🚀 go-pugleaf

Archive-name: biology/guide
Last-modified: 22 February 1993
Version: 1.0


	          A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources
          
This is a major revision.  Previous versions, known as "Bionet FAQ", have
appeared in bionet.general and bionet.announce over the past year.  I have
abandoned that title, which has now been taken over by another document.
I will no longer distribute my list of biology-related listserver mailing
lists (formerly "bio-lists"):  it appears here as Appendix A.  Appendix B
is a bibliography of sorts, and additional references are given in the text. 
There is now a table of contents, which seems a better structure than the
old question-and-answer format, given how long this FAQ has become.  I hope
this change will help you to read the whole thing, and that you will find the
whole thing worth reading.  Please share it with your colleagues and friends.

As ever, I welcome comments and suggestions for additional material.

	Una Smith	Department of Biology		smith-una@yale.edu
			Yale University
			New Haven, Connecticut  06511
 

-*- 0. Table of Contents

    1. Conditions of Use 
    2. Networking
        1. Some Mind-Boggling Statistics
        2. Netiquette
        3. Usenet
            1. Newsgroups of Special Interest
            2. A Note About the Bionet Newsgroups
            3. Sources of Information
        4. Listserver Mailing Lists
            1. Commands
            2. Archives
            3. Gateways into Usenet
        5. Other Mailing Lists
    3. Information Archives
        1. Data Bases
        2. Software Archives
        3. Access Tools
            1. Telnet 
            2. Anonymous Ftp
            3. Gopher
            4. Archie
            5. Veronica
            6. WAIS
            7. The Web
    4. Commercial Services
    5. Frequently Asked Questions
        1. Does anyone have an e-mail address for X?
        2. How do I find a good graduate program?
        3. Where can I get old newsgroup/mailing list articles?
        4. Where can I find biology-related job announcements?

    A. Assorted Listserver Mailing Lists
    B. Bibliography
    C. Contributors


-*- 1.  Conditions of Use

    I encourage you to share this FAQ with your colleagues and friends.

    This FAQ may be freely distributed, provided that it is not edited in
    any way.  It may be freely adapted, provided that the adapted document
    is not represented as being this FAQ, nor as being written by me, but
    does cite this FAQ as the original document.  This FAQ may not be sold
    for profit, nor included in any document that is sold for profit, in
    either the original or an adapted form.  However, its use is permitted
    in paper-based journals or newsletters that are provided to subscribers
    at or below the cost of printing and mailing.

    If you make significant use of any document, data or software provided
    via the Internet, the authors would be grateful if you would cite them
    or otherwise acknowlege their efforts.  Virtually every service or
    resource mentioned in this FAQ (and this FAQ itself) is the un-paid,
    personal effort of scientists and graduate students. 

    This FAQ may be cited as:

	Smith, Una R. (1993) "A Biologist's Guide to the Internet."
	Published monthly in the Usenet newsgroups sci.bio, bionet.general
        and news.answers, and archived as file "biology/guide" in the
        anonymous ftp archive on pit-manager.mit.edu.  ~20 pages.


-*- 2.  Networking

    The Internet has become an exellent place in which to look for academic
    and professional position announcements, conference announcements and
    calls for papers, and important notices about recent events in many
    fields of biology, especially molecular biology.  Generally, notices of
    all forms appear on the Internet well in advance of traditional journals
    and newsletters.  Increasingly, scientific interest groups, both formal
    and informal ones, maintain electronic discussion groups, directories,
    digests and newsletters.  These resources are distributed in three
    principal ways:  via Usenet newsgroups, (automated) listserver mailing
    lists, and mailing lists administered by real people.  Increasingly, the
    two forms of mailing list have "gateways" into Usenet newsgroups.  


-*- 2.1.  Some Mind-Boggling Statistics

    Recently, approximately 300 thousand articles per week were distributed
    worldwide through Usenet (newsstats@uunet.uu.net 1993).  This traffic
    constituted roughly 40 megabytes per day of announcements, questions and
    answers, advice and bits of program code, references, heated debates, and
    data in various formats.  There are now nearly a million registered
    computers on the Internet, and thus tens of millions of people;  an
    estimated 7 million people have accounts on 65 thousand computers carrying
    Usenet, and nearly 2 million people read Usenet news at least occasionally
    (Reid 1993b).  There are several thousand world-wide Usenet newsgroups,
    several thousand listserver mailing lists, and several thousand other,
    generally small, mailing lists. 

    The numbers are difficult to gather, but it appears that there are on
    the order of 10 thousand people who read biology-related Usenet newsgroups
    (Reid 1983a), and there may be that many using mailing lists for topics
    in biology.  All together, there are a hundred or so newsgroups and
    mailing lists (via listservers or otherwise) that may be of particular
    interest to biologists.


-*- 2.2.  Netiquette

    The professionally-oriented newsgroups and mailing lists follow certain
    conventions of etiquette.  It was not always so, but as the number of
    participants has grown over the years from a few dozen to several
    thousand, or even tens of thousands in the most popular newsgroups, the
    participants have gradually found it necessary to institute standards of
    behavior.  These are none other than those used by most people at public
    events such as academic conferences.  In fact, most of the science-related
    newsgroups (and mailing lists) are very much like mid-sized meetings of
    any professional society, except that they never end.  The participants
    come and go as they please, but the discussions and exchange of ideas and
    information continue as though they had a life of their own.

    The articles tend to be of the following types:

    * Discussions on topics of general interest.  Questions on specific
      topics, techniques, or organisms are also welcome.  Above all else,
      the occasional lengthly discussions on various issues may be the
      single most rewarding aspect of the newsgroups and mailing lists.

    * Announcements of upcoming conferences or other events, or grant
      deadlines.  In Usenet, announcments can be set to expire (and thus
      disappear from the list of current articles), and notices about
      lectures etc. may be limited in their distribution so that they are
      seen only by readers in the appropriate geographical area. 
 
    * Academic and professional job announcements, including many graduate
      fellowships.  These are sometimes posted in newsgroups/mailing lists
      reserved for such notices, often well in advance of publication in
      traditional paper journals or newsletters.

    * Reports or comments on new books, papers, methods or software.  People
      often report on interesting scientific news in the media, or forward
      items from other newsgroups or mailing lists.  Full citation of sources
      is always appropriate and appreciated.  Requests for references or
      comments are also welcome, and, when posed as specific questions of
      general interest, frequently lead to successful discussions.

    * Unacceptable articles include commercial advertisements, political
      lobbying messages, and anything not pertaining directly to the topic
      or purview of the newsgroup or mailing list.  Discussions about
      commercial products, especially books and software, are generally
      allowed as long as they do not constitute advertisements.

    Quite a few documents have been written about computer network etiquette
    (or "netiquette");  several are available in news.answers.  Some of the
    advice bears repeating:

    * Always include your full name and e-mail address 

    Put these at the end of your message, with your usual signature.  You
    might want to use a .signature file (standard on most Unix systems, also
    implemented for Usenet and mail readers under VM/CMS) to make this
    automatic. This is necessary because strange things often happen to
    headers in e-mail or Usenet articles sent from one network to another,
    and some people use software that strips the header information.
    
    * Write useful summaries   
      
    Whenever a question or request for information results in many replies,
    it is expected that the person who posted the original article will
    compile and post a summary of the responses.  That person is expected to
    exercise discretion and tact when compiling and editing the replies, to
    ensure a fair and accurate summary.
  
    Answers to very esoteric questions are often best sent directly to the
    person who asked for help, rather than to the newsgroup;  the choice of
    whether to post a (public) reply or send (private) e-mail is a personal
    decision.  If you send a reply by e-mail, and would prefer that it be
    kept private, you should say so in your note, because otherwise the other
    person may share your comments with others.  If the original poster
    promises to post a summary at the outset, then all replies should be
    sent by e-mail, unless they constitute an important re-direction of the
    original question.
   
    Care should be invested in writing summaries:
    
    * The "best" answers should come first.
    * All answers should be separated clearly, and nicely formatted.
    * A simple concatenation of all the answers is not adequate;  instead
      redundancies, irrelevancies, verbosities and errors of fact or
      spelling should be edited out.  It is appropriate to use square
      brackets and dots to indicate editing [...].   
    * The contributors of each answer (or of a group of answers all along
      the same lines) should be identified, unless they asked that their
      names be withheld.
  
    * Avoid starting "flame wars", a.k.a. nasty arguments
   
    Biology is very much a compilation of theories and dogmas, and thus
    virtually every discussion eventually uncovers some point of basic
    disagreement among the participants.  It can be difficult to keep
    discussion on any topic from drifting into bitter fights, and those
    do no one any good.  So, to keep things cool, when an article angers
    you, save it for a few hours while you do something else (don't reply
    on an empty stomach).  Come back to the message when you are calm and
    relaxed (and have had a chance to think out a good rebuttal ;-).  You
    may find that, later, the article no longer offends you so much.
   
    Although English is the language in which the vast majority of articles
    are written, English is not the first language of quite a few readers,
    nor are all native English-speakers equally skilled at expressing
    themselves.  Try to remember this, and be generous when interpreting the
    arguments made by others.  More importantly, try to appreciate that the
    other readers represent an enormously broad spectrum of specialties,
    each with its own founding principles, theories, literature, philosophy,
    classic examples, and techniques.  You can learn a lot here, and you can
    also teach others a lot, but only if great care is taken to avoid jargon.
    Although almost all of us are biologists, it is nonetheless necessary for 
    each of us to write as though addressing a general scientific audience.
    And, anyway, the exercise will be good for you.
    
    If you simply must say something highly critical, consider sending
    it via personal e-mail, rather than posting or mailing to the group.


-*- 2.3.  Usenet

    Usenet is a system of highly organized newsgroups sharing many features
    with traditional newsletters, mailing lists and focussed scientific
    societies.  Usenet is Internet-based, and strongly developed so that end
    users need know only how to interact with the Usenet "reader" software
    on their computers.  There exist free Usenet software packages for
    virtually every operating system;  installation and maintenance is
    usually performed by system administrators, but can be accomplished by
    experienced users.  Particularly strong features of Usenet that make it
    far superior to the two types of mailing lists include the threading of
    all articles on a related topic, the ability to control the distribution
    of posted articles to heirarchical levels (e.g., the author's university,
    state, or country), the ability to cancel an article even after it has
    been distributed, and automatic expiration of dated articles.

    Way back in the dawn of the information age, people started to create
    electronic discussion groups and subscription lists.  Some of these
    became so active that it was a burden to wade through all the e-mail
    that came each day.  So an alternative was created:  Usenet.  Usenet
    software is free, and behaves somewhat like a familiar e-mail reader,
    but with many significant improvements, including the grouping together
    of all messages pertaining to a given discussion.

    All aspects of Usenet, including software and distribution of articles,
    are "free", but Usenet is not cheap;  because it requires a significant
    allocation of computer disk space, and a certain amount of installation
    and regular maintenance work by a system administrator, not all computer
    systems offer Usenet.  Many people may already have access to Usenet from
    their computers but just don't know it.  Some of them probably just need
    a newsreader (software) on their PC or Macintosh to access a local Usenet
    news server.  It may also be necessary to prod the system administrator
    who takes care of Usenet to add the bionet newsgroups to the local "feed".  

    If you subscribe via e-mail to the bionet newsgroups or certain mailing
    lists, and you're tired of getting too much mail all jumbled together,
    try typing "news", "rn", "rrn", "nn", "trn", "vnews", or "readnews" at
    the command prompt.  If your computer does something other than complain
    about an unknown command, chances are you've got Usenet access and I urge
    you to ask a colleague how to use the newsreader on your your site. If it
    turns out you don't have Usenet, but you or your system's administrator
    are interested in setting it up, start by getting copies of some documents
    that are posted in the Usenet newsgroup news.newusers.questions.  True,
    you can't read them there because you don't have Usenet, but you *can*
    use anonymous ftp to copy them from the archive on pit-manager.mit.edu
    (see section 1.2.2).  The document titles and archive file names are:
    
        What is Usenet?                          what-is-usenet/part1
        How to become a USENET site                        site-setup
        USENET Software:  History and Sources   usenet-software/part1

-*- 2.3.1.  Newsgroups of Special Interest

    bionet.agroforestry
    bionet.announce
    bionet.biology.computational
    bionet.biology.tropical
    bionet.general
    bionet.genome.arabidopsis
    bionet.genome.chrom22
    bionet.immunology
    bionet.info-theory
    bionet.jobs
    bionet.journals.contents
    bionet.journals.note
    bionet.molbio.* [16 newsgroups]
    bionet.neuroscience
    bionet.plants
    bionet.population-bio
    bionet.sci-resources
    bionet.software
    bionet.software.sources
    bionet.technology.conversion
    bionet.users.addresses
    bionet.virology
    bionet.women-in-bio
    bionet.xtallography

    bit.listserv.biosph-l
    bit.listserv.devel-l
    bit.listserv.ethology
    bit.listserv.info-gcg
    bit.listserv.sas-l
    bit.listserv.scifraud
    bit.listserv.stat-l
    bit.listserv.uigis-l
    bit.listserv.vpiej-l

    comp.infosystems.gis
    comp.infosystems.gopher
    comp.infosystems.wais
    comp.theory.cell-automata
    comp.theory.dynamic-sys
    comp.theory.self-org-sys

    news.announce.conference
    news.announce.important
    news.announce.newusers
    news.answers
    news.lists

    sci.archaeology
    sci.bio
    sci.bio.technology
    sci.chem
    sci.cognitive
    sci.environment
    sci.geo.* [3 newsgroups]
    sci.math.* [5 newsgroups]
    sci.med.* [4 newsgroups]
    sci.* [approx. 50 other newsgroups]

-*- 2.3.2.  A Note About the Bionet Newsgroups

    Unlike most Usenet newsgroups, the bionet newsgroups all have gateways
    into non-listserver mailing lists.  The cross-posting of articles to
    more than one newsgroup is discouraged, since at this time the e-mail
    subscribers will get multiple copies of any cross-posted articles.

    These mailing lists are administrated by David Kristofferson's BIOSCI
    service, which is funded by the US National Science Foundation for the
    express purpose of supporting computer networking among biologists. 
    By supporting personal e-mail subscriptions to the bionet newsgroups,
    BIOSCI has effectively formed a bridge between biologists with e-mail
    and those with Usenet (once familiar with Usenet, few people have the
    patience for e-mail subscriptions).  David Kristofferson is responsible
    for proposing the creation of the bionet domain of Usenet and starting
    many of the bionet newsgroups.  Requests for e-mail subscriptions to
    bionet newsgroups are handled by biosci@net.bio.net (for requests from
    the Americas) and biosci@daresbury.ac.uk (for all others).

    A FAQ describing administrative details of the bionet newsgroups is
    available from biosci@net.bio.net or biosci@daresbury.ac.uk, and appears
    regularly in the bionet.announce newsgroup.  Note:  rules for forming
    new bionet newsgroups differ somewhat from those used elsewhere in Usenet.
    Various other FAQs dealing with the interests of specific newsgroups are
    posted in those newsgroups.  Tom Schneider's FAQ for bionet.info-theory
    is available by anonymous ftp from ncifcrf.gov:  look for the file
    bionet.info-theory.faq in the pub/delila/ directory.

-*- 2.3.3.  Sources of Information 

    For the convenience of people who do not care to read or subscribe to
    the Usenet newsgroups, Usenet FAQs are archived on a number of publicly
    accessible archives, from which they can be retrieved via anonymous ftp
    or e-mail.  This guide is posted monthly as a FAQ to bionet.general and
    news.answers.  It is therefore archived at any site that archives
    news.answers, including pit-manager.mit.edu (the main archive for FAQs)
    and net.bio.net, and can be retrieved via anonymous ftp.  This guide is
    is stored as the file bioguide in the pub/usenet/news.answers/ directory.
    Those with only e-mail access to the Internet can send an e-mail message
    to mail-server@pit-manager.mit.edu, containing the body

        help
        index

    to receive instructions on how to search the archive and receive files
    from it by e-mail.  The Usenet newsgroups news.answers and
    news.announce.newusers carry several extremely useful FAQs.  Their titles
    and corresponding archive file names are:
    
        What is Usenet? (what-is-usenet/part1)
        Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about Usenet (usenet-faq/part1)
        Rules for Posting to Usenet (posting-rules/part1)
        How to Create a New Usenet Newsgroup (creating-newsgroups/part1)
        How to Get Information about Networks (network-info/part1)
        USENET Software:  History and Sources (usenet-software/part1)
        How to become a USENET site (site-setup)


-*- 2.4.  Listserver Mailing Lists

    Appendix A at the end of this FAQ includes most listserver mailing lists
    of particular interest or use to biologists.  Internet addresses are
    given whenever possible, and all addresses are in standard Internet
    format, with the exception that portions of the Internet node names that
    reflect original Bitnet node names are given in uppercase.

    Listservers were developed many years ago on Bitnet, when certain computer
    programs named "listserv" were created and allowed to act like regular
    computer users:  receiving and sending out e-mail, and keeping files. 
    These listservers were given the task of maintaining electronic mailing
    lists, handling all membership requests (subscriptions and cancellation
    of subscriptions, and so on).  Many list owners collect monthly logs of
    all messages sent to the list, and some also provide files of other
    information.  The listserver will send "back issue" logs and other files
    on request. 

-*- 2.4.1  Commands

    Being computer programs, with nothing else to do, listservers just sit
    and wait for e-mail to arrive, read it, and perform the appropriate task
    immediately.  They respond only to a small set of commands.  A summary
    (Thomas 1992) of these commands can be retrieved by sending the message
    "send listserv refcard" to any listserver.  The main listserver is
    listserv@BITNIC.educom.edu, but there are many listservers around the
    world.  Specificially, there is one on each computer for which a mailing
    list is mentioned in Appendix A.  Most listservers maintain more than
    one mailing list.

    To subscribe to any of these mailing lists, people send e-mail to the
    listserver at the same address.  For example, subscriptions to the
    Smithsonian Institution's biological conservation list, CONSLINK, may
    be obtained by sending the message

        subscribe conslink <Your Name>

    to listserv@SIVM.si.edu.

    Send subscription and other administrative requests to the listserver, 
    not the list;  e-mail messages sent directly to the mailing list will
    (generally) be sent to all the list subscribers.  Only the listserver
    can process subscription requests, and the listserver only knows about
    requests that it receives directly.

-*- 2.4.2.  Archives

    In addition to handling the membership requests for particular mailing
    lists, most listservers also archive all messages sent to each list in
    monthly log files.  These files, along with other items contributed by
    list subscribers, are archived by the listserver and can be retrieved
    by e-mail.  The listserver at SIVM.si.edu keeps an especially good
    archive of various directories of conservation organizations and field
    stations, several newsletters, and a large collection of bibliographic
    references relating to biological conservation.  The listserver at
    UMDD.umd.edu keeps an archive of job and conference announcements
    submitted to the Ecological Society of America. 

    Commands for retrieving files from listserver archives are described
    in the listserver command reference guide (Thomas 1992), and include:

        review <listname>
        index <listname>
        send <listname> filelist
        send listserv refcard 
        help

-*- 2.4.3.  Gateways into Usenet

    Some of the listserver mailing lists in appendix A below are also
    Usenet newsgroups:

    biosph-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  is bit.listserv.biosph-l
    biotech@UMDD.umd.edu          is sci.bio.technology
    devel-l@AUVM.american.edu     is bit.listserv.devel-l
    ethology@FINHUTC.hut.fi       is bit.listserv.ethology
    gis-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu     is comp.infosystems.gis
    info-gcg@UTORONTO.bitnet      is bit.listserv.info-gcg
    sas-l@UGA.cc.uga.edu          is bit.listserv.sas-l
    stat-l@vm1.mcgill.ca          is bit.listserv.stat-l
    uigis-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu   is bit.listserv.uigis-l
    vpiej-l@VTVM1.cc.vt.edu       is bit.listserv.vpiej-l

    American University has established itself as the clearing house and 
    semi-official keeper of automated gateways between listserver mailing
    lists and Usenet newsgroups.  Questions about the procedure for
    establishing a gateway for any listserver mailing list may be posted to
    the Usenet newsgroup bit.admin or sent to news-admin@AUVM.american.edu.
    A FAQ on this topic appears regularly in the bit.admin newsgroup. 


-*- 2.5.  Other Mailing Lists

    Besides Usenet and the listserver mailing lists, there are several
    thousand special-interest mailing lists available over the Internet,
    including:

    List name                       List administrator (topic, format) 
    -----------------------------   ------------------------------------
    alife@cognet.ucla.edu           alife-request@cognet.ucla.edu
                                       (artificial life, digest)
    avifauna@rcp.pe                 phillips@cipa.ec (Roberto Phillips)
                                       (neotropical birds)
    b-e-group@forager.unl.edu       b-e-requests@forager.unl.edu
                                       (behavioral ecology, digest)
    biologia@athena.mit.edu	    biologia-request@athena.mit.edu
                                       (tropical biology, in Spanish)
    ecologia@athena.mit.edu	    ecologia-request@athena.mit.edu
                                       (tropical ecology, in Spanish)
    ent-list@um.cc.umich.edu        hcfb@um.cc.umich.edu (Mark O'Brien)
                                       (entomology)
    forest@lists.funet.fi           forest-request@lists.funet.fi
                                       (forestry)
    orchids@scuacc.scu.edu          mailserv-reply@scuacc.scu.edu	
                                       (use "subscribe orchids Your Name")
    plant-taxonomy@mailbase.ac.uk   mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk
                                       (use "join plant-taxonomy Your Name")
    wildnet@access.usask.ca         wildnet-request@access.usask.ca
                                       (conservation issues, digest)

    There is a 4-part FAQ in news.answers, "Publicly Accessible Mailing
    Lists", which is currently maintained by Stephanie da Silva, and
    includes brief descriptions of the charter of each mailing list. 
    This FAQ is stored in FAQ archives in the directory /mailing-lists/.


-*- 3.  Information Archives

    A number of people have begun to organize the many free biological
    information archives, data bases and services on the Internet into
    well-organized menus using gopher servers.  These include Don Gilbert's
    IUBIO service on ftp.bio.indiana.edu in the United States, Rob Harper's
    "Bionaut software and data paradise" on gopher.csc.fi in Finland, and
    Reinhard Doelz's "Information servers in biology (Gopher based)" on
    gopher.embnet.unibas.ch in Switzerland.  All of these services are
    accessible via gopher "clients". 

    Some unusual and particularly useful archives include the STIS anonymous
    ftp archive at stis.nsf.gov, which has many valuable documents from the US
    National Science Foundation.  The Harvard Herbaria anonymous ftp archive
    on huh.harvard.edu has a number of research newsletters and documents
    describing the emerging data standards for on-line biological collections.
    Various Usenet newsgroups and mailing lists provide the tables of contents 
    (TOCs) for current issues of a few journals of interest to biologists. 
    The journal TOCs available in bionet.journals.contents include:

       Applied and Environmental Microbiology
       CABIOS
       EMBO Journal
       Journal of Bacteriology
       Journal of Biological Chemistry
       Journal of Virology
       Molecular and Cellular Biology
       Molecular Microbiology
       Nucleic Acids Research


    Scott Yanoff keeps an excellent list of unusual and useful Internet
    services, a few of which are mentioned in this guide.  Anyone who does
    a lot of field work will appreciate the Geographic Name Server, which can
    provide the latitude and longitude, and the elevation of most places in
    the United States:  all cities and counties are covered, as well as some
    national parks and some geographical features (mountains, rivers, lakes,
    etc.).  Telnet to martini.eecs.umich.edu, port 3000 (no user name needed)
    and type "help" for instructions.  Other services listed include:  an
    on-line dictionary, weather maps, a general weather report service, an
    archive of statistical programs and data sets, and various computers
    allowing public telnet sessions so that people who have Internet access
    but not Usenet can read and post Usenet articles.  To get a copy of the
    list, see the Usenet newsgroup alt.internet.services, or get the file
    inet.services.txt from the /pub/ directory of the anonymous ftp archive
    on csd4.csd.uwm.edu.


-*- 3.1.  Data Bases

    Every week now there are more archives coming online as WAIS servers.
    Many contain bibliographic data bases, complete with abstracts.  An
    example is the US Department of Energy (DOE) Climate Data data base, and
    the NASA Global Change Data Directory, archived on ridgisd.er.usgs.gov.
    The results of online WAIS searches can be saved as files or sent to you
    as e-mail.  The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has put a
    bibliographic data base and catalog of data set descriptions on a gopher
    server at lternet.edu.  Dozens of ecological data sets (actual data) given
    to Tom Siccama of Yale University by ecologists working in North America
    over the past twenty years are available via gopher from gopher.yale.edu.
    A WAIS database of information about sustainable agriculture is available
    from sunsite.unc.edu (telnet is permitted with user name "swais"; send
    e-mail to info@sunsite.unc.edu for help).

    Various genome projects are now well established on the Internet, with
    large, highly organized databases that support increasingly powerful and
    complex interactive or batch search queries.  Most of them now support
    WAIS and gopher search access.  The biologists who use and contribute to
    these data bases in their research receive a lot of their technical
    support through discussions and announcements in the bionet.* domain of
    Usenet:

    Genomic or other data base           Relevant Usenet newsgroup
    --------------------------           -------------------------
    AAtDB and ACEDB                      bionet.genome.arabidopsis
    PIR (and SWISS-PROT)                 bionet.molbio.proteins
    The Brookhaven Protein Data Bank     bionet.xtallography
    GenBank (NCBI and Los Alamos)        bionet.molbio.genbank
    The EMBL Databank                    bionet.molbio.embldatabank
    Human Genome Database (GDB)          bionet.molbio.gdb
    Museums and Herbaria on Internet     bionet.plants

    Posting about these data bases to the corresponding newsgroups will
    usually get the attention of someone on the appropriate data base
    staff immediately, with responses following within hours.  Questions,
    as well as data submissions and corrections, can generally be sent
    directly to the relevant administrators (after Garavelli 1992):

    Database            Address of administrator
    --------            ------------------------
    AAtDB, ACEDB        curator@frodo.mgh.harvard.edu
    Brookhaven          pdb@chm.chm.bnl.gov
    DDBJ                ddbjsubs@flat.nig.ac.jp
    EDEX                goforest@gopher.yale.edu
    EMBL                datasubs@embl-heidelberg.de
    GDB                 help@welch.jhu.edu
    GenBank             gb-sub@life.lanl.gov
    Harvard Herbaria    beach@huh.harvard.edu
    LTER                helper@lternet.edu
    NCBI                repository@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    PIR                 fileserv@nbrf.georgetown.edu,
    SWISS-PROT          bairoch@cmu.unige.ch

    Questions about submitting data to these data bases are regularly
    answered in the relevant Usenet newsgroups;  official announcements
    are made there too.


-*- 3.2.  Software Archives

    Several anonymous ftp archives specializing in software for biologists
    are accessible via gopher.  One that is currently available only via
    anonymous ftp is the Brazilian Medical Informatics archive on
    ccsun.unicamp.br.  The IUBio archive on ftp.bio.indiana.edu probably
    has the best collection in the US.  The archive on huh.harvard.edu has
    software of interest to botanists.  Other biology archives include
    ftp.bchs.uh.edu, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov in the United States and in Europe
    ftp.embl-heidelberg.de (Germany), gopher.embnet.unibas.ch (Switzerland),
    nic.funet.fi and gopher.csc.fi (Finland).

    Also, wuarchive.wustl.edu has an excellent collection of educational
    software, especially for teaching mathematics at the college and
    university levels.  The National Center for Supercomputing Applications
    has developed a collection of outstanding software tools for electronic
    communications and image analysis, and makes it publicly available on
    zaphod.ncsa.uiuc.edu.  Many of the latest add-on tools for the popular
    LaTeX text formatting system are archived on sun.soe.clarkson.edu,
    while sumex-aim.stanford.edu has a huge archive of Macintosh software,
    and nic.ddn.mil keeps the important Internet RFC (Request for Comments)
    documents.

    Jan-Peter Frahm has made available via e-mail "A Guide to Botanical 
    Software for MS-DOS Computers".  The software is shareware or in the
    public domain.  For a copy, write him at hh216fr@duc220.uni-duisburg.de.
    Bionet.software is a good place to look for information about specific
    software programs with applications to biology.  There are many Usenet
    groups devoted to discussion of software, particularly freeware and
    shareware.  The well-known, huge anonymous ftp repositories of software
    are all mentioned in the various published guides to the Internet, and
    are part of the common knowledge of many Usenet newsgroups. 


-*- 3.3.  Access Tools

    Most of the recently published books about the Internet describe these
    tools in detail.  The first book to appear, Brendan Kehoe's "Zen and the
    Art of the Internet:  A Beginner's Guide to the Internet", was offered
    first in a free electronic version over the Internet.  The first edition,
    January 1992, is still available online from many anonymous ftp archives
    around the world, in a directory named something like /pub/zen/;  read
    files stored together with the book for help turning this file into a
    printed document.  See the Bibliography section for others. 

    All the tools mentioned in this section share the quirk that they are
    actually two things:  a "server" or "daemon" program that runs all the
    time on a host computer and accepts requests to connect over the
    Internet, and a "client" program that people use to connect to or access
    these servers.  A few host computers in this FAQ allow the public to
    telnet to the host, and then use the host computer to access servers via
    either gopher or WAIS.  These arrangements are offered as a courtesy to
    those people who do not have the necessary client software on their own
    computers, and want to try these tools before going to the trouble of
    installing the client software themselves.

-*- 3.3.1.  Telnet

    Telnet is a protocol whereby someone who is logged onto an account on a
    computer with full Internet access can access another computer over the
    Internet and login there, assuming he or she has login privileges on
    that computer as well.  Anonymous telnet sessions are generally not
    permitted, but occasionally user names are created with restricted
    privileges, for use by the Internet public.

-*- 3.3.2.  Anonymous Ftp

    Ftp is a protocol for file transfers between computers with full Internet
    access.  Ftp allows people to transfer files to and from a remote computer
    on the Internet, assuming they have privileges on both the local and
    remote computers.  "Anonymous ftp" indicates that people may login to the
    remote system with the userid "anonymous" and an arbitrary password.  By
    convention, anonymous ftp users provide their e-mail addresses when asked
    for a password.  This is useful to those archive managers who must justify
    to their bosses the time spent providing this free (but not cheap) service.
    Some computers set restrictions on when transfers may be made from their
    archives, and most prefer that large transfers be made only during off-
    hours.

    Bitnet does not support telnet or ftp sessions, but many Bitnet nodes are
    also Internet nodes, and so do support telnet and ftp.  For those people
    who only have access to computers on Bitnet, Princeton University offers
    a file transfer service by e-mail.  Bitftp@PUCC.bitnet will send a help
    file in response to the message "help".  Those people who have no access
    to a computer on either the Internet or Bitnet can retrieve files from
    anonymous ftp archives by e-mail courtesy of ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com,
    which will send instructions in response to the words "help" and "quit"
    on separate lines of an e-mail message.
     
-*- 3.3.3.  Gopher

    Gopher is a user-interface program that makes ftp and other types of
    connections for computer users when they select an item in a menu.  It
    is an easy way to get stuff off the Internet without having to know
    where the stuff lives.  Gopher is free, and there are nice versions
    for most types of computers, especially Unix workstations and Macs. 
    It was invented at the University of Minnesota;  current versions can
    be retrieved via anonymous ftp from boombox.micro.umn.edu.  The name
    is a clever pun on the "go-for" person who runs errands for people,
    and on the burrowing rodent, which pops down a "hole" in the Internet
    and comes back up who-knows-where.  Bionet.general, bionet.software,
    and bionet.users.addresses are good places to learn more about biology-
    related gopher services.  Comp.infosystems.gopher is the newsgroup
    for gopher-related issues in general.

-*- 3.3.4.  Archie

    Archie is a program that helps people locate software in any of the
    thousands of anonymous ftp archives around the world.  A copy of the
    software can be retrieved via anonymous ftp from any archie server,
    including ftp.cs.widener.edu, in the /archie/clients/ directory.  There
    are versions of archie for all sorts of Unix systems, as well as VMS
    and PCs running a variety of network software.  Good places to look for
    help installing archie on any computer are from archie-admin@ans.net or
    bionet.users.addresses.  Documentation is available via anonymous ftp
    on ftp.ans.net in the /pub/archie/doc/ directory, or by e-mail from
    archie-admin@ans.net.

    Archie can be used via e-mail, by sending e-mail with a list of commands
    to archie@ans.net.  For details, send the command "help".  Due to the
    high demand for this service, the archie administrators on ans.net prefer
    that requests be made via e-mail.

-*- 3.3.5.  Veronica

    Veronica is the Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized
    Archives.  The reason Veronica's name is so long is so that it can play
    on the concepts of both gopher and archie. (Remember the comic book
    couple Archie and Veronica?  Veronica does for gopher what archie does
    for anonymous ftp.)  Veronica searches through hundreds of gopher holes
    looking for anything that matches a keyword supplied by the user, and
    assembles a list of gopher servers that contain items of interest. 
    Veronica was only invented in late 1992, but already seems to promise
    great utility.

-*- 3.3.6.  WAIS

    WAIS stands for Wide Area Information Servers.  The idea is to make
    anonymous ftp archives more accessible by indexing their contents and
    making those indexes searchable with software distributed to anyone on
    the Internet.  The user interface is simple so far, but the concept is
    so powerful that every person with an anonymous ftp archive has spent
    part of this past year building WAIS indices of all available material
    (software, data, documents and other information).  In the course of all
    this effort a great deal of information has suddenly become publicly
    available all in the past year, only a few of which are mentioned in the
    section of this FAQ on Internet archives.

    A good WAIS access application for the Mac, WAIStation, is available
    on the anonymous ftp archive at think.com.  If your computer has full
    Internet access, you can try out WAIS on a Unix system, courtesy of
    Thinking Machines Corp., by telnetting to quake.think.com.  Use the
    user name "wais" and give your e-mail address as the password.  See
    the newsgroup comp.infosystems.wais for more details.

-*- 3.3.7.  The World-Wide Web (WWW)

    The World-Wide Web is yet another tool for gathering useful information
    from the Internet.  It was invented at the European Particle Physics
    Laboratory (CERN), Switzerland.  The Web looks like a document that
    users can open and read, but clicking on certain words causes other
    documents to be retrieved and opened for inspection.  The most powerful
    aspect of the Web at present is the ease with which seamless, attractive
    online documentation can be created, that is easy to find and browse,
    no matter where on the Internet the actual documents are.  You can try
    the Web, courtesy of CERN:  telnet to info.cern.ch (no user name needed).


-*- 4.  Commercial Services

    The number of commercial services available over the Internet has grown
    rapidly in the past few years, and will no doubt continue to grow as
    the population of Internet users expands.  The three most common types
    of commercial services appear to be (1) restricted-use computer accounts
    allowing Internet access (e-mail or full access) via modem from personal
    computers, (2) on-line bibliographic data base searches via modem or over
    the Internet, and (3) access via modem or the Internet to private Usenet-
    style special-interest networks, but only e-mail access to the Internet.

    The best sources of information about these services are the books on the
    Internet listed below in the bibliography, the advertizing sections of
    scientific journals, and references books such as the "Directory of
    Online Databases" published quarterly by Cuadra/Elsevier, which runs to
    about 1000 pages, and the companion guide "Online Database Selection:
    A User's Guide to the Directory of Online Databases" from Elsevier.

    For the benefit of people without full Internet access (telnet and ftp
    in addition to e-mail), Peter Kaminski maintains a list of commercial
    access providers:  "Public Dialup Internet Access List (PDIAL)".  This
    list is posted regularly in the Usenet newsgroup news.answers and is
    stored in the anonymous ftp archive on pit-manager.mit.edu as file
    pdial in the /pub/usenet/news.answers/ directory.  E-mail requests for
    this list can be sent to info-deli-server@netcom.com:  put "send PDIAL"
    in the subject line.


-*- 5.  Frequently Asked Questions

    There are now dozens if not hundreds of documents, including this guide,
    written expressly to answer frequently asked questions.  They are often
    refered to in the Usenet community as "FAQs" (sounds like "fax").  You
    will find most of them in the Usenet newsgroup news.answers, but some
    very useful FAQs pertaining to Internet access in general appear only 
    in the Usenet newsgroups alt.internet.access.wanted and alt.bbs.internet.
    Some FAQs about the Internet that appear in news.answers include:

    Updated Internet Services List                   internet-services 
    How to find sources (READ THIS BEFORE POSTING)   finding-sources
    Top-level international country domain names     top-level-domains

    You will learn a great deal about the Internet and what it has to offer
    if you track down some of the items mentioned in this FAQ.  If you still
    want to know more, browse around in Usenet.  Also, a number of commercial
    books have been published recently which give a very thorough guide to
    the Internet;  see the bibliography below and check your local academic
    bookstore or university library.  

-*- 5.1.  Does anyone have an e-mail address for X?

    The quickest, most efficient way to answer this is to call or write to X
    directly.  If anyone can help you with this, it's X.  To date, most
    biologists don't have e-mail addresses, or if they do, they don't read
    their e-mail very often, so you really are better off contacting the person
    directly.  If you must try to find this information via the computer
    networks, please start by reading the introductory FAQ "How to find people's
    E-mail addresses", posted in news.answers.  If your computer has full
    Internet access, you can telnet to bruno.cs.colorado.edu (login as netfind):
    given a name and university or company name, the netfind program may be
    able to give you an e-mail address for that person.  Also, you can ask in
    the newsgroup bionet.users.addresses (which is graciously watched-over by 
    Robert Harper).  Yet another way:  send e-mail to service@nic.ddn.mil with
    the subject "WHOIS Your Friend".  Still yet another:  use your favorite
    Gopher or WAIS client to check the WAIS databases "usenet-addresses" and 
    "college-email" on wais.cic.net.

-*- 5.2.  How to find a good graduate program?

    Go talk to the undergraduate or graduate advisor in your department,
    if you're a college student.  Start browsing through the scientific
    journals, and the new book stack in the library.  Ask your favorite
    professors for advice.  Sadly, the Internet can not be all things to all
    people, and questions about how to pick graduate programs generally
    do not get satisfactory replies.

-*- 5.3.  Where can I get old newsgroup/mailing list articles?

    All the biology-related Usenet newsgroups (since 1991) are archived for
    searching via gopher, WAIS, and anonymous ftp on ftp.bio.indiana.edu, in
    the directory /usenet/bionet/.  The bionet newsgroups (some dating back
    to 1987) are archived for WAIS and anonymous ftp on net.bio.net. 

    Many Gopher servers now have links to archives of old Usenet articles,
    and some of these archives even support interactive search queries.
    The ways of accessing information over the Internet are broadening
    rapidly, so stay tuned for notices about new options. 

    Also, most listserver mailing lists are archived on the computer where
    they are administered.  To subscribe and get an index of log files on
    the listserver archive for the "ecolog-l" mailing list, for example,
    send e-mail to listserv@UMDD.umd.edu with the text:

	SUBSCRIBE ECOLOG-L Your Name
        INDEX ECOLOG-L

-*- 5.4.  Where can I find biology-related job announcements?

    The bionet.jobs newsgroup is a good place to start, but you might also
    want to check the "ecolog-l" listserver mailing list, which is run by
    the Ecological Society of America and carries many job announcements.
    Most other newsgroups and mailing lists carry occasional job notices.


-*- A.  Assorted Listserver Mailing Lists

    Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

    ag-econ@ERS.bitnet            Agricultural Economics and ERS Test List
    ag-exp-l@NDSUVM1.bitnet       Agricultural Expert Systems
    ageng-l@ibm.gwdg.de           Agricultural Engineering and Intel. Control
    agric-l@UGA.cc.uga.edu        Agriculture Discussion
    aqua-l@vm.UOGUELPH.ca         Aquaculture Discussion List
    camel-l@SAKFU00.bitnet        Discussion Forum on Camel Research
    dairy-l@UMDD.umd.edu          Dairy Discussion List
    hort-l@VTVM1.cc.vt.edu        Va Tech Horticulture Dept. Announcements
    hortpgm@VTVM1.cc.vt.edu       Va Tech Horticulture Dept. Program
    mgarden@WSUVM1.csc.wsu.edu    Master Gardeners
    newcrops@PURCCVM.bitnet       Discussion list for New Crops
    spud@WSUVM1.csc.wsu.edu       Potato Research
    vetmed-l@UGA.cc.uga.edu       Veterinary Medicine

    Anthropology and Archaeology

    anct-ne@vm.byu.edu            Ancient Near Eastern Studies
    anthro-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  General Anthropology Bulletin Board
    arch-l@TAMVM1.tamu.edu        Archaeology List
    humevo@GWUVM.gwu.edu          Human Evolutionary Research Discussion
    nat-1492@TAMVM1.tamu.edu      Columbus Quincentenary Mailing List
    native-l@TAMVM1.tamu.edu      Issues Pertaining to Aboriginal Peoples
    pacarc-l@WSUVM1.csc.wsu.edu   Pacific Rim Archaeology Interest List

    Biology

    bee-l@albany.edu              Discussion of Bee Biology
    bio-dost@ege.edu.tr           Biologists in Turkey
    biomch-l@nic.surfnet.nl       Biomechanics and Movement Science
    bnfnet-l@FINHUTC.hut.fi       Biological Nitrogen Fixation Forum
    entomo-l@vm.UOGUELPH.ca       Entomology Discussion List
    ethology@FINHUTC.hut.fi       Ethology
    herm@ege.edu.tr               Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Discussion
    iapwild@vm1.nodak.edu         International Arctic Project Wildlife
    l-etho@UQAM.bitnet            Ethologistes/Ethologists
    micronet@vm.UOGUELPH.ca       Fungus and Root Interaction Discussion
    photosyn@TAUNIVM.tau.ac.il    Photosynthesis Researchers' List
    thphysio@FRMOP11.bitnet       Thermal Physiology

    Biostatistics

    biomet-l@ALBNYDH2.bitnet      Bureau of Biometrics at Albany
    bmdp-l@vm1.mcgill.ca          BMDP Software Users
    morphmet@CUNYVM.cuny.edu      Biological Morphometrics Mailing List
    pstat-l@IRLEARN.ucd.ie        Discussion of Stats and Programming
    sas-l@UGA.cc.uga.edu          SAS Discussion (Peered)
    stat-l@vm1.mcgill.ca          Statistical Consulting

    Computational biology

    cybsys-l@BINGVMB.cc.binghamton.edu Cybernetics and Systems
    ecosys-l@vm.gmd.de            List for ecosystem theory and modeling
    glosas-l@acadvm1.UOTTAWA.ca   GLObal Systems Analysis and Simulation List
    inns-l@UMDD.umd.edu           International Neural Network Society
    ndrg-l@WVNVM.wvnet.edu        Nonlinear Dynamics Research Group
    neural-n@ANDESCOL.uniandes.edu.co Artificial Neural Networks Discussion

    Conservation and Environmental Studies

    apaspan@GWUVM.gwu.edu         APA Scientific Grassroots Network
    aquifer@IBACSATA.bitnet       Pollution and grondwater recharge
    aseh-l@TTUVM1.bitnet          American Soc. of Environmental Historians
    comdev@vm.ecs.rpi.edu         Communication & international development
    consbio@UWAVM.u.washington.edu Conservation Biology List
    conslink@SIVM.si.edu          Discussion on Biological Conservation
    devel-l@AUVM.american.edu     Technology Transfer in Int. Development
    econet@MIAMIU.bitnet          Ecological and Environmental Discussion
    envst-l@BROWNVM.brown.edu     Environmental Studies Discussion List
    itrdbfor@asuvm.inre.asu.edu   Dendrochronology Forum
    laspau-l@HARVARDA.harvard.edu Latin America Scholarship Program
    meh2o-l@TAUNIVM.tau.ac.il     Middle East water
    natura-l@UCHCECVM.bitnet      Ecology and Envir. Protection in Chile
    odp-l@TAMVM1.tamu.edu         Ocean Drilling Program Open Discussion

    Ecology

    biosph-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  Biosphere, ecology, Discussion List
    biodiv-l@bdt.ftpt.ansp.br     Biodiversity networks
    bird_rba@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu National Birding Hotline Cooperative
    birdband@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu Bird Bander's Forum
    birdchat@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu National Birding Hotline (Chat Line)
    birdcntr@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu National Birding Hotline (Central)
    birdeast@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu National Birding Hotline (East)
    birdwest@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu National Birding Hotline (West)
    birdtrip@ARIZVM1.ccit.arizona.edu Special BIRDCHAT LOGO Project
    ecolog-l@UMDD.umd.edu         Ecological Society of America
    ots-l@YALEVM.cis.yale.edu     Organization for Tropical Studies

    Geology and Geography (including GIS)

    acdgis-l@AWIIMC12.imc.univie.ac.at Geographic Information Systems
    climlist@OHSTVMA.acs.ohio-state.edu Climatology Distribution List
    coastgis@IRLEARN.ucd.ie       Coastal GIS Distribution List
    geograph@FINHUTC.hut.fi       Geography
    geology@PTEARN.fc.ul.pt       Geology Discussion List
    geonet-l@IUBVM.ucs.indiana.edu Geoscience Librarians & Information
    gis-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu     Geographic Information Systems
    idrisi-l@TOWSONVX.bitnet      Idrisi Discussion List
    maps-l@UGA.cc.uga.edu         Maps and Air Photo Systems Forum  
    quake-l@vm.nodak.edu          QUAKE-L Discussion List
    seism-l@BINGVMB.cc.binghamton.edu Seismological Data Distribution
    seismd-l@BINGVMB.cc.binghamton.edu Seismological Discussion
    stat-geo@UFRJ.bitnet          Forum of Quantitative Methods in Geosciences
    ucgis-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu   Univ Consort for Geo Info & Analysis List
    uigis-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu   Interfaces for Geographic Information Sys.

    Marine biology

    brine-l@UGA.cc.uga.edu        Brine Shrimp Discussion List
    diatom-l@IUBVM.ucs.indiana.edu Research on the diatom algae
    hypbar-l@TECHNION.technion.ac.il HyperBaric & Diving Medicine List
    marine-l@vm.UOGUELPH.ca       Marine Studies/Shipboard Education

    Molecular biology

    biotech@UMDD.umd.edu          Biotechnology Discussion List 
    confocal@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  Confocal Microscopy List
    cyan-tox@GREARN.csi.forth.gr  The Cyanobacterial Toxins Discussion List
    dis-l@IUBVM.ucs.indiana.edu   Drosophila workers to receive DIS Newsletter
    ebcbbul@HDETUD1.tudelft.nl    Computers in Biotechnology, Rsch. and Edu.
    ebcbcat@HDETUD1.tudelft.nl    Catalogue of 'Biotechnological' software
    embinfo@IBACSATA.bitnet       EMBNet (European Molecular Biology Network)
    emflds-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  Electromagnetics in Med., Sci. & Com.
    forumbio@scf.fundp.ac.be      Forum on molecular biology
    gel2d@FRORS13.bitnet          2D Gel Electrophoresis Users Group
    genetics@INDYCMS.iupui.edu    Clinical human genetics
    info-gcg@UTORONTO.bitnet      GCG Genetics Software Discussion
    lpn-l@BROWNVM.brown.edu       Laboratory Primate Newsletter List
    nibnews@ccsun.unicamp.br      NIBNews (Biology and Medical Informatics)
    rbmi@FRORS13.bitnet           Molecular Biology Research Group

    Neurobiology

    cogsci-l@vm1.yorku.ca         Cognitive Science Discussion Group
    dasp-l@earn.cvut.cs           Digital Acoustic Signal Processing
    neuchile@CUNYVM.cuny.edu      Chilean Neurosciences Discussion List
    neuro1-l@UICVM.uic.edu        Neuroscience Information Forum
    neus582@UICVM.uic.edu         Methods in Modern Neuroscience
    sbnc-l@BRUSPVM.bitnet         Brazilian Society of Neurosciences & Comp.

    Taxonomy and Systematics

    class-l@ccvm.sunysb.edu       Classification and phylogeny estimation
    museum-l@UNMVMA.unm.edu       Museum discussion list
    rapd-l@vm.byu.edu             RAPD sequencing discussion list
    roots-l@vm1.nodak.edu         Genealogy list
    taxacom@HARVARDA.harvard.edu  Taxonomic and systematic collections list

    Teaching and Research

    biocis-l@SIVM.si.edu          Biology Curriculum Innovation Study
    conslt-l@IUBVM.ucs.indiana.edu Research and practice in mentoring
    grants-l@JHUVM.hcf.jhu.edu    NSF Grants & Contracts 
    hpsst-l@QUCDN.queensu.ca      History and Philosophy of Science
    job-list@FRORS12.bitnet       Job offers from EARN Institute members
    methods@vm.ecs.rpi.edu        Research methodology
    navigate@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  Navigating The Internet Workshop List
    newedu-l@vm.usc.edu           New Paradigms in Education List
    nihggc-l@UBVM.cc.buffalo.edu  NIH Grants and Contracts Distribution List
    scifraud@uacsc2.albany.edu    Discussion of Fraud in Science
    vpiej-l@VTVM1.cc.vt.edu       Electronic journal discussions
    wisenet@UICVM.uic.edu         Women In Science and Engineering NETwork


-*- B.  Bibliography

    Garavelli, J. (1992) "Announcements of the Protein Information
        Repository".  Usenet bionet.molbio.proteins, December.

    Goldmann, N. (1992) "Online Information Hunting".  Windcrest, Blue Ridge
        Summit, PA.

    Kahin, B. (1992) "Building Information Infrastructure:  Issues in
        the Development of the National Research and Education Network".
        McGraw Hill, New York.  432 pages.

    Kehoe, B.P. (1992) "Zen and the Art of the Internet:  A Beginner's
        Guide to the Internet", 2nd Edition (July).  Prentice Hall,
        Englewood Cliffs, NJ.  112 pages.  The 1st Edition, (February)
        is available in Postscript format via anonymous ftp from
        ftp.cs.widener.edu and many other Internet archives.

    Krol, E. (1992) "The Whole Internet:  Catalog & User's Guide".
        O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, CA.  376 pages.

    Lane, E.S. and C.A. Summerhill (1992) "An Internet Primer for
        Information Professionals:  A Basic Guide to Networking Technology".
        Meckler Corporation, Westport, CT.  ~200 pages.  In press.

    LaQuey, T. and J.C. Ryer (1992) "The Internet Companion:  A Beginner's
        Guide to Global Networking".  Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
        Reading, MA.  208 pages.

    Malamud, C. (1992) "Exploring the Internet:  A Technical Travelogue".
        Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.  376 pages.

    Marine, A. (1992) "Inter:  Getting Started".  SRI International,
         Menlo Park, CA.  380 pages.

    newsstats@uunet.uu.net (1993) "Total traffic through uunet for the last
	2 weeks".  Usenet news.lists, 8 February.

    Quarterman, J.S. and S. Wilhelm (1992) "UNIX, POSIX, and Open Systems:
        The Open Standards Puzzle".  Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
        Reading, MA.  448 pages.

    Reid, B. (1993a) "Usenet Readership Report for January 1993".  Usenet
	news.lists.

    Reid, B. (1993b) "Usenet Readership Summary Report for January 1993". 
	Usenet news.lists.

    SRI (1992) "Internet:  Mailing Lists".  SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.

    Tennant, R., J. Ober and A.G. Lipow (1993) "Crossing the Internet
        Threshold:  an Instructional Handbook", 1st Edition.  Library
        Solution Press, San Carlos, CA.  134 pages.

    Thomas, E. (1992) "Revised LISTSERV System Reference Library".
        Listserv@BITNIC.educom.edu, release 1.7c.  Retrievable from any
        listserver using the mail message "send listserv refcard".


-*- C.  Contributors

    Many, many thanks to

        James Beach, Dan Davison, Reinhard Doelz, John Garavelli,
        Don Gilbert, Rob Harper, Dan Jacobson, David Kristofferson,
        Francis Ouellette, Renato Sabatini, and Tom Schneider,

    who have provided substantial ideas and material for this FAQ and/or
    advice on related issues.  Additional material and suggestions were
    contributed by: 

        David Bridge, Harvey Chinn, Steve Clark, Josh Hayes, Tom Jacobs,
        Andy Johnston, Jonathan Kamens, Jim McIntosh, Ross Smith,
        Roy Smith, and Christophe Wolfhugel.

    There exists a (mostly anonymous) cast of thousands who have made
    significant, even enormous individual contributions to the resources
    mentioned in this FAQ, and who are largely responsible for the thing
    we call the Internet in its broadest sense.  They must be very proud
    of what they have all helped to create. 

-- 

      Una Smith      Biology Department       smith-una@yale.edu
                     Yale University
                     New Haven, CT  06511