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Article #5530

Re: ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA WRITTEN BY EINSTEIN ZOMBIES

#5530
From: Pentcho Valev
Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2008 14:30
83 lines
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-258429/light#929225.hook
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA: "Note that this effective mass is distinct
from the "rest mass" of a photon, which is zero. General relativity
predicts that the path of light is deflected in the gravitational
field of a massive object; this can be somewhat simplistically
understood as resulting from a gravitational attraction proportional
to the effective mass of the photons. In addition, when light travels
toward a massive object, its energy increases, and its frequency thus
increases (gravitational blueshift). Gravitational redshift describes
the converse situation where light traveling away from a massive
object loses energy and its frequency decreases."

Note that in this case zombie-authors of ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
speak of ENERGY of light that changes in a gravitational field and of
the corresponding gravitational blueshift/redshift. Even if asked,
those zombies would not tell you that the ENERGY change is in fact
SPEED change. That the SPEED of photons changes in a gravitational
field, and that this causes the gravitational blueshift/redshift, is
explained in other relativistic texts but Einstein zombie world is
completely unable to juxtapose those texts with what is written in
ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA:

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/speed_of_light.html
Steve Carlip: "Einstein went on to discover a more general theory of
relativity which explained gravity in terms of curved spacetime, and
he talked about the speed of light changing in this new theory. In the
1920 book "Relativity: the special and general theory" he wrote:
". . . according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the
constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of
the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity
[. . .] cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of
light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light
varies with position." Since Einstein talks of velocity (a vector
quantity: speed with direction) rather than speed alone, it is not
clear that he meant the speed will change, but the reference to
special relativity suggests that he did mean so."

http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae13.cfm
"So, it is absolutely true that the speed of light is _not_ constant
in a gravitational field [which, by the equivalence principle, applies
as well to accelerating (non-inertial) frames of reference]. If this
were not so, there would be no bending of light by the gravitational
field of stars....Indeed, this is exactly how Einstein did the
calculation in: 'On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of
Light,' Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911. which predated the full formal
development of general relativity by about four years. This paper is
widely available in English. You can find a copy beginning on page 99
of the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity.' You will find in
section 3 of that paper, Einstein's derivation of the (variable) speed
of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is,
c' = c0 ( 1 + V / c^2 )
where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the
speed of light c0 is measured."

http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp "The first confirmation of a
long range variation in the speed of light travelling in space came in
1964. Irwin Shapiro, it seems, was the first to make use of a
previously forgotten facet of general relativity theory -- that the
speed of light is reduced when it passes through a gravitational
field....Faced with this evidence, Einstein stated:"In the second
place our result shows that, according to the general theory of
relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in
vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the
special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently
referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of
light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light
varies with position."......Today we find that since the Special
Theory of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called
mainstream science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that
the speed of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat
surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the
Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der
Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the
gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light
in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for
the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity.
One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2)
where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the
measurement is taken. 1+V/c^2 is also known as the GRAVITATIONAL
REDSHIFT FACTOR."

Pentcho Valev
pvalev@yahoo.com
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From: Pentcho Valev <pvalev@yahoo.com>
Newsgroups: sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,fr.sci.physique,fr.sci.maths,fr.sci.philo
Subject: Re: ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA WRITTEN BY EINSTEIN ZOMBIES
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