains useful feminist references for the newsgroup
soc.feminism.
Copies of this FAQ may be obtained by anonymous ftp to
pit-manager.mit.edu (18.172.1.27) under
/pub/usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3. Or, send email to
mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu with the subject line "send
usenet/news.answers/feminism/refs3", leaving the body of the message
empty. To get the other two parts, substitute refs1 and refs2 for
refs3 above.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
[1-8 in part I, 9-17 in part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
20. Religion.
21. Sex and/or Violence.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
23. Test Biases.
24. Women of Color.
25. Women's Health.
(Auto)Biographies.
Miscellaneous.
Acknowledgements.
[continuing from part II]
18. Public Policies Regarding Women.
-------------------------------------
Abramovitz, Mimi. _Regulating the Lives of Women. Social Welfare Policy
from Colonial Times to the Present_.
An analysis of the impact of US social welfare policy, documents
how the family ethic has been translated into punitive welfare
approaches toward women
Baldock, Cora V., and Bettina Cass, eds. _Women, Social Welfare, and the
State in Australia_. Allen & Unwin, Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Dahl, Tove Stang. _Women's Law: An Introduction to Feminist
Jurisprudence_. Oxford University Press. 1987.
Proposal for a "women's law" by Norwegian sociologist of law.
Diamond, Irene, ed. _Families, Politics, and Public Policy_. New
York. Longman. 1983.
Freeman, Michael D.A. . _The State, the Law, and the Family: Critical
Perspectives_. Tavistock Publications, New York. 1984.
A collection of articles, many British, on the interrelationship
between the family, the state and patriarchy.
Glendon, Mary Ann. _Abortion and Divorce in Western Law_. Harvard
University Press, Cambridge MA. 1987.
Overview and analysis of abortion and divorce laws in several
western countries.
Gordon, Linda, ed. _Women, the State, and Welfare_. University of
Wisconsin Press. 1990.
Collection on women and the welfare state. Includes articles by
Elizabeth Schneider on rights, and Frances Fox Piven.
Hernes, Helga Maria. _Welfare State and Woman Power: Essays in State
Feminism_. Scandinavian Library series. Norwegian University Press,
Oxford. Distributed by Oxford University Press. 1987.
Critique of the patriarchal nature of the Scandinavian welfare state.
Mason, Mary Ann. _The Equality Trap_. Simon & Schuster, New York.
1988.
Discusses how the push for equality laws has actually been to the
detriment of women, particularly in the area of family law. The
author is a lawyer.
Mueller, Carol M., ed. _The Politics of the Gender Gap: The Social
Construction of Political Influence_. SAGE Publications, Newbury
Park, CA. 1988.
Ruggie, Mary. _The State and Working Women: A Comparative Study of
Britain and Sweden_. Princeton University Press. 1984.
Pateman, Carole. _The Sexual Contract_. Stanford University
Press. 1988.
The meaning of the social "contract" for women.
Pateman, Carole. _The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism
and Political Theory_. Stanford University Press. 1989.
A discussion of women's role in the rise of democratic theory.
The meaning of consent.
Petchesky, Rosalind. _Abortion: A Woman's Choice_. 1990.
Excellent study of abortion politics in America. Examines the
patriarchal and capitalist roots underlying the abortion
controversy, as well as (in 1990 edition) the meaning of the
rights discourse for women. Re-imagining "rights."
Tribe, Laurence H. _Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes_. W.W. Norton,
New York, London. 1990. ISBN: 0-393-30699-2.
Tribe is a professor of constitutional law and brings this
expertise to his evaluation of the constitutional question of
abortion. Besides drawing a sympathetically balanced view of the
two extremes, he shows what that consequences for the constitution
would be upon defining a fetus as a "person." Excellent and very
readable, unlike many constitutional analyses of any sort.
Sassoon, Anne Showstack, ed. _Women and the State_. Unwin Hyman,
Winchester, MA. 1988.
An international collection of articles on women and the welfare
state.
Stetson, Dorothy McBride. _Women's Rights in the USA. Policy Debates
and Gender Roles_. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, CA.
1991. ISBN: 0-534-14898-0.
The author examines the hottest current topics in the US that
relate to women, and how the mjor controversies and policies
affect gender roles and being female in this country.
Wilson, Elizabeth. _Women and the Welfare State_. Tavistock
Publications, London. 1977.
19. Reactions to Feminism.
---------------------------
Faludi, Susan. _Backlash. The Undeclared War Against American Women_,
(1991).
Gives an overview of the reaction to feminism in America today.
It is an incredible compendium of incorrect facts, bogus
statistics, false logic and unfounded theories, all of which which
are presented by society and the media in particular as "true" and
"factual" in order to keep women subordinate. One caveat about
this book is that the author seems unsympathetic to the difficult
choices a woman must make if she wants to combine career and
family.
Kamen, Paula, "Feminism, a Dirty Word", The New York Times,
November 23, 1990, page A37.
Leidholdt, Dorchen and Janice G. Raymond, eds. _The Sexual Liberals
and the Attack on Feminism_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1990.
Essays which originated as speeches and panel presentations at a
conferences on April 6, 1987, at the New York University Law
School. Includes bibliographical references and index.
Smith, Joan. _Misogynies: Reflections on Myths and Malice_. Fawcett
Columbine Book, Ballantine Books, Publishers. 1989. ISBN:0-449-90591-8.
From blurb: "Joan Smith has written a witty and bold collection
of essays on the alarming subject of women-hating. She observes
the phenomenon wryly and never succumbs to the fatuous
generalizations which characterize misogyny itself...Misogyny,
unlike sexism, grows in this way behind women's backs, which may
be why we sometimes optimistcially believe it is no longer
prevalent. It is aptly, intelligently and compassionately put
before us again in this well-written book." (Literary Review).
20. Religion.
--------------
Adler, Margot. _Drawing Down the Moon_. Revised edition. Beacon
Press, Boston. 1986. ISBN: 0-8070-3253-0.
This has a chapter on "Women, Feminism, and the Craft". It places
feminist wicca in one of its contexts. Otherwise the book is
mainly about neopaganism.
Armstrong, Karen. _The Gospel According to Woman_. Anchor Books,
Doubleday. 1987. ISBN: 0-385-24079-1 (trade paperback).
A provocative interpretation of the history of women in
Christianity. In particular, there are interesting parallels
between the Virgins (who could stay separate from men) of
Christian history and latter-day feminists.
Beck, Evelyn Torton, ed. _Nice Jewish Girls. A Lesbian Anthology_.
Revised and updated. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schussler. _Bread Not Stone_. Beacon Press,
Boston. 1984. ISBN: 0-8070-1103-7 (trade paperback).
Feminist biblical interpretation.
Greenberg, Blu. _On Women and Judaism: A View from Tradition_. Jewish
Publication Society of America, Philadelphia. 1981.
This discusses conflicts between Orthodox Judaism and feminism,
and suggests resolutions of the conflicts within the boundaries of
Jewish law.
Hampson, Daphne. _Theology and Feminism_. Basil Blackwell Ltd/Inc.
1990. ISBN: 0-631-14944-9.
Discusses the limitations of Christianity from a feminist
perspective, and suggests ways for moving beyond Christianity.
Heine, Susanne. _Women and Early Christianity: A Reappriasal_.
Augsburg Publishing House, Minneapolis. 1988. ISBN: 0-8066-2359-4.
Documents the strength of influence women had in early
Christianity, uses this as basis for concluding that Christianity
need not be anti-woman. Originally published in German under
_Frauen der Fru:hen Christenheit_.
Heschel, Susannah. _On Being a Jewish Feminist: A Reader_. Schocken,
1984.
Kaye/Kantrowitz, Melanie and Irena Klepfisz. _The Tribe of Dina:
A Jewish Women's Anthology_. Beacon Press. 1989.
Koltun, Elizabeth. _The Jewish Woman: New Perspectives_. Schocken
Books, 1976.
Miles, Margaret R. . _Carnal Knowing: Female Nakedness and Religious
Meaning in the Christian West_. Beacon Press, Boston. 1989.
Looks at how images of the female body have shaped and been shaped
by religious and social forces. Although most of the emphasis is
mediaeval, It has a final chapter that looks at a modern
perspective. Has an excellent section on Hildegard von Bingen,
one of the few female writers of the middle ages.
Pagel, Elaine. _Adam, Eve, and The Serpent_. Random House, New York.
1988. Also, _The Gnostic Gospels_. Vintage Books edition, Random
House, New York. 1989.
The former is a thorough exploration of how the Genesis myth is
inextricably interwined with western culture views of women. The
latter shows how the early Christian church although initially
receptive to women became patriarchal.
Plaskow, Judith. _Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism From A Feminist
Perspective_. Harper Collins, 1990. ISBN 0-06-066684-6.
Plaskow discusses conflicts between Judaism and feminism, and
suggests ways to make Judaism into a feminist religion.
Ruther, Rosmary Radford. _Women-Church. Theology and Practice of
Feminist Liturgical Communities_. ISBN 0-06-066834-2.
This is a collection of liturgies for unconventional purposes
(i.e. A Coming-Out rite for a Lesbian). They are not so much pagan
as they are feminist. They ignore the distinctions between
Christian and non-Christian. The thesis of the book is in part
that women should create their own ritual without waiting for the
"church" to catch up with their reality. Ruther has written other
books with similar themes.
Schneider, Susan Weidman. _Jewish and Female_. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN: 0-671-60439-2.
Sprentak, Charlene, ed. _The Politics of Women's Spirituality:
Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power within the Feminist Movement_.
1982. ISBN. 0-385-17241-9.
This is a thick (590pp) sampler with short pieces by a number of
important authors. A few are written as responses to others which
gives a bit more sense of the dialog.
Starhawk. _The Spiral Dance_. 10th anniversary edition, revised.
Harper & Row, San Francisco. 1989. ISBN 0-06-250814-8.
This has clearly been a very influential book. Z. Budapest is
another mother of feminist wicca from the same era; Starhawk seems
a bit more readable and less cookbook-like.
Stone, Merlin. _When God Was a Woman_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Publishers. 1976. ISBN: 0-15-696158-X (trade paperback).
Historical revisionist view of early matriarchal & female-based
worship.
21. Sex and/or Violence.
-------------------------
Barry, Kathleen. _Female Sexual Slavery_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1979; New York University Press, London and New York, 1984.
Bart, Pauline and Patricia O'Brien. _Stopping Rape: Successful
Survival Strategies_. Pergamon Press, New York. 1985.
Browne, Angela. _When Battered Women Kill_. Collier Macmillian,
London; Free PRess, New York. 1987.
Brownmiller, Susan. _Against Our Will_. Bantam. 1975.
This is a disturbing, contradictory work. It is misrepresented
both by feminist and anti-feminist camps; feminists lauding it as
a quintessentially accurate portrayal of rape, the anti-feminists
denouncing it as a virulently anti-male piece of propoganda.
A landmark work that first documented the social and historical
consequences of rape in our society.
Caputi, Jane. _The Age of Sex Crime_. Bowling Green State University
Popular Press, Bowling Green, OH. 1987.
Case studies on murder and sex crimes.
Ellis, Lee and Charles Beattie. "The Feminist Explanation for Rape. An
Empirical Test," _Journal of Sex Research_, 19(1).74-93, Feb 1983.
Abstract. The feminist explanation for rape includes the
proposition that it derives from traditions of male domination in
social, political, and economic matters. As a test of this thesis,
official FBI and victimization statistics on rape were compared
across 26 large United States central cities relative to various
indicators of these cities' degree of social, political, and
economic inequality between the sexes. Of 14 correlations, 4 were
significant, 3 with a sign opposite to that predicted by the
feminist explanation. When presumed effects of the two strongest
control variables were removed by partial correlation techniques,
only one coefficient was significant, and it was in the direction
contrary to the feminist explanation. Rape rates appear unrelated
to inequalities of earnings, education, occupational prestige, or
employment. The belief that reducing sex disparities in social,
political, and economic terms will reduce rape is not supported. 3
Tables, 55 References.
Finkelhor, David and Kersti Yllo. _License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of
Wives_. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, 1985; Free Press, New
York, 1987.
Griffin, Susan. _The Politics of Rape_. Third revision and updated
edition. Harper and Row, San Francisco, 1986.
Original copyright 1970.
"Another canon in the apologetics of rape is that, if it were not
for learned social controls, all men would rape."..."But in truth
rape is not universal to the human species."
Griffin, Susan. "Rape: The All-American Crime" in _Rape: The Power of
Consciousness_, Harper & Row, 1979.
Haber, Joel D. "Abused Women and Chronic Pain," in _American Journal
of Nursing_, v85, Sept. 1985, pp1010-1012.
Study shows that abused women have more health problems than
non-abused ones.
Jones, Anne. _Women Who Kill_. Fawcett Crest, Ballantine Books, New
York. 1981.
From blurb: "When battered and abused women began to fight back --
and kill --- men began to fear that this would becom an epidemic.
Some felt that women were getting away with murder: But were they?
They were not. In fact, in many cases their punishment was
harsher than that of men. But this book is much more than a
desription of battered women who kill in self-defense. It is a
social history and a fascinating story of women on the edge of
society -- women driven to kill for a multitude of reasons. Here
are tales of crime and punishment that reveal hard truths about
American society and women's place in it."
Kelly, Liz. _Surviving Sexual Violence_. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis; Polity Press, Cambridge UK. 1988.
Kilpatrick, D.G. et al., "Mental health correlates of criminal
victimization. A random community survey," _Journal of Consulting &
Clinical Psychology_, Vol. 53, 866-873. 1985.
Koss, M.P. "Hidden rape. sexual aggression and victimization in
a national sample of students in higher education." Chapter 1. In A.W.
Burgess, ed, _Rape and sexual assault II_ (pp. 3-25). NY. Garland. 1988.
Controversial. This was a study that showed a good percentage of
the men surveyed believed certain things could be expected if they
paid for dinner, etc. There were questions designed in such a way
that would find out if the men had raped without using the word
rape. They would answer yes to these questions but no to the
questions containing the word rape.
McFarlane, Judith. "Violence During Teen Pregnancy: Health
Consequences for Mother and Child," in Levy, Barrie, ed, _Dating
Violence_, Seal Press, 1991, pp136-141.
A study that found 26% of prengant teens were currently in an
abusive relationship; many noted the abuse began when the
pregnancy did.
Mercy JA., Saltzman LE., Intentional Injury Section, Centers for
Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333. May 1989. "Fatal violence among
spouses in the United States," 1976-85. _American Journal of Public
Health_. 79(5).595-9.
Abstract. In this paper we examine patterns and trends in
homicides between marriage partners in the United States for 1976
through 1985 using data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's
Supplemental Homicide Reports (FBI-SHR). We identified 16,595
spouse homicides accounting for 8.8 per cent of all homicides
reported to the FBI-SHR during this 10-year period. The rate of
spouse homicide for this 10-year period was 1.6 per 100,000
married persons. The risk of being killed by one's spouse was 1.3
times greater for wives than for husbands. Black husbands were at
greater risk of spouse homicide victimization than Black wives or
White spouses of either sex. The risk of victimization was greater
for spouses in interracial than in intraracial marriages and
increased as age differences between spouses increased. From 1976
through 1985, the risk of spouse homicide declined by more than
45.0 per cent for both Black husbands and wives but remained
relatively stable for White husbands and wives. Demographic
patterns in the risk of spouse homicide were similar to those
reported for nonfatal spouse abuse suggesting that the causes of
spouse homicide and nonfatal spouse abuse may be similar.
Morgan, Robin. _The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism_.
W.W. Norton and Company. 1989. ISBN: 0-393-02642-6 (hardback).
Controversial. Blurb: "Something in each of us, no matter how we
deny it and no matter how much we may deplore terrorist tactics,
is fascinated by the terrorist. We might even ambivalently admire
such a figure: a fanatic of dedication, a mixture of volatile
impetuosity and severe discipline, an archetype of self-sacrifice.
...In this brilliant marriage of theory and personal experience,
Robin Morgan...sets forth the first feminist analysis of the
phenomenon of terrorism."
Quigley, Paxton. _Armed and Female_. E.P. Dutton, New York. 1989.
Paperback may be ordered from Second Amendment Foundation, 12500
NE Tenth Place, Bellavue WA 98005 for US$5.00, includes postage.
Former anti-gun activist tells why she joined millions of other
women in choosing a firearm for self-defense.
Randall, Teri. "Domestic Violence Intervention Calls for More than
Treating Injuries," in _Journal of the American Medical Association_,
264(8), August 22-29, 1990, pp939-940.
"Battery appears to be the single most common cause of injury to
women -- more common that automobile accidents, muggings and rapes
combined."
Russell, Diana H. _Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and
Workplace Harassment_. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, CA. 1984.
Russell, Diana E. H. and Nancy Howell. "The Prevalence of Rape
in the United States Revisited," _Signs_, 8(4). 688-695, 1983.
Lead author is in the Department of Social Sciences, Mills
College, Oakland CA, and has written several books on sexual
violence. According to survey findings, assuming that the rape
rate remains the same, there is a 26% probability that woman will
be the victim of a completed rape, increasing to 46% for attempted
rape.
Scully, Diana. _Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted
Rapists_. Series: Perspectives on Gender, vol 3. Unwin Hyman, Boston.
1990.
Stark, Evan, Anne Flitcraft and William Frazier. "Medicine and
Patriarchal Violence: The Social Construction of a 'Private'
Event," in _International Journal of Health Services_, 9(3), 1979,
pp461-493.
A study that found that medical records included the labels
"neurotic," "hysteric," "hypochondriac," or "a well-known patient
with multiple vague complaints" for one in four battered women
compared to one in fifty non-battered women; one in four battered
women are given pain medications/tranquilizers as compared to one
in ten non-battered women.
Strauss, M.A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. _Behind closed doors:
Violence in American families_. Doubleday, New York, 1980. Followup
work "Intimate Violence" (no detailed reference).
These studies show that spousal violence levels are relatively
independent of gender. They do not, however, include any
consideration of motivation or the issues of 'self defense'.
Warshaw, Robin. _I Never Called It Rape: The Ms. report on
Recognizing, Fighting, and Surviving Date and Acquaintance Rape_.
Afterword by Mary P. Koss. Harper and Row, New York. 1988.
Wolfgang Marvin E., _Patterns in Criminal Homicide_. University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 1958. Also (*Curtis 1974), (*Mercy &
Saltzman 1989).
The situation appears to bethat the rate that men kill women and
that women kill men, and also the rate at which husbands kill
wives and wives kill husbands, are nearly *equal* when looked at
from a mortality point of view, and ignoring the issue of 'who
started it'.
Yllo, Kerst, and Michele Bograd, eds. _Feminist Perspectives on Wife
Abuse_. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. 1988.
Includes important discussion of what statistics can or cannot
show. Bibliographies.
_National Crime Survey_ (NCS)
This is an attempt to measure the actual victimization rates of
how often people are affected by crimes. The survey is given to a
population representative of all people over 12 years of age who
live in a residence. There are two parts to the survey. a
screening to determine who has been the victim of a crime; and a
detailed questionnaire given to victims. The detailed
questionnaire includes the details and date of the crime, and
helps insure that crimes are classified properly (e.g., crimes
falling outside the survey 'time window' are properly excluded).
It is a large scale survey, covering approximately 60,000
households with 101,000 people. Approximately 96% of the selected
population agreed to participate in the survey.
_Statistical Abstracts of the U.S. - 1990_. Department of Commerce
(Bureau of the Census), put out yearly.
Cites the incidence of reported forcible rape as 37.6 per 100,000
total (i.e., men and women) population.
_Uniform Crime Report_ (UCR)
Based solely on police reports and is not intended to be a
statistical measure of victimization The Uniform Crime Report is
based on police reports. The data given by the UCR includes
_only_ murder, not killings in self defense or deaths due to
negligence - and the interpretation of which is which is left to
the officer filing the report.
_Uniform Crime Statistics_ (UCS, from the FBI)
This derives the "one in four" figure given for the rate of rape
among women. It used to be "one in five" until the FBI decided
that marital rape counted as rape (in the mid 1980s). The FBI's
definition of rape involves penetration of any orifice without
consent. 1 in 4 is the rate at which girls are sexually abused
(rape and molestation); 1 in 6 is the rate at which the same
occurs for boys.
22. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination.
------------------------------------------
Baker, Douglas D., David E. Terpstra, and Kinley Larantz. "The
Influence of Individual Characteristics and Severity of Harassing
Behavior on Reactions to Sexual Harassment", _Sex Roles: A Journal of
Research_, 5/6 (1990) 305-325.
Bem, Sandra L. and Daryl J. Bem. "Does Sex-biased Job Advertising
'Aid and Abet' Sex Discrimination?", _Journal of Applied Social
Psychology_, 3 (1973): 6-18.
Chestler, Phyllis. [book review in psychology today, statistics
on child custody awards]
Dale, R.R. _Mixed or Single-sex Schools_. Vols. I & II. 1969.
Wide range of research on secondary schools.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and William J. Goode, eds. _The other half;
roads to women's equality_. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
1971.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs, and Rose Laub Coser, eds. _Access to power :
cross-national studies of women and elites_. Allen & Unwin, London
and Boston. 1981.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Deceptive distinctions : sex, gender, and
the social order_. Yale University Press, New Haven; Russell Sage
Foundation, New York. c1988.
Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. _Woman's place; options and limits in
professional careers_. University of California Press, Berkeley.
1970.
*Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs. "Bringing Women In: Rewards, Punishments,
and the Structure of Achievement", pages 13-22.
Game, Ann and Rosemary Pringle. _Gender at Work_. Allen and Unwin,
Sydney and Boston. 1983.
Sex discrimination in employment against women in Australia.
*Goldberg, Philip, "Are Women Prejudiced Against Women?", _Trans-
Action_, 5 (1986), 28-80. [am not sure what "Trans-Action" is]
Gornick, Vivian and Barbara K. Moran, eds. _Women in Sexist Society_.
New York: Basic Books, 1972.
Kaschak, Ellyn. "Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors",
_Psychology of Women Quarterly_, 2 (1978), 235-242.
LaPlante, Alice. "Sexist Images Persist at Comdex", _Infoworld_,
November 27, 1989, page 58.
Lattin, Patricia Hopkins. "Academic Women, Affirmative Action, and
Middle-America in the Eighties", in Resa L. Dudovitz, ed., _Women in
Academe_. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1984. 223-230.
MacKinnon, Catharine. _Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of
Sex Discrimination_. Yale University Press, New Haven. 1979.
MacKinnon, Catharine. "Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law," in
_Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review_. Vol. 20, no. 2.
1985.
Paludi, Michele A. and William D. Bauer. "Goldberg Revisited: What's
in an Author's Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 9 (1983) 387-
390.
Paludi, Michele A. and Lisa A. Strayer. "What's in an Author's Name?
Different Evaluations of Performance as a Function of Author's
Name", _Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 12 (1985) 353-361.
Pringle, Rosemary. _Secretaries Talk: Sexuality, Power and Work_,
Verso, New York and London. 1989.
Sex discrimination and sexual harrassment of women.
Rowe, Mary P. "Barriers to Equality: The Power of Subtle
Discrimination to Maintain Unequal Opportunity", _Employee
Responsibilities and Rights Journal_, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1990. 153-163.
Rowe, Mary P. "Dealing with Sexual Harassment", _Harvard Business
Review_, May-June 1981, 42-47.
Russ, Joanna. _How to Suppress Women's Writing_. University of Texas
Press, 1983, ISBN 0-292-72445-4 (pbk).
This book analyzes the multitude of subtle and not-so-subtle ways
in which women writers have been given less than full credit for
their work throughout history. It is the perfect companion volume
to Ellen Moers's _Literary Women_.
Sadker, Myra and David Sadker. "Sexism in the Schoolroom of the
80's", _Psychology Today_, March 1985.
Selvin, Paul. "Does the Harrison Case Reveal Sexism in Math?",
_Science_ 252 (June 28, 1991), 1781-1783.
Simeone, Angela. _Academic Women: Working Towards Equality_. Bergin
and Garvey Publishers, Inc., Massachusetts. 1987.
Sproull, Lee, Sara Kiesler, and David Zubrow, eds. "Encountering an
Alien Culture", in _Computing and Change on Campus_. Cambridge
University Press, UK. 1987, pages 173-194.
Stewart, Elizabeth, Nancy Hutchinson, Peter Hemmingway, and Fred
Bessai. "The Effects of Student Gender, Race, and Achievement on
Career Exploration Advice Given by Canadian Preservice Teachers",
_Sex Roles: A Journal of Research_, 21 (1989) 247-262.
Sumrall, Amber Coverdale and Dena Taylor, eds. _Sexual Harassment:
Women Speak Out_. The Crossing Press, Freedom, CA 95019, 1992. ISBN
0-89594-544-4. ($10.95)
Highly recommended. This book consists of short (2-4 pages) essays
by women about their experiences with Sexual Harassment, everything
from taunts and whistles to rape and other physical abuse. Stories
are interspersed with comics drawn by women and some poetry. Many
of the stories describe the early conditioning that women receive
that makes us put up with so much. The book is dedicated to Anita
Hill.
Top, Titia J., "Sex Bias in the Evaluation of Performance in the
Scientific, Artistic, and Literary Professions: A Review.", Sex Roles: A
Journal of Research, 24 (1991) 73-106.
Weinraub, Marsha and Lynda M. Brown, "The Development of Sex-
Role Stereotypes in Children: Crushing Realities", Franks and
Rothblum, editors, _The Stereotyping of Women: Its Effects on Mental
Health_, Springer Publishing Company, New York. 1983, pages 30-58.
Weitzman, Lenore. _The Marriage Contract_.
"...child care decisions. Twentieth century case law has
established the presumption that prefers mothers as the custodians
of their children after divorce, particularly if the children are
of "tender years." [Mnookin, "Custody Adjudication," p. 235.]
This maternal presumption WAS ESTABLISHED ALMOST ENTIRELY THROUGH
JUDICIAL DECISIONS RATHER THAN BY STATUTES. For while most
statues have put the wife on an equal footing with the husband,
and have instructed the courts to award custody in the best
interest of the child, judges typically have held that *it is
in the child's best interest not to be separated from the mother*
--unless she has been shown to be unfit. [Ibid.]
"The child's best interest" has thus evolved into a judicially
constructed presumption that the love and nurturance of a fit
mother is always in the child's (and society's) best interest.
The result has been a consistent pattern of decisions that both
justify and further reinforce the maternal presumption....
"Over the past fifty years the assumption that the mother is the
natural and proper custodian of the children has been so widely
accepted that it has rarely been questioned, and even more rarely
challenged. As Alan Roth asserts, many of the rationales offered
by the courts for the maternal preference have the ring of
divine-right doctrine [Alan Roth, "The Tender Years Presumption in
Child Custody Disputes," _Journal_of_Family_Law_ 15, no. 3 (1972)]"
"More recently the social science adduced to support the maternal
presumption has been challenged, but the presumption itself has
been considered wise because it avoids "the social costs" of
contested cases. [See, for example, R. Levy and P. Ellsworth
"Legislative Reform of Child Custody Adjudication,"
_Law_and_Society_Review_, Nov. 1969, p. 4]
23. Test Biases.
-----------------
Brush, Stephen. _ibid_.
When the SAT is used by college admissions to predict academic
performance, it underpredicts the grades of women compared with
those on men. If a man and a woman have the same SAT scores, the
woman will tend to get higher grades in college. Thus an
admissions process that gives the SAT significant weight will
reject some women who would have done better than men who were
accepted.
In a reply to letters to the editor in the Jan-Feb 1992
_American Scientist_, Brush wrote:
[A]ccording to Phyllis Rosser's study, "The SAT Gender Gap," the
following question was answered correctly by males 27 percent more
often than by females (a difference of 6 percent is significant to
the 0.05 level of confidence).
A high school basketball team has won 40 percent of its first
15 games. Beginning with the 16th game, how many games in a
row does the team now have to win in order to have a 55
percent winning record?
A) 3 B) 5 C) 6 D) 11 E) 15
With a strict time limit, the advantage goes to students who can
quickly guess and verify the right answer without having to set up
the equation first.
Rosser, Phillis. "The SAT Gender Gap. Identifying the Causes,"
(Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies, 1989).
According to Phyllis Rosser, much of the SAT gender gap is an
artifact of sex-biased test questions. Rosser points out that men
have always received higher scores, on average, but their
advantage in the mathematics part of the test was once offset by
women's higher scores on the verbal part. Women lost this
compensating factor in the early 1970s because of the gradual
introduction of test questions about science, business and
"practical affairs," and the elimination of some questions about
human relations, the arts, and the humanities. There was no
compensating change in the mathematics section.
Block, Ned, ed. _The IQ Controversy_.
Information on biases of all sorts found in IQ tests.
24. Women of Color.
--------------------
Anzaldua, Gloria. _Borderlands: The New Mestiza = La Frontera_.
Spinsters/Aunt Lute, San Francisco. 1987.
Anzaldua, Gloria, ed. _Making face, making soul = Haciendo caras :
creative and critical perspectives by women of color_. Aunt Lute
Foundation Books, San Francisco. c1990.
Collins, Patricia Hill. _Black Feminist Thought_. Unwin Hyman,
Boston. 1990. Series title: Perspectives on Gender; v. 2.
Maps out standpoint epistemology from African American feminist
perspective. May also include under feminist epistemology.
Davis, Angela. _Women, Race, and Class_. Random House, New York, 1981.
DuBois, Ellen Carol and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. _Unequal Sisters. A
Multi-Cultural Reader in U.S. Women's History_. Routledge, New York.
1990.
Excellent collection of articles, many historical studies and some
narratives.
Hooks, Bell. _Ain't I A Woman_. South End Press, 116 St. Botolph St.,
Boston, Mass. 02115. 1981. ISBN 0-89608-128-1.
Examines the impact of sexism on black women during slavery, the
historic devaluation of black womanhood, black male sexism, racism
within the recent women's movement, and black women's involvement
with feminism. The title comes from an address on the subject
given by Sojourner Truth.
Hooks, Bell. _Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black_.
South End Press, Boston. 1989.
Moraga, Cherrie, and Gloria Anzaldua, eds. _This Bridge Called My
Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color_. Persephone Press,
Watertown, MA, 1981. Kitchen Table Press, New York, 1983.
Anthology of writings by women of color.
Smith, Barbara, ed. _Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology_. First
edition. Kitchen Table -- Women of Color Press, New York. 1983.
25. Women's Health.
--------------------
Boston Women's Health Book Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York, 1973.
A very practical guide to women & our bodies.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _The New Our Bodies, Ourselves_.
Simon and Schuster, New York. 1984.
Updated.
Boston Women's Health Collective. _Our Bodies, Ourselves. Growing Older_.
Oriented toward the 40+ crowd.
ACT UP/New York Women and AIDS Book Group. _Women, AIDS, and Activisim_.
South End Press, Boston, MA. 1990.
New book on women and aids and politics.
Corea, Gena. _The Hidden Malpractice_.
A (sometimes alarmist) look at how medical practices overlooks and
mistreats women.
Raymond, Janice G., Renate Klein, and Lynette J. Dumble. _RU 486:
Misconceptions, Myths and Morals_. Institute on Women and Technology,
Cambridge, MA. 1991.
Abortion, moral and ethical aspects; medical ethics. Includes
bibliographical references.
(Auto)Biographies.
------------------
Bateson, Mary Catherine. _Composing a Life_. Penguin Books.
ISBN 0-452-26505-3 (paperback, $9.95).
Bateson profiles five women in a wide variety of fields in an
examination of how their careers happened to develop the way they
did.
Bennett, Betty T, )Mary Diana Dods, A Gentleman and a Scholar_.
William Morrow and Company, New York. 1991. ISBN 0-688-08717-5
(hardcover).
Komisar, Lucy. _Corazon Aquino: The Story of a Revolution_. G.
Braziller, New York. 1987.
Marlow, Joan. _The Great Women_. A&W Publishers, New York. 1979.
ISBN: 0-89479-056-0.
A compilation of 60 women of diverse ages and nations.
Moers, Ellen, ed. _Literary Women_. Reprint. The Great Writers series.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
Copywrite 1977. Describes women authors.
Morgan, Robin. _Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist_.
Random House, New York. 1977.
Perl, Teri. _Math Equals: Biographies of Women Mathematicians and
Related Activities_. Addison-Wesley. 1978.
Miscellaneous.
--------------
"Women on the Verge of an Athletic Showdown" in _Science News_, Jan
11, 1992, Vol 141, No. 2, p 141.
Female track athletes are improving their performances at faster
rates than men and, if the trend continues, should be running
marathons as fast as men by 1998, says Brian J. Whipp, a
physiologist at the University of California, Lost Angeles. He and
UCLA co-worker Susan A. Ward predict that women will catch up with
men in most track events by early next century.
Adrian, M.J.: _Sports Women_. Medicine and Sport Science Vol. 24
Interesting essays ranging from physiology to Ancient Greece.
Chopin, Kate, _The Awakening_. Capricorn Books. 1964. Garrett Press,
Inc., New York, 1970. Norton, New York, 1976. Women's Press, London 1979.
Cixous, Helene and Catharine Clement. _The Newly Born Woman_.
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 1986. (Published in French
in 1975).
Dyer, K.F.: _Catching up the Men -- Women in Sport_. Junction Books (UK),
1982. ISBN 086245-075-X.
This book debunks a lot of myths about female inferiority and
fragility by careful investigation and documentation, another
must read.
Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English, "For Her Own Good: 150
Years of the Experts' Advice to Women", New York: Anchor
Press/Doubleday, 1978.
|Kramarae and Treichler: _A Feminist Dictionary_. 1985.
| Defines many things from a feminist's point of view. Includes
| a good deal of history, figures in the movement, etc.
Lenskij, Helen: _Out of Bounds: Women, Sport and Sexuality_. Women's
Press, Toronto, 1986. ISBN 0-88961-105-X.
Very powerful book about the 20th century changes in how female
sexuality, gender roles, and the waves of female athleticism have
been perceived, and about how these factors influence each other.
A must read.
Mangan/Park (Eds.): _From Fair Sex to Feminism_. Frank Cass & Company Lim.
1987. ISBN 0-7146-4049-2.
|Marine, Gene: _A Male Guide to Women's Liberation_. 1972.
Sabo/Runfola (Eds.): _Jock -- Sports & Male Identity_.
Spectrum/Prentice-Hall 1980. ISBN 0-13-510131-X.
This book also contains several essays on female identity and sports.
Steinem, Gloria. _Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions_.
_Revolution from Within: A Book of Self-Esteem_
This is a collection of articles and essays written by her that
was published sometime in the early 1980's. Some of them are a
result of her earlier career as a journalist. The articles cover
such things as:
* Her becoming a Playboy Bunny (seriously!) in the early 1960's.
* The presidential campaigns of 1968 and 1972.
* "If Men Could Menstruate", a satirical piece in the vein of
"If men could get pregnant, abortion would be a sacrament".
* What present-day anti-abortionists have in common with Nazi Germany.
Tuana, Nancy, ed. _Rereading the Canon_. Series. Penn State Press.
This new series will consist of edited collections of essays, some
original and some previously published, offering feminist
reinterpretations of the writings of major figures in the Western
philosophical tradition. Each volume will contain essays covering
the full range of a single philosopher's thought and representing
the diversity of approaches now being used by feminist critics.
The series will begin with a volume on Plato; other early volumes
will focus on Aristotle, Locke, Marx, Wittgenstein, de Beauvoir,
Foucault, and Derrida. Inquiries should be directed to Nancy
Tuana, School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at
Dallas, Box 830688, Richardson, TX 75083-0688.
|Tuttle, Lisa: _Encyclopedia of Feminism_. 1986.
Velden, Lee van der & James H. Humphrey: Psychology and sociology of sport,
vol. 1. AMS Press Inc., NY 1986. ISBN 0-404-63401-X.
Woolf, Virginia. _Three Guineas_. 1938. Extensively reprinted.
Written 50 years ago and sadly still very relevant.
Woolf, Virginia. _A Room of One's Own_. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New
York. 1981, c1957.
Winterson, Jeanette. _Oranges are not the only fruit_. Pandora Press
(Unwin Hyman Limited, 15-17 Broadwick SAtreet, London). 1987.
Acknowledgments.
----------------
My thanks to: Joseph Albert, Leslie Anderson, Rich Berlin, Mik Bickis,
Anita Borg, Ed Blachman, Bob Blackshaw, Cindy Blank-Edelman, L.A.
Breene, Janet L. Carson, Robert Coleman, Mats Dahlgren, David
desJardins, Jublie DiBiase, Jym Dyer, Ellen Eades, Marc R. Ewing,
Ronnie Falcao, Lisa Farmer, Sharon Fenick, Bob Freeland, Debbie
Forest, Susan Gerhart, Jonathan Gilligan, Thomas Gramstad, Ron Graham,
David Gross, Mary W. Hall, Stacy Horn, Kathryn Huxtable, Joel Jones,
Bonita Kale, Joanne M. Karohl, Corinna Lee, Nancy Leveson, lip@s1.gov
(Loren), Jim Lippard, Albert Lunde, Jill Lundquist, Brian McGuinness,
Fanya S. Montalvo, Tori Nasman, Mirjana Obradovic, Vicki O'Day, Diane
L. Olsen, Joann Ordille, Jan Parcel, J. Rollins, Stewart Schultz,
Mary Shaw, Anne Sjostrom, Ellen Spertus, Jon J. Thaler, Dave Thomson,
Carolyn Turbyfill, Sarah Ullman, Max Meredith Vasilatos, Bronis
Vidiguris, Paul Wallich, Sharon Walter, Karen Ward, Marian Williams,
Celia Winkler, Michael Winston Woodring, Sue J. Worden, and Daniel
Zabetakis.
Especial thanks to the MLVL library catalogue system.
--------------
Please mail in comments, additions, corrections, suggestions, and so
on to feminism-request@ncar.ucar.edu.
--Cindy Tittle Moore
"If an aborigine drafted an IQ test, for example, all of Western
Civilization would probably flunk."
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From: kurt@dna.lth.se (Kurt Swanson)
Subject: rec.crafts.brewing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Message-ID: <1992Nov1.123653.17374@lth.se>
Followup-To: poster
Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
posted to rec.crafts.brewing, involving home beer making.
Sender: newsuser@lth.se (LTH network news server)
Organization: Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden
Date: Sun, 1 Nov 1992 12:36:53 GMT
Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
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Archive-name: brewing-faq
Last-modified: 1992/10/21
Version: 2.1
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[V2M1: send comments/corrections to Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se]
Frequently Asked Questions in Rec.Crafts.Brewing:
1. How is beer made?
2. How do I start? What equipment do I need?
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
4. Where can I access the archives?
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
6. What is a good text on brewing?
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
15. What is CAMRA?
16. What is a hydrometer? How is it used? What is "specific gravity"?
17. What is a wort chiller? How/why is it used?
18. What is hot break? What is cold break?
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids? What is HBU? What is IBU?
21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop?
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond?
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?
[Special thanks to Steve Russell and Tony Babinec]
[Extra-special thanks to Brian Smithey]
-------------------
1. How is beer made?
Beer is made from extracting sugar from the starch in malted grain. This is
boiled with sufficient water & hops to make a "wort." When this has cooled,
brewer's yeast is added to ferment the wort to create this finished product,
which is suitable for bottling or kegging, and maturation. Some people mash
their own grain, while others buy canned malt extract. Either method is
suitable for creating an award-winning brew, though mashing does allow
greater control over the finished product, and "mash'ers" claim better beer
is made. For more complete information get the compressed file beginners.Z
from the Stanford server (see #4).
2. How do I start? What equipment do I need?
There are specialty shops all over the country that sell ingredients
and equipment for making beer and wine at home. Check your yellow
pages under "Beer" or "Wine" for homebrewing or home winemaking
shops. If you can't find a shop locally, many shops do mail order
(more on mail order later). Basic equipment includes a kettle for
boiling the wort, a fermentation vessel of some kind -- glass
carboys (5 gallon bottled water bottles) and food-grade plastic
buckets are popular -- siphon hose for bottling, bottles, and a bottle
capper and caps. Most shops sell "starter kits", which include
essential equipment (and sometimes some not-so-essential equipment),
ingredients for your first batch, and a book. Prices vary, $60-70
U.S. is common.
3. What is the HomeBrewDigest (HBD)?
The Digest is an alternate forum for discussing homebrewing. It is not
associated in any manner with this newsgroup, or Usenet in general, except
that a high percentage of people contribute to both forums. The digest is a
list-group which is sent out daily, containing all postings from the
previous 24-hours. The HBD generally handles a more advanced discussion of
brewing issues. Flames are not permitted. Currently the HBD is being
posted to this newsgroup as a courtesy. Beware that some newsreaders will
split the digest into its component articles, and that follow-up posts will
not be seen by the original poster, nor other HBD subscribers. Direct
replies should work - but make sure the address is correct. To subscribe to
the digest, send a message containing "subscribe" to
homebrew-request@hpfcmi.fc.hp.com.
4. Where can I access the archives?
Currently no one that I know of archives rec.crafts.brewing, but the
archives to the HBD are available. They can be obtained via anonymous ftp
from sierra.stanford.edu in the pub/homebrew directory. Get the file called
index for a complete description of what is available. Many other "goodies"
reside in this directory. Please limit access to non-business hours.
If you do not have ftp access, you can send a mail message containing the
word "help" in it, to listserv@sierra.stanford.edu, and you will receive
instructions.
Another server does exist for those who do not have ftp access, send a mail
message containing only the word "HELP" to archive-server@wang.com for more
information.
5. Where can I get a copy of "The Cat's Meow" (recipe book)?
This is available on the archives, in the recipe-book subdirectory. See #4
for information on accessing the archives.
6. What is a good text on brewing?
It is generally agreed that "The Complete Joy of Home Brewing," by Charlie
Papazian is an excellent beginners text. Other find David Miller's "The
Complete Handbook of Homebrewing" just as good for the beginner, as well as
containing more information suited for intermediate/advanced brewers. I use
both. Other texts include "The Big Book of Brewing," by Dave Line, which is
a British text (with British & metric measurements), and "Brewing Lager
Beer" by Greg Noonan. Mr. Line has also written a recipe book which does
contain basic instructions, called "Brewing Beer Like Those You Buy." Also
you might try "Brewing Quality Beers," by Byron Burch, which has been
described as "short enough to read for the extremely impatient, yet has lots
of good information." Lastly, CAMRA (see below), publishes "Home
Brewing: The CAMRA Guide," by Graham Wheeler, 1990. Write to CAMRA
directly, at the address given below.
7. Where can I get mail order supplies?
The wang archive server contains the file "suppliers" which is a good place
to start, or try the classifieds in any copy of Zymurgy. Also, try the
yellow pages under "Beer making supplies" and "Wine Making."
Lastly, the original copy of "the Cat's Meow" (see #5), contains a list
of mail order shops.
8. What are the "lambic-list", "beerjudge-list", and "cider-list"?
These are three special topic mailing lists, unassociated with Usenet.
Subscribers send mail to the list and then copies are immediately mailed out
to every other subscriber. The lambic-list covers information on brewing a
special type of Belgian brew called lambic (ask for it at your liquor
store). The beerjudge-list covers topics related to judging beer in
competitions, as well as administration of the judge test. The
cider-list involves the brewing of cider. To subscribe, send mail
to lambic-request@cs.ulowell.edu, judge-request@synchro.com,
and cider-request@expo.lcs.mit.edu . Include your name, email
address, and in the case of the judge-list, your judging rank
("apprentice" for non-judges).
9. What is the A.H.A./Zymurgy?
Zymurgy is a quarterly publication, plus one special topics issue, put out
by the American Homebrewers Association (AHA). Zymurgy contains many
article on brewing as well as information & ads regarding clubs and
supplies. Contact the AHA by phone or US mail to:
American Homebrewers Association, Inc.
P.O. Box 1679
Boulder, CO 80306-1679
(303) 447-0816
10. I'm going to (city), what brewpubs are there?
The Wang archive server contains a file listing brewpubs. The file is call
brewpub-list. See question #4 on how to access the server.
11. My terminal gravity seems high, should I worry?
Worry? No. There are several possibilities. First, depending on your
recipe, an acceptable terminal gravity may be high. For example, a Barley
Wine with an initial gravity of 1.120, might completely ferment out at
1.040. On the other hand, a lite lager, with an initial gravity of 1.025
might ferment all the way down to 1.002. Thus you should check with your
recipe, or a similar recipe of that style, to determine what might be
proper. If you still believe it is high, and this is a frequent occurrence,
you may have a "stuck fermentation." This occurs for a variety of reasons.
The wort might not have been sufficiently aerated to start with, you might
slosh it around in the fermenter. Or, fermentation temperature might have
dropped to the point where the yeast may go dormant. Also, the yeast might
not have enough nutrients in the wort to work with. This often occurs in
extract brewing. In these latter two cases, you might try adding a yeast
nutrient, according to the instruction that come with it. Lastly, give it
time, as fermentation may slow, then suddenly accelerate at a later date.
12. Why hasn't my yeast done anything yet?
Some yeasts take longer to start than others. Make sure your fermentation
temperature is in the right range (lower temps slow yeast activity). Also,
high temperatures are bad for yeast. Besides problems of mutation, yeast
may be killed if pitched before the wort has sufficiently cooled. You might
try aerating the wort by sloshing it around in the fermenter. Lastly, the
pitching rate affects startup time. If you pitch too little yeast, not only
will the lag time be greater, but you also risk infection. Many people
either use 2 packets of dry yeast (Whitbread excepted), or make a starter
culture from one packet, or from liquid yeast.
13. Are there any homebrew clubs in (city)?
Steve Russell has compiled an on-line list of homebrew clubs. You can
contact him by sending mail to: srussell@msc.cornell.edu or
srussell@crnlmsc2.bitnet.
14. What's the word on Bottle Fillers?
The following was graciously submitted by Paul Chisholm regarding a recent
discussion on bottle fillers in this newsgroup... Thanks, Paul...
Some people Worry (for shame!-) that a bottle filler causes more
oxidation (because of spraying through the smaller opening, rather than
through the whole opening at the end of the siphon tube, I guess). The
solution is to tilt the bottle at the beginning, and stick the end of
the bottling wand into the bottom "corner" of the bottle. The wand's
end is soon covered with beer, and no amount of spraying will cause any
extra air to be mixed in with the beer. Also, if the end of the wand
(or siphon tube, or whatever) isn't much lower than the end of the
siphon tube in the priming carboy (or whatever), the beer will be
siphoned slowly, at low pressure, reducing spraying. (This works for
any bottle filling procedure.)
Another problem is the bottle filler has beer in it. When you lift the
filler from the bottle, that beer doesn't go into the bottle, and the
headspace is greatly increased. Even if you fill the bottle almost
full, the resulting headspace is larger than some people consider
optimal. You can fill the bottle, move the filler to the top of the
bottle, and press the tip of the filler to drizzle enough beer down the
side of the bottle to reduce the head space.
There are two kinds of fillers. One kind has a spring. The other has
a stopper that's held down by the weight of the beer. The latter is
slower. Does that mean oxidation is less of a problem? I expect it's
easier to finish filling (using the side-of-the-bottle trick) with a
springless filler.
(There's also something called Phil's Philler, which has a hole at the
top as well as at the bottom. You can remove the filler without
removing the beer in it, thus eliminating the headspace problem.)
My take on all this is that there are ways to use a bottle filler to
reduce problems (and reduce Worry). I didn't find enough evidence of
problems to bottle my beer without a bottle filler.
15. What is CAMRA?
CAMRA stands for "the CAMpaign for Real Ale," a British consumers'
group that is concerned with changes, primarily in the quality of
British beers. For membership details write:
Campaign for Real Ale, Ltd
34 Alma Road
St. Albans
Herts AL1 3BR
United Kingdom
16. What is a hydrometer? How is it used? What is "specific gravity"?
A hydrometer measures the weight of a liquid relative to the same
volume of water (i.e., relative densities). In brewing, much of
this excess weight is expected to be from fermentable and unfermentable
malt sugars. Most hydrometers measure Specific Gravity (SG), which
tells how many times heavier than water the liquid of interest is;
for example, a 1.050 SG wort is 1.05 times heavier than an equal volume
of water at 60 F. SG measurements are temperature dependent, and SG
should be measured at 60 F., as water is SG 1.0 at 60 F.
Hydrometers often come with a temperature conversion chart, but
hydrometers often are not accurately calibrated, so that water at
60F will not read 1.0. An easy way to take SG readings with a
hydrometer is to measure at room temperature, and then measure water
at room temperature and take the difference.
Some abbreviations commonly used in homebrewing relating to specific
gravity: OG, Original (wort specific) Gravity; FG or TG, Final or
Terminal Gravity (when the beer is finished fermenting).
17. What is a wort chiller? How/why is it used?
A wort chiller is a device used to quickly cool boiling wort to
yeast pitching temperatures. Two common constructions are the
immersion chiller and the counterflow chiller. The immersion
chiller consists of a coil of copper tubing that is immersed in
the wort, and cold water is run through the tubing. Counterflow
designs usually consist of copper tubing inside of a larger diameter
plastic tubing; cold water runs through the plastic tubing in one
direction, cooling wort runs through the copper tubing in the other
direction.
Using a chiller to quickly cool wort has several advantages over
slow air cooling. You get your yeast pitched quickly, reducing
the risk of infection; the time the wort spends at DMS* producing
temperatures is reduced; and a quick chill promotes good cold break.
* DMS is Dimethyl Sulfide, a malt by-product with an aroma
described as similar to cooked corn.
18. What is hot break? What is cold break?
Hot and cold break are terms used by homebrewers to describe the
flocculation of proteins and other materials during the boil (the
hot break) and cooling (the cold break). This material tends to
settle to the bottom of your kettle or fermenter, where it becomes
part of the "trub". Sometimes the terms "hot break" and "cold break"
will be used to refer to the activity ("I had a great cold break
when I pumped ice water through my wort chiller"), while at other
times the brewer may be referring to the actual matter ("The cold
break settled to the bottom of my carboy"); if you're worried that
you may not be understood, you can always specify whether you're
talking about the occurrence or the stuff. Usually it is understood
from context.
19. How are all-grain recipes converted to extract?
All fermentables (malt extract syrup, dry malt extract, grain malt,
sugar, honey, etc.) cause an increase in the specific gravity of the
solution when added to water. A common way to measure how much the
specific gravity increases is the number of SG points of increase
when a pound of the ingredient is added to one gallon of water.
Most fermentables used for beer are in the range of 25-45 points
per pound per gallon. Values for many of these ingredients may be
found in the references mentioned in the Bibliography section. When
substituting one fermentable for another, use the ratio of the
specific gravity contributions of each ingredient to scale the one
you will use to the amount that will provide the desired SG contribution.
Example: You have an all-grain recipe that calls for 8# of Malted
Barley, and you want to replace it with extract syrup. One of my
references lists the SG contributions of these ingredients as
approximately 30 points for the grain and 36 points for the syrup
per pound of ingredient per gallon of water. You multiply the
8# of grain in the recipe by 30/36 to get 6 2/3 pounds of malt
extract syrup.
20. Regarding hops, what are alpha acids? What is HBU? What is IBU?
Alpha acids are bittering compounds found in hops that are extracted
when hops are boiled with wort. The alpha acid "rating" on hops
describes how much of the weight of the hop is made up of alpha acids.
Hops with a higher alpha acid content will contribute more bitterness
than a low alpha hop when using the same amount of hop.
HBU stands for "Homebrew Bitterness Unit", which is a recipe unit
for hops. It takes into account the alpha acid content of the hop,
so that a recipe will call for a certain amount of HBU's rather than
an amount specified in ounces. HBU is computed by multiplying the
weight of hops in oz. by the alpha acid percentage of the hops; sum
for all hop additions. For example, 1 oz of 7% alpha hops will have
a HBU of 7. Note that volume is ignored in the HBU, therefore it
is important to include the volume of the recipe, or express the
hop additions in HBU per gallon (or HBU per 5 gallons) rather than
just strictly HBU.
IBU stands for "International Bittering Unit", and is a measure of
the amount of bittering compounds in a particular volume of beer,
rather than a recipe unit. However, the "Hops and Beer" special
issue of Zymurgy (see Bibliography) presents a formula for estimating
IBU, considering several variables -- alpha acid content, wort volume,
wort gravity, and time in the boil.
Another way to think of this is that HBU represents the "potential"
for bittering beer (the bittering strength of the hops), while IBU
represents "actual" bittering, and is a measure of the beer, not
the hops.
21. What is "dry hopping"? How should I dry hop?
Dry hopping is the practice of adding dry hops to beer at some
time after the boil. The technique is used to increase hop aroma
in the finished beer, as aromatic hop compounds are quickly lost
when hops are boiled. Common practice is to add the hops to a
secondary fermenter, or if kegging, to the keg from which the
beer will be served. Dry hops added to a fermenter should be
left in contact with the beer for at least a week or two. The
consensus seems to be that the amount of alcohol present by the
time fermenting beer is in secondary fermentation is sufficient
to prevent bacteria and/or wild yeasts from "riding in" on the
hops and contaminating the beer, so sanitizing of the dry hops
is not deemed necessary. Either whole hops, plugs, or pellets
may be used for dry hopping.
22. What are 20L, 40L, etc. crystal malts? What is Lovibond?
For brewers, the Lovibond degree is a unit used to measure the color
of malted barley and beer. Darker grains have a higher Lovibond measure,
and contribute more color to brewed beer. Darker crystal malts (such
as 60L, 80L, 120L, etc.) will provide more sweet flavor and more color
than similar amounts of lighter (20L, 40L) crystal malt. Dave Miller's
book (see Bibliography) provides a formula for very roughly predicting
the color of finished beer in degrees L based on the grain that goes
into making the beer.
23. What is "Wyeast" (liquid yeast)? How is "Wyeast" pronounced?
"Wyeast" is a nickname for the Brewer's Choice line of liquid brewing
yeasts from Logsdon's Wyeast Laboratories. There are more than a dozen
varieties of ale and lager yeasts available from Wyeast. Many brewers
that use Wyeast consider it to be of high quality, uncontaminated by
bacteria. For a report on contaminants in liquid and dry yeasts
available to homebrewers, see the "Yeast" special issue of Zymurgy.
Good results can be obtained from either dry or liquid yeasts,
especially for brewers that are willing to carefully home culture
yeasts that they know to be pure and provide good results.
The name Wyeast is pronounced like "Why-yeast", not "double-u yeast",
and is the name that the local Native Americans had given to Mt. Hood
in Oregon, which stands near the site of the Wyeast lab.
24. How do I make a yeast starter?
The Wyeast package recommends making a 1.020 SG wort and pitching
the active contents of the package into a sanitized bottle with
an airlock to allow the quantity of active yeast cells to build
up before pitching into a typical 5 gallon batch of wort. This
"starter" wort is usually made from dry malt extract boiled with
water at the rate of 2 tablespoons per 8 oz. cup of water. Some
brewers like to throw in a couple of hop cones or pellets for their
antiseptic qualities. When the starter is at high krauesen (the
term is used loosely here, you often won't get a foamy head on your
starter, look for visible, strong fermentation) it's ready to pitch.
Typical time for a starter is 24 hours. This technique is recommended
for both dry and liquid yeasts.
25. How do I convert from PPM to mg/l and vice-versa?
You multiply (or divide) by 1. PPM (parts per million) is
*defined* as mg/l (milligrams per liter).
--
Kurt Swanson, Dept. of Computer Science,
Lunds universitet. Kurt.Swanson@dna.lth.se
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From: mmm@cup.portal.com (Mark Robert Thorson)
Newsgroups: alt.activism
Subject: Re: Anthropological News Network
Message-ID: <69424@cup.portal.com>
Date: Thu, 12 Nov 92 22:36:35 PST
Organization: The Portal System (TM)
References: <1992Nov10.164047.1@kean.ucs.mun.ca>
Lines: 10
There's an activist newsletter for anthropologists you may be interested in.
It's called the ACPAC Newsletter and is published by the American
Committee for Preservation of Archeological Collections. They fight
the efforts of people who want artifacts to be returned to native peoples
for reburial, etc. There have been several outrageous cases of modern
native Americans demanding and receiving artifacts which have absolutely
no connection to existing tribes.
The newsletter is free. Write to:
ACPAC, P.O. Box 1171, Whittier CA 90609-1171
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