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THE PLANCK-UNITS and THE QUANTUM-COSMOLOGICAL-UNITS.

By Louis Nielsen
Denmark

Treatise:    http://www.rostra.dk/louis

THE PLANCK QUANTITIES.
The so-called Planck quantities are not based on a physical theory,
and they are not basis for a physical theory. They are 'constructed'
purely by dimensional analysis from Newton's gravitational constant G,
the velocity of light c and Planck's constant h.

The intention of Max Planck (1858-1947) was - in 1899 - to find a unit
of length l(pl), a unit of time t(pl) and a unit of mass m(pl),
independent of specific local systems.
( Reference: Max Planck: 'Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge'.
Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 5,
p. 479 (1899) )

The planck-length l(pl), the planck-time t(pl) and the planck-mass
m(pl) are (without the number pi) defined by:

(1)               l(pl) = ((h*G)/c^(3))^(1/2) = 4.1*10^(-35) meter

(2)	   t(pl) = l(pl)/c = 1.4*10^(-43) sec

(3)	   m(pl) = ((h*c)/G)^(1/2) = 5.5*10^(-8) kg

Most cosmologists, trying to describe the earliest phases of the
Universe by the Big Bang model, use the Planck time unit, about
10^(-43) sec, as the nearest possible time which can be used to
approach the 'moment' of the Big Bang.
Events before the Planck time cannot be described by the conventional
cosmological theories. Einstein's general theory of relativity, which
is basic for the accepted cosmological models, collapses when we try
to analyse the early Universe. The reason is that the theory of
general relativity is not based on quantum physics.

THE QUANTUM-COSMOLOGICAL UNITS.
Let us define the following absolute quantum-cosmological quantities:
The elementary length, the 'quantum of length' r, the elementary time,
the 'quantum of time' t, and the actual elementary mass, the 'quantum
of mass' m.
The absolute quantum-cosmological units are defined by:

(4)	r = h/(M*c) = 1.4*10^(-102) meter

(5)	t = r/c = 4.7*10^(-111) sec


(6)	m = h/(R*c) = 2.2*10^(-68) kg

In equation (4) M = 1.6*10^(60) kg is the total and constant mass of
the Universe (See my treatise about a calculation of the value of M),
h is Planck's constant and c is the velocity of light. In equation (6)
R = 1*10^(26) meter is the actual extension of the Universe. The
magnitude of the mass-quantum m in equation (6) is the value in our
epoch.

All lengths, time-intervals and masses are quantized.

THE QUANTUM-EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE.
I postulate that the connection between the actual extension R of the
Universe and the 'quantum of length' r is:

(7)	R = n* r

We can call n the 'Cosmic Evolution Quantum Number'. As the Universe
evolves in 'quantum jumps' n is 'ticking' up through the natural
numbers, beginning with the number one when the Universe came into
existence.
A discovery is that n is equal to the third power of the actual and
variable ratio between the magnitudes of the electrostatic and the
gravitostatic forces between two electrons. (Please see my treatise)

The connection between the total mass M of the Universe and the actual
'quantum of mass' m is:

(8)	  M = n*m

In (8) m is the mass of the actual - and variable - smallest energy-/
matter quantum in the Universe. This energy-/matter quantum I have
given the name Uniton (The cosmic unit particle).
In our epoch n = 7.2*10^127. The actual value of n is equal to the
actual number of possible Unitons in the Universe.
In our epoch the number of possible Unitons in the Universe is thus
equal to 7.2*10^127.

The connection between the actual age T of the Universe and the
'quantum of time' t is:

(9)	T = R/c  = n* t


RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COSMIC QUANTUM-UNITS AND THE PLANCK'S UNITS.
The quantum-cosmological quantities define a set of cosmic quantum-
units, which are much smaller and much more fundamental than the
Planck units. In my dissertation I show the connection between the
cosmic quantum-units and the Planck units, and furthermore I show
which role the Planck units play in the quantum-evolution of the
Universe.
From the equations (1) and (7) we can calculate the value n(pl) of the
cosmic evolution quantum number when the Universe had an extension
equal to the Planck length l(pl) and an age equal to the Planck time
t(pl). We get:

(10)	n(pl) = l(pl)/r = 2.9*10^(67)

n(pl) - which is a natural number - is also the number of unitons in
the Universe, when its age was equal to the Planck time.
From equation (8) we can calculate the mass m(t(pl)) of a single
Uniton when the Universe had an age equal to the Planck-time t(pl). We
get:

(11)	m(t(pl)) = M/n(pl) = 5.5*10^(-8) kg


The result in equation (11) is interesting. Comparing the value in
equation (11) with the value in equation (3) we see the following:
The Planck mass m(pl) is equal to the mass m(t(pl)) of the Uniton,
when the Universe had an extension equal to the Planck length and an
age equal to the Planck time!
The relatively great Planck mass has been an enigma. But the above
considerations can explain the great value of the Planck mass.

THE PLANCK QUANTUM-STATE OF THE UNIVERSE.
When the Universe had an extension equal to the Planck length
4.1*10^(-35) meter, then it had an age equal to the Planck time
1.4*10^(-43) sec, and it consisted of 2.9*10^(67) Unitons, each with a
mass equal to the Planck mass 5.5*10^(-8) kg.

The Planck quantities can thus be derived from the following quantum-
cosmological quantities:
The quantum of length r, the quantum of time t and the total mass M of
the Universe.

You can study more in my treatise:

        http://www.rostra.dk/louis


Best regards
Louis Nielsen
Denmark