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Formation and evolution of Stars.
Gamma-Ray Bursts and Elements from decaying Super-
Nuclei.

By Louis Nielsen, Denmark       http://www.rostra.dk/louis

Is gamma-ray burst indication of the existence of Super-Nuclei which
are composed of a very high number of nucleons?
Are the different elements produced by disintegrations of Super-Nuclei
and not only by fusion-reactions in stars?

The question how stars are formed and how they evolve is of
cosmological interest. In the established astronomy it is supposed
that stars and planets are formed by gravitational condensation of an
initially slowly rotating and great "gas-cloud". It is also supposed
that neutron stars - also called pulsars - are    the final states of
heavy stars formed in a supernova explosion.

In the following I submit alternative theories about the formation of
stars and elements and I propose possible? sources for gamma-ray
bursts.
Fundamentally, the theory is quite opposite to accepted condensation-
theories.
You can read more about the theory about the formation of stars,
planets and there moons in my treatise. See: http://www.rostra.dk/louis

Neutron-stars as sources to new Stars.
I postulate that fast rotating 'neutron-spheres' composed of a huge
number of neutrons are present in the central parts of most 'normal'
stars.

The rotating neutron-sphere in the core of a given star is the source
to the primary magnetic field in and around the star, and it is also
the source for the production of Super-Nuclei, which are nuclei with
high and extremely high nucleonic numbers - the number of neutrons and
protons. In the future we will discover that Super-Nuclei really exist
in Nature.

A neutron star is an extreme state of a Super-Nucleus. Super-Nuclei
are nucleonic systems between the known elements and the neutron
stars.
Research shows that neutron stars are not passive objects, but on the
contrary they are active systems with a complicated structure, which
is not yet known in details. Thus, much indicates that they are not
the final stages, as supposed in accepted astronomy. On the contrary
neutron stars can very well be primary and intermediate stages in the
formation of new stars, starting to shine.

Formation of Stars.
We observe that there are many different types of stars, some great
and bright, other small and dim. Some are supposed to have a high age,
other a lower age, measured from the time when the star enters a
longer, stable and energy and element producing state. How can all
these different types of stars be explained?
Let our starting point be the early Universe, where gravity was very
much higher than in our epoch but with a rapid decrease. (See my
treatise about the decreasing cosmic gravity). At a certain early
epoch of the quantum evolution of the Universe, an extremely high
number of very heavy, dense and fast rotating neutron-spheres were
formed of which some groups belong to coming galactic systems. From
these rotating neutron-spheres the first generation of stars had
evolved. As time go by the rotating neutron-sphere will develop an
'atmosphere' in which Super-Nuclei exist.
In after times a layered structure will be evolved, in which different
processes are taking place, and where different elements are formed
under the release of energy - a new star is born.

Production of Elements from unstable Super-Nuclei.
Super-Nuclei which are unstable will under given conditions decay to
all the known elements. Lighter nuclei like carbon, oxygen and silicon
are emitted from the Super-Nuclei under there decaying processes.
We know emission of alfa-particles from radioactive nuclei which gives
the element Helium. Unstable Super-Nuclei can emit different kinds of
particles giving different elements.

Gamma-Ray Burst from Super-Nuclei.
Highly energetic gamma quanta are emitted from unstable decaying Super-
Nuclei. These energetic gamma quanta are - may be - identical to what
is observed as Gamma-Ray Bursts.

Evolution of Stars.
As long as balance exists between the outward directed particle and
radiation forces and the inward  gravitational forces, the system will
be in a stable state. This stable system is identical to a light
emitting normal star. If the energy releasing processes cause a higher
outward directed pressure than the inward directed gravitational
forces, the outer layers will explode, with the result that the
'naked' neutron-sphere will be exposed. If the energy releasing
outward directed forces get too small to withstand gravity, there will
at first be a gravitational matter collapse, which, however, will be
followed by an explosion.
Such different explosion phenomena are observed as novae, supernovae
and hypernovae. The naked neutron-spheres are identical to observed
pulsars.
In the established astronomy a neutron star is assumed to be the final
state of a heavy star. In the model here given pulsars is not final
state. It must be assumed that a naked neutron-sphere - a pulsar -
after    time re-create a new 'atmosphere', in which Super-Nuclei
processes again take place. A new, but somewhat different star has
been born. After another long - millions or billions of years - stable
period, again an explosion will occur, 'exposing' a - now smaller -
rotating neutron-sphere. This will then again be 'fetus' for a new
star, etc. A number of such 'rebirths' will produce different stars,
which can explain that different types of stars exist.

Read more in my treatise: http://www.rostra.dk/louis

Best regards,
Louis Nielsen
Denmark