🚀 go-pugleaf

     Strangajho: nia novajhoservilo mortis kaj perdis mian artikolon.

~{���ۺ��﷽�ԡ�~}

     Unue, por la sono de "c" en "cai ianh" (Minnan / Tajvana: scii),
iuj ne uzas "c" sed uzas "ch".  Tio estas malnovstila kaj klinighas
je angla literado.  Pli bona estas "c".  (Mia "nh" nazigas 
la antauan "a".)

     First, for the sound of "c" in "cai ianh" (Minnin / Taiwan: know),
some people do not use "c" but uses "ch".  That is oldfashioned and
inclines on English lettering.  Better is "c".  (My "nh" nasalises /
nosifies the "a" in front.)

~{���ȣ������ϻ��֪Ӱ����֪�����ġ�֪������ĸ~}c~{��~}ch~{�ܹ��ϣ�~}
~{���Һ�Ӣ�ﻯ��Ӧ��~}c~{��~}

     Due, tiuj "malpuraj" (?) [b], [d] kaj [g] en la pajhoj de la Tut-
Tera Teksajho de _Dai_ Kaixu estas vochaj kaj iom nazaj.  Eble estas
[b~], [d~] and [g~].

     Second, those "dirty" [b], [d] and [g] in the pages of the
World-Wide Web of Kaihsu _Tai_ are voiced and a little nasalised.
Perhaps are [b~], [d~] and [g~].

~{�ڶ���������˵�ġ��ࡱ~}[b], [d], [g]~{���������е�ǻ���Ҳ�����~}
  [b~], [d~], [g~]~{��~}

     Trie, estas malkovene, uzi sinsekvajn (?) numerojn por chinaj
tonoj, char en chiu dialekto oni numeras malsame.

     Third, it is inconvenient to use ordinal numbers for Chinese
tones, because in each dialect one counts differently.

~{��������ű�ʾ��������㣬��Ϊÿ�ַ����㷨��ͬ��~}

     Sugestoj / suggestion / ~{����~}:

1. Lingvostudaj nomoj / linguistic names / ~{����ѧ���~}:

   ping2 =   shang3 /   qu4 \   ru4 |   yin1 -   zhong1 *   yang2 +

   Chi tio ofte povas montri similajn tonojn en malsamaj dialektoj.
   This often can show similar tones in different dialects.
  ~{����������ʾ��ͬ���������������Ƶġ�~}

2. Nivelnumeroj / levelnumbers / ~{�ߵ�����~}:

   1 (plej malalta / lowest / ~{���~}), 2, 3, 4, 5 (plej alta)

   Chi tio montras la prononcitan nivelon.
   This shows the prononced level.
  ~{����ʾ�����ĸߵ͡�~}


		oficiala		Minnan-a	Guangzhou-a
		(Mandarena)		(Tajvana)	(Kantona)
		Mandarin		Minnan		Guangzhou
		~{��ͨ��~}		~{���ϻ�~}	~{���ݻ�~}

centro		zhong -=		tiong -=	zung -=
centre		[ts\oN 55]		[tioN 55]	[tsuN 55]
~{��~}

[s\] = s + malsupromaldekstra dekstrenira hoketo


Chinio		zhong-= guo+=		tiong-= kok-|	zung-= gwog*|
China		[ts\oN55 kwo35]		[tioN33 kok33]	[tsuN55 kwok33]
~{�й�~}

La malnova sono por (oficiala) <<guo+=>> estas: <<guo|>>.
Notu la <<|>>, similaj kun la Minnan-a kaj Guangzhou-a.


Tajvano		tai+= wan-=		tai+= oan+=	toi+= wan-=
Taiwan		[t`ai35 wan55]		[tai33 oan13]	[t`Oi11 wan55]
~{̨��~}

[O] = renversa c


Honkongo	xiang-= gang/		hiong-= kang/	ho"ng-= gong-/
Hong Kong	[c/iaN55 kaN214]	[hioN33 kaN53]	[h<oe>N55 kON35]
~{���~}

[c/] = c + malsuprodekstra circleto
o" = o + tremao
[<oe>] = oe ligita


manghi		shi +=			ciah +|		sig +|
eat		[s\!\ 35]		[tsia? 55]	[sik 22]
~{ʳ~}

La malnova sono por (oficiala) <<shi+=>> estas: <<shi|>>.
Notu la <<|>>, similaj kun la Minnin kaj Guangzhou.

[!] = vertikala streketo, ken supra maldekstrenira hoketo,
	iom simila al vokala [z].

[!\] = vertikala streketo, ken supra maldekstrenira hoketo kaj
	malsupra dekstrenira hoketo, iom simila al vokala [z\].

"h" (ciah) kaj [?] signifas ion similan al la "glottal stop".		

		*		*		*

jbm@newsserver.trl.oz.au (Jacques Guy) wrote:
>You just cannot write those languages in characters,
>unless you make some up, like the Cantonese character for m3 (mei2you3),
>made up of you3 with the two horizontal strokes removed.
>Romanization is the only way.

     Characters are created as needed.

     Oni kreas chinsignojn tiam, kiam necesas.

~{����Ҫ�����֡�~} 

    You are talking about the character mou+/ (commonly mou5)
[mou 13], created by taking yeu+/ (commonly yeu5) [j@u 13] ([@] =
upside down [a]) (Mandarin: you/, commonly you3, [jou 214]), and removing
two strokes to mean "not have".

~{���С����м����᲻Ҫ��~}

     Actually, the etymology of this character is mou+= (mou4) [mou 11]
(Mandarin: wu+=, wu2, [u 35]).  But because it evolved to have a 
different
pronunciation, a new character was created.  A lot of "dialect
sounds" have characters, but not all can be found.  Perhaps for
some sounds, characters were never created.  But then, we can
always ask linguists to find or create.

     Sed multaj "sensignaj" sonoj fakte havas signojn.

~{���ޡ��֡�~}

     The Cantonese m+= (commonly m4) [m 11] (Mandarin rendering: m+=, m2,
[m 35]) meaning "not" is created by adding a "mouth" radical to a
similar sounding character ng+= (commonly ng4) [N 11] (Mandarin: wu+=, 
wu2,
[u 35]).  Hongkongers ofter adds the "mouth" radical to creat a
"mouth-speak" (colloquial).  The also coincides with an existing 
character.

~{���?�֡�~}

     Romanisation is only a "kvik und doetie" way of doing it.

					_Zhong_ Qiyao, Xinzhu, Taiwan