Article View: sci.physics.relativity
Article #5530Re: ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA WRITTEN BY EINSTEIN ZOMBIES
From: Pentcho Valev
Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2008 14:30
Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2008 14:30
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6784 bytes
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-258429/light#929225.hook ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA: "Note that this effective mass is distinct from the "rest mass" of a photon, which is zero. General relativity predicts that the path of light is deflected in the gravitational field of a massive object; this can be somewhat simplistically understood as resulting from a gravitational attraction proportional to the effective mass of the photons. In addition, when light travels toward a massive object, its energy increases, and its frequency thus increases (gravitational blueshift). Gravitational redshift describes the converse situation where light traveling away from a massive object loses energy and its frequency decreases." Note that in this case zombie-authors of ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA speak of ENERGY of light that changes in a gravitational field and of the corresponding gravitational blueshift/redshift. Even if asked, those zombies would not tell you that the ENERGY change is in fact SPEED change. That the SPEED of photons changes in a gravitational field, and that this causes the gravitational blueshift/redshift, is explained in other relativistic texts but Einstein zombie world is completely unable to juxtapose those texts with what is written in ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA: http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/speed_of_light.html Steve Carlip: "Einstein went on to discover a more general theory of relativity which explained gravity in terms of curved spacetime, and he talked about the speed of light changing in this new theory. In the 1920 book "Relativity: the special and general theory" he wrote: ". . . according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity [. . .] cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position." Since Einstein talks of velocity (a vector quantity: speed with direction) rather than speed alone, it is not clear that he meant the speed will change, but the reference to special relativity suggests that he did mean so." http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae13.cfm "So, it is absolutely true that the speed of light is _not_ constant in a gravitational field [which, by the equivalence principle, applies as well to accelerating (non-inertial) frames of reference]. If this were not so, there would be no bending of light by the gravitational field of stars....Indeed, this is exactly how Einstein did the calculation in: 'On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light,' Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911. which predated the full formal development of general relativity by about four years. This paper is widely available in English. You can find a copy beginning on page 99 of the Dover book 'The Principle of Relativity.' You will find in section 3 of that paper, Einstein's derivation of the (variable) speed of light in a gravitational potential, eqn (3). The result is, c' = c0 ( 1 + V / c^2 ) where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the speed of light c0 is measured." http://www.blazelabs.com/f-g-gcont.asp "The first confirmation of a long range variation in the speed of light travelling in space came in 1964. Irwin Shapiro, it seems, was the first to make use of a previously forgotten facet of general relativity theory -- that the speed of light is reduced when it passes through a gravitational field....Faced with this evidence, Einstein stated:"In the second place our result shows that, according to the general theory of relativity, the law of the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuo, which constitutes one of the two fundamental assumptions in the special theory of relativity and to which we have already frequently referred, cannot claim any unlimited validity. A curvature of rays of light can only take place when the velocity of propagation of light varies with position."......Today we find that since the Special Theory of Relativity unfortunately became part of the so called mainstream science, it is considered a sacrilege to even suggest that the speed of light be anything other than a constant. This is somewhat surprising since even Einstein himself suggested in a paper "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light," Annalen der Physik, 35, 1911, that the speed of light might vary with the gravitational potential. Indeed, the variation of the speed of light in a vacuum or space is explicitly shown in Einstein's calculation for the angle at which light should bend upon the influence of gravity. One can find his calculation in his paper. The result is c'=c(1+V/c^2) where V is the gravitational potential relative to the point where the measurement is taken. 1+V/c^2 is also known as the GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT FACTOR." Pentcho Valev pvalev@yahoo.com
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X-Google-Thread: 10f545,931403e8ca915737 X-Google-Thread: 10b271,931403e8ca915737 X-Google-Thread: fa4c1,931403e8ca915737 X-Google-Thread: 1139f8,931403e8ca915737 X-Google-Thread: f55d3,931403e8ca915737 X-Google-Attributes: gid10f545,gid10b271,gidfa4c1,gid1139f8,gidf55d3,public,usenet X-Google-Language: ENGLISH,ASCII-7-bit Path: arc1-ca.pugleaf.net!g2news1.google.com!postnews.google.com!60g2000hsy.googlegroups.com!not-for-mail From: Pentcho Valev <pvalev@yahoo.com> Newsgroups: sci.physics.relativity,sci.physics,fr.sci.physique,fr.sci.maths,fr.sci.philo Subject: Re: ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA WRITTEN BY EINSTEIN ZOMBIES Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2008 06:30:13 -0800 (PST) Organization: http://groups.google.com Lines: 83 Message-ID: <286cb90a-3344-4fae-b7c9-9f4317ea4d08@60g2000hsy.googlegroups.com> References: <2a7d5e2c-8abd-4782-a5ee-bc9d0370e521@m34g2000hsf.googlegroups.com> <aFLej.8268$a_7.1834174@phobos.telenet-ops.be> <5681cdbe-a3cd-4013-bd23-109092fa0735@d4g2000prg.googlegroups.com> <2a14cef0-fb7f-4b64-a53f-2b5c57657de5@j20g2000hsi.googlegroups.com> NNTP-Posting-Host: 85.91.141.159 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Trace: posting.google.com 1203345013 20234 127.0.0.1 (18 Feb 2008 14:30:13 GMT) X-Complaints-To: groups-abuse@google.com NNTP-Posting-Date: Mon, 18 Feb 2008 14:30:13 +0000 (UTC) Complaints-To: groups-abuse@google.com Injection-Info: 60g2000hsy.googlegroups.com; posting-host=85.91.141.159; posting-account=Lz-LbgoAAABPDavKeW-eYeobwLHD_cvQ User-Agent: G2/1.0 X-HTTP-UserAgent: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30),gzip(gfe),gzip(gfe)