🚀 go-pugleaf

John Anderson <3FAEFDAE.3B88E55F@attglobal.net>...

>You don't seem to know much about the issues that you're
> giving opinions about.  Special relativity and QM have been successfully
>
>integrated for over 50 years.  Quantum Electrodynamics is a relativistic
>quantum theory of electrons and the EM field that has held up
>to very high precision experimental scrutiny.


CUT

It is this simple, renormalizable structure of the Standard Model that has
let us derive specific quantitative pridications for experimental results,
predictions the success of which has confirmed the validity of the theory.

In particular, the principle of renormalizability, together with various
symmetry principles of the Standard Model, rules out unobserved processes
and forbids the neutrinos from having masses.

Physicists commonly used to believe that for a quantum field theory to have
any validity, it had to be renormalizable. This requirement was a powerful
guide to theorists in formulating the Standard Model.

It was terribly disturbing that it seemed impossible, for fundamental
reasons, to formulate a renormalizable quantum field theory of gravitation.

Today our prospective has changed. Particle physics theories look different
depending on the energy of the processes and reactions being considered.
Forces produced by exchange of a very massive particle will typically be
extremely weak at energies that are low compared with that mass.

Other effects can be similarly suppressed, so that at low energies one has
what is known as an affective field theory, in which these interactions are
negligible.

Theorists have realized that any fundamental quantum theory that is
consistent with the special theory of relativity will look like a
renormalizable quantum field theory at low energies.

But although the infinities are still canceled, these effective theories do
not have the simple structure of theories that are renormalizable in the
classic sense.

Additional complicated interactions are present, instead of being completely
excluded, they are merely highly suppressed below some characteristic energy
scale.

Gravitation iteself is just such a suppressed nonrenormalizable interaction.
It is from its strenght (or rather weakness) at low energies that we infer
that its fundamental energy scale is roughly 10^18 GeV.

Another suppressed nonrenormalizable interaction would make the proton
unstable, with a half-life in the range of 10^31 to 10^34 years, which might
be too slow to be observed even by 2050.

Yet another suppressed nonrenormalizable interaction would give the
neutrinos tiny masses about 10^-11 GeV. There is now strong evidence being
collected at giant detectors for neutrino masses, very likely of this order.

Observation of this kind will yield valuable clues to the unified theory of
all forces, but the discovery of this theory will probably not be possible
without radically new ideas.

Some promising ones are already in circulation. There are five theories of
tiny one-dimensional entities known as strings, which in their different
modes of vibration appear at low energy as various kinds of particles and
apparently furnish perfectly finite theories of gravitation and other forces
in 10 spacetime dimensions.

Of course, we don't live in d10 dimensions, but it is plausible that six of
these dimensions could be rolled up so tightly that they could not be
observed in processes at energies below 10^16 GeV per particle.

Evidence has appeared in the past several years that these five string
theories (and also quantum field theory in 11 dimensions) tht apply under
different approximations.

But no one knows how to  write down the equations of this theory!!

Perhaps when we understand how particles and forces behave at energies up to
10^18 GeV we will find new mysteries, but I doubt it!!


Thanks a lot John

bye bye