🚀 go-pugleaf

1/16/98 tests with CsCl, with Flow Through Capacitor, US 5,620,597
etc.

Capacitor,
81 grams of thermally activated carbon in 30 disks,
3.5 inch OD, .75 inch ID, 27 mils thick.

.01 M CsCl in 135 MicroSiemen Worcester tap water, 14.9 degrees C

2 Volts,
Flow rate 10 ml/minute.

Equilibrate capacitor
inlet 964 MicroSiemens
outlet, the same


Time            MicroSiemens            Amps
in minutes

0               964
1               781                     1.23
2               276                      .76
3               103                      .60
4               ---                      ---
5               61                       .51
6               54                       .46
7               51                       .45
8               52                       .41
9               54                       .39
10              56                       .37
11              55                       .35
12              55                       .32
13              --                      ---
14              58                       .31
15              57                       .30
16              55                       .29

20              53                       .28
21              53                       .28
22              53                       .28

38              60                            .28
39              61                       .28
40              61                       .28

50              73                       .29

65              90                       .31
66              91                      ---

70              100                     .30
94              257                     .36


Short circuit while maintaining same flow rate.
Note, for maximum concentration, the capacitor
should be short circuited at zero flow rate, in order to
desorb into it's bed volume.


1               -                       -
2               914                     1.4
3               2300                    1.2
4               3250                    1.02
5               3730                     .88
6               3900                     .75
7               3870                     .64
8               3750                     .56
9               3660                     .50
10              3500                     .40
11              3350                     .39
12              3210                     .37
13              -                        -
14              2970                    .30
15              2860                    .27

32              1940                    .06



Previous data with sea salt and prior press releases included below;
Flow Through Capacitor Data and Update;

Contents
 
 Standard Press Release
 Miscellany
 Data Set



Press Release

BIOSOURCE, INC.


                                        
        The first significant new technology in the field of water
purification in over fifty years has just received two issued US
patents; US 5,547,581 to Marc Andelman, Worcester, MA and US 5,538,611
to Toshi Otowa, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, assigned to Marc Andelman. A
licensing agreement for the Japanese market has been signed by a
Japanese chemical company. Other large companies have either already
signed on or are in negotiations.

        This technology, called a flow through capacitor, removes
dissolved contaminants from water without pollution causing chemicals or
excessive waste water caused by the existing, century old technologies
in this field; ion exchange and reverse osmosis.  For residential
systems, the flow through capacitor will make possible a salt-less water
softener. Traditional ion exchange systems are slowly being outlawed
because they add large amounts of salt to water with adverse health and
environmental effects. Ion exchange, used in common household water
softeners, continuously adds salt to the water and also creates
secondary brine or acid waste. These chemicals are required to
regenerate the ion exchange bed. The other major existing technology,
reverse osmosis, wastes 50% or more of the feed stream... down the
drain. No reasonable alternative technology has existed until now.
        The flow through capacitor is configured as a water filter made
up of alternating electrodes of ordinary, inexpensive activated carbon.
Activated carbon is conductive and has an extremely high surface area,
up to 3000 square meters/gram. Upon supplying a small voltage,
contaminated water is rapidly purified due to the fact that the
dissolved contaminants attract to the high surface area carbon material,
allowing purified water to pass through.  Once the capacitor is fully
charged, the electrodes are short circuited  through a load.  This
regenerates the capacitor and causes the absorbed contaminants to be
released from the carbon material as a small volume of concentrated
liquid waste. Alternatively, the capacitor can be used as an ion pump to
recover the contaminants as a solid, thereby eliminating waste water
entirely.
         Energy consumption of a flow through capacitor, measured with
hard well water, is five times less than reverse osmosis. Additional
energy efficiency can be gained simply by recovering the stored
electricity released by the capacitor during the regeneration stage. The
flow through capacitor's efficiency is due to the fact that it removes
salts from water, as opposed to removing water from salts.
        Anticipated markets include desalination, nuclear waste cleanup,
pollution remediation, blood purification as in dialysis, municipal
water purification, large scale restoration of lakes and aquatic
ecosystems, a general method to recycle chemical wastes from
electroplating or manufacturing processes, and in place of added water
treatment chemicals.
        Important public health benefits where other technologies fail
include nitrate removal and salt-less water softening. Nitrate
contaminated water is not fit to drink, can be fatal to infants by
causing blue baby syndrome, has been implicated in spontaneous
abortions, and cancer. Some 17% of rural wells are nitrate contaminated.
 Current water softeners that treat hard water do a poor job of nitrate
removal, and add considerable salt to the water. Salt levels in softened
water often reach ten times more than the W.H.O. recommended limits.
Worse, water softeners remove all the calcium naturally present in
water. Calcium, important to preventing arthritis,  may be even more of
a factor in heart disease than the added salt. The flow through
capacitor deionizes the water, and can leave trace amounts of beneficial
calcium behind.
        For further information contact Marc Andelman, President,
Biosource Inc.
                                                                
Thank
you,
                                                        
                                                                
Marc
Andelman
                                                                
President
                                                                
Biosource Inc.
                                                                

1 Parkton Ave., Worcester, MA 01605 * Tel:(508) 853-8803 * Fax:(508)
853-8772
*E-mail *drgonfly@biosource.ultranet.com*

Miscellany

Some people may find the two 11/29/97 batch mode experiments of interest.
If you graph these on semilog paper, they give two paralell lines.
This indicates first order kinetics. That means roughly the same size
equipment may be used across a broad range of useful concentrations.

The other big news is that the electrode material used to make
flow through capacitors (FTC's), has now been made in a factory
situation. Full scale up manufacture of this material will
be produced in the immediate future.




Data and experiments


Experimental;

Sea salt solutions were used as a standard mixture,
either 1000 microSiemens or 10,000 microSiemens. If NaCl,
this would be roughly .01N and .1N respectively.

Capacitors were run at 2 Volts.  To regenerate, the leads
where shorted together with the capacitor as it's own load.

Note 1;  below experiments did not optimize water recovery. To do that,
the capacitor should be short cicruited to desorb ions into it's bed
volume while at zero flow rate. The waste water may even  be re-used,
in one case until it supersaturated and was recovered as a solid
percipitate

Note 2; Energy usage may be calculated from the Volts and Amps given.
However, a slightly lower volate would be optimum, and much of the
energy of the capacitor may be recovered upon short circuiting.

11/18/97
Experiment 1
continuous flow experiment

capacitor, 53 grams electrode material,
(all experiments here thermally activated carbon disks)
in 26 disks, 3.5 inch OD, 1 inch ID, .025 inches thick.
Feed solution; conductivity 1033 microSiemen sea salt (purchased in health food store)
in 100 microSiemen Worcester tap water ( copper, chlorides, who knows what else).
Flow rate experiment 1  ; varies between 16.2 to 17 ml/minute
Voltage; 2V
Temperature 17 degrees C
Minutes         Cumulative              MicroSiemens            Amps
                        Volume (mls)

0                       0                       1190                    0
1                       16                       336                    1.22
2                       32                      135                     1.01
3                       48                        87                      .91
4                       65                        66                     .83
5                       81                        54                     .81
6                       97.2                      44                     .76
7                       113.4                     39                     .72
          
10                      162                     35                      .68
20                      324                     31                      .68
25                      405                     33                      .68
30                      486                     30                      .69
41                      664                     33                      .69
45                      729                     36                      .69
60                      972                     51                      .70
75                      1220                    110                     .70
85                      1380                    167                     .68
87                      1410                    short circuit leads     -4.4
88                      1430                    1521                    -3.9
90                      1460                    4260                    -2.66
91                      1510                    4730                    -2.16
95                      1540                    4500                    ------
99                      1603                    3820                     -.67
105                     1701                    2970                    -------
111                     1798                    2320                     -.11
120                     1944                    2000                     -.06

Pooled 535 mls of the short circuited lead fractions, total conductivity 3130
microSiemens.



11/18/97
Experiment 2
continuous flow experiment
capacitor, 61 grams electrode material
in 30 disks, 3.5 inch OD, 1 inch ID, .025 inches thick.
Feed solution; conductivity 1033 microSiemen sea salt (purchased in health food store)
in 100 microSiemen Worcester tap water ( copper, chlorides, who knows what else).
Flow rate experiment 1  ; 25 ml/minute
Temperature 12degrees C

Minutes Cumulative      MicroSiemens            Amps
                Volume (mls)

1               25              441                     1.53
2               50              219                     1.38
3               75              172                     1.26
4               100             155                     1.18
5               125             146                     1.13
6               150             145                     1.09
7               175             141                     1.05
8               200             140                     1.04
9               225             140                     1.03
10              250             141                     1.02
15              375             133                      .98
20              500             159                      .96
25              625             208                      .94
30              750             257                      .93
Short circuit leads together
31              775             1577                    -2.9
32              800             2380                    ----
33              825             2580                    -1.43
34              850             2570                    ----
35              875             2490                    - .95
36              900             2440                    - .78
37              925             2370                    - .60
                                                        

Feed  10 milliSiemens
flow 9.8 ml/minute ( measured at T=0, t=3minues, and t=16 minutes)
temperature  15.5 C

time     milliSiemens   Amps

1               -       6.1
2               -       4
3               5.3     2.8
4               2.3     2.7
5               1.2     2.6
6               .725    2.55
7               .530    2.49
8               -       -
9               .437    2.23
10              .554    2.19
11              .770    2.14  -capacitor ran dry here briefly, note adverse
                              effect due to increased flow rate/gram carbon
12              1.261   2.09
13              1.761   1.98
14              2.38    1.92
15              2.81    1.88
16              3.23    1.59
18              3.52

Disconect power, voltage holds at 1.53 V without power supply
Short, t=0 gave -5 amps


11/29/97 Batch flow experiments
capacitor
61 grams electrode material, 30 disks, 61 grams carbon electerode material
(same is in Exp 2 above)
 .
Flow rate 83 ml/minute in continuous batch loop
Voltage 2 V
Experiment 1b; 470 mls of 1033 microSiemen sea salt in 100 microSiemen Worcester tap
water.
Experiment 2b; 500 mls of 462 microSiemen sea salt in 100 microSiemen Worcester tap
water

Time            Experiment 1b                   Experiment 2b
minutes         MicroSiemens    Amps            MicroSiemens    Amps

0               1033            0               462             0
1               955             2.25            462             1.42
2               821             1.87            422             1.20
3               709             1.14            390             1.07
4               643             1.40            338             .96
5               570             1.28            302             .86
6               538             1.20            269             .78
7               444             1.05            239             .75
8               394             .99             212             .69
9               360             .90             186             .65
10              324             .85             172             .62
11              287             .81             156             .59
12              256             .77             131             .57
13              228             .73             120             .55
14              205             .70             107             .53
15              186             .67             95              .52
16              168             .65             83              .50
17              154             .63             76              .49
18              137             .61             67              .48
19              126             .60             61              .47
20              114             .58             53              .46
21              104             .57
22              95              .56
23              87              .53
24              82              .52
25              78              .51             27              .43
26              73              .51
27              68              .50
28              65              .50
29              62              .49
30              59              .49             18              .42
35                                              20              .41
81                                              13              .41