🚀 go-pugleaf

On Jan 11, 8:55 pm, p-reine <p-re...@neuf.fr> wrote:
> YanickToutaina écrit :
>
> > Thank you
> > Could you create a list of the true partisans of Newton, the partisans
> > of absolute space, absolutes places, absolute speed, absolute time
>
> > Democritos
> > Epicuros
> > Titus Lucretius
> > I Newton
> > F Engels
> > VI Lenine
> > and me YanickToutain
> > I'm looking for the others ...
>
> Tu peux déjà te retirer de la liste car tu n'as strictement rien
> compris à Newton (ou à quoi que ce soit d'autre).
>
> --
> p-reine
=========
J'utilise le "vous" avec les escrocs relativistes.
Les escrocs relativistes ignorants utilisent le "tu"
Peut-être est-ce un "thou" de déférence vers la divinité de la part
des mystiques
Allez donc lire Newton !!!!
http://monsyte.site.voila.fr/de/SCIENCES/scphys/textes_scientifiques_sources/Newton/Newton_Principia_original_et_Chatelet.htm
Vous semblez aussi ignare en matière de newtonisme que quant aux
cycloïdes que vous avez vu apparaitre dans les zigzags : vous ne vous
êtes pas excusé de votre erreur !!!
http://groups.google.com/group/fr.sci.astrophysique/browse_thread/thread/511f50c1603ba55e/55e0a495ad4d5841?hl=fr&lnk=st&q=#55e0a495ad4d5841




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http://members.tripod.com/~gravitee/definitions.htm
SCHOLIUM.

Hitherto I have laid down the definitions of such words as are less
known, and explained the sense in which I would have them to be
understood in the following discourse. I do not define time, space,
place and motion, as being well known to all. Only I must observe,
that the vulgar conceive those quantities under no other notions but
from the relation they bear to sensible objects. And thence arise
certain prejudices, for the removing of which, it will be convenient
to distinguish them into absolute and relative, true and apparent,
mathematical and common.

I. Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own
nature flows equably without regard to anything external, and by
another name is called duration: relative, apparent, and common time,
is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable) measure
of duration by the means of motion, which is commonly used instead of
true time; such as an hour, a day, a month, a year.

II. Absolute space, in its own nature, without regard to anything
external, remains always similar and immovable. Relative space is some
movable dimension or measure of the absolute spaces; which our senses
determine by its position to bodies; and which is vulgarly taken for
immovable space; such is the dimension of a subterraneaneous, an
æreal, or celestial space, determined by its position in respect of
the earth. Absolute and relative space, are the same in figure and
magnitude; but they do not remain always numerically the same. For if
the earth, for instance, moves, a space of our air, which relatively
and in respect of the earth remains always the same, will at one time
be one part of the absolute space into which the air passes; at
another time it will be another part of the same, and so, absolutely
understood, it will be perpetually mutable.

III. Place is a part of space which a body takes up, and is according
to the space, either absolute or relative. I say, a part of space; not
the situation nor the external surface of the body. For the places of
equal solids are always equal; but their superfices, by reason of
their dissimilar figures, are often unequal. Positions properly have
no quantity, nor are they so much the places themselves, as the
properties of places. The motion of the whole is the same thing with
the sum of the motions of the parts; that is, the translation of the
whole, out of its place, is the same thing with the sum of the
translations of the parts out of their places; and therefore the place
of the whole is the same thing with the sum of the places of the
parts, and for that reason, it is internal, and in the whole body.

IV. Absolute motion is the translation of a body from one absolute
place into another; and relative motion, the translation from one
relative place into another. Thus in a ship under sail, the relative
place of a body is that part of the ship which the body possesses; or
that part of its cavity which the body fills, and which therefore
moves together with the ship: and relative rest is the continuance of
the body in the same part of the ship, or of its cavity. But real,
absolute rest, is the continuance of the body in the same part of that
immovable space, in which the ship itself, its cavity, and all that it
contains, is moved. Wherefore if the earth is really at rest, the
body, which relatively rests in the ship, will really and absolutely
move with the same velocity which the ship has on the earth. But if
the earth also moves, the true and absolute motion of the body will
arise, partly from the true motion of the earth, in immovable space;
partly from the relative motion of the ship on the earth; and if the
body moves also relatively in the ship; its true motion will arise,
partly from the true motion of the earth, in immovable space, and
partly from the relative motions as well of the ship on the earth, as
of the body in the ship; and from these relative motions will arise
the relative motion of the body on the earth. As if that part of the
earth, where the ship is, was truly moved toward the east, with a
velocity of 10010 parts; while the ship itself, with fresh gale, and
full sails, is carried towards the west, with a velocity expressed by
10 of those parts; but a sailor walks in the ship towards the east,
with 1 part of the said velocity; then the sailor will be moved truly
in immovable space towards the east, with a velocity of 10001 parts,
and relatively on the earth towards the west, with a velocity of 9 of
those parts.

Absolute time, in astronomy, is distinguished from relative, by the
equation or correlation of the vulgar time. For the natural days are
truly unequal, though they are commonly considered as equal and used
for a measure of time; astronomers correct this inequality for their
more accurate deducing of the celestial motions. It may be, that there
is no such thing as an equable motion, whereby time may be accurately
measured. All motions may be accelerated and retarded, but the true,
or equable, progress of absolute time is liable to no change. The
duration or perseverance of the existence of things remains the same,
whether the motions are swift or slow, or none at all: and therefore,
it ought to be distinguished from what are only sensible measures
thereof; and out of which we collect it, by means of the astronomical
equation. The necessity of which equation, for determining the times
of a phænomenon, is evinced as well from the experiments of the
pendulum clock, as by eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter.

As the order of the parts of time is immutable, so also is the order
of the parts of space. Suppose those parts to be moved out of their
places, and they will be moved (if the expression may be allowed) out
of themselves. For times and spaces are, as it were, the places as
well of themselves as of all other things. All things are placed in
time as to order of succession; and in space as to order of situation.
It is from their essence or nature that they are places; and that the
primary places of things should be moveable, is absurd. These are
therefore the absolute places; and translations out of those places,
are the only absolute motions.

But because the parts of space cannot be seen, or distinguished from
one another by our senses, therefore in their stead we use sensible
measures of them. For from the positions and distances of things from
any body considered as immovable, we define all places; and then with
respect to such places, we estimate all motions, considering bodies as
transferred from some of those places into others. And so, instead of
absolute places and motions, we use relative ones; and that without
any inconvenience in common affairs; but in philosophical
disquisitions, we ought to abstract from our senses, and consider
things themselves, distinct from what are only sensible measures of
them. For it may be that there is no body really at rest, to which the
places and motions of others may be referred.

But we my distinguish rest and motion, absolute and relative, one from
the other by their properties, causes and effects. It is a property of
rest, that bodies really at rest do rest in respect to one another.
And therefore as it is possible, that in the remote regions of the
fixed stars, or perhaps far beyond them, there may be some body
absolutely at rest; but impossible to know, from the position of
bodies to one another in our regions whether any of these do keep the
same position to that remote body; it follows that absolute rest
cannot be determined from the position of bodies in our regions.

It is a property of motion, that the parts, which retain given
positions to their wholes, do partake of the motions of those wholes.
For all the parts of revolving bodies endeavour to recede from the
axis of motion; and the impetus of bodies moving forward, arises from
the joint impetus of all the parts. Therefore, if surrounding bodies
are moved, those that are relatively at rest within them, will partake
of their motion. Upon which account, the true and absolute motion of a
body cannot be determined by the translation of it from those which
only seem to rest; for the external bodies ought not only to appear at
rest, but to be really at rest. For otherwise, all included bodies,
beside their translation from near the surrounding ones, partake
likewise of their true motions; and though that translation were not
made they would not be really at rest, but only seem to be so. For the
surrounding bodies stand in the like relation to the surrounded as the
exterior part of a whole does to the interior, or as the shell does to
the kernel; but, if the shell moves, the kernel will also move, as
being part of the whole, without any removal from near the shell.

A property, near akin to the preceding, is this, that if a place is
moved, whatever is placed therein moves along with it; and therefore a
body, which is moved from a place in motion, partakes also of the
motion of its place. Upon which account, all motions, from places in
motion, are no other than parts of entire and absolute motions; and
every entire motion is composed of the motion of the body out of its
first place, and the motion of this place out of its place; and so on,
until we come to some immovable place, as in the before-mentioned
example of the sailor. Wherefore, entire and absolute motions can be
no otherwise determined than by immovable places; and for that reason
I did before refer those absolute motions to immovable places, but
relative ones to movable places. Now no other places are immovable but
those that, from infinity to infinity, do all retain the same given
position to one another; and upon this account must ever remain
unmoved; and do thereby constitute immovable space.

The causes by which true, and relative motions are distinguished, one
from the other, are the forces impressed upon bodies to generate
motion. True motion is neither generated nor altered, but by some
force impressed upon the body moved; but relative motion may be
generated or altered without any force impressed upon the body. For it
is sufficient only to impress some force on other bodies with which
the former is compared, that by their giving way, that relation may be
changed, in which the relative rest or motion of this other body did
consist. Again, true motion suffers always some change from any force
impressed upon, the moving body; but relative motion does not
necessarily undergo any change by such forces. For if the same forces
are likewise impressed on those other bodies, with which the
comparison is made, that the relative position may be preserved, then
that condition will be preserved in which the relative motion
consists. And therefore any relative motion may be changed when the
true motion remains unaltered, and the relative may be preserved when
the true suffers some change. Upon which accounts, true motion does by
no means consist in such relations.

The effects which distinguish absolute from relative motion are, the
forces of receding from the axis of circular motion. For there are no
such forces in a circular motion purely relative, but in a true and
absolute circular motion, they are greater or less, according to the
quantity of the motion. If a vessel, hung by a long cord, is so often
turned about that the cord is strongly twisted, then filled with
water, and held at rest together with the water; after, by the sudden
action of another force, it is whirled about the contrary way, and
while the cord is untwisting itself, the vessel continues, for some
time in this motion; the surface of the water will at first be plain,
as before the vessel began to move: but the vessel, by gradually
communicating its motion to the water, will make it begin sensibly to
evolve, and recede by little and little from the middle, and ascend to
the sides of the vessel, forming itself into a concave figure (as I
have experienced), and the swifter the motion becomes, the higher will
the water rise, till at last, performing its revolutions in the same
times with the vessel, it becomes relatively at rest in it. This
ascent of the water shows its endeavour to recede from the axis of its
motion; and the true and absolute circular motion of the water, which
is here directly contrary to the relative, discovers itself, and may
be measured by this endeavour. At first, when the relative motion of
the water in the vessel was greatest, it produced no endeavour to
recede from the axis; the water showed no tendency to the
circumference, nor any ascent towards the sides of the vessel, but
remained of a plain surface, and therefore its true circular motion
had not yet begun. But afterwards, when the relative motion of the
water had decreased, the ascent thereof towards the sides of the
vessel proved its endeavour to recede from the axis; and this
endeavour showed the real circular motion of the water perpetually
increasing, till it had acquired its greatest quantity, when the water
rested relatively in the vessel. And therefore this endeavour, does
not depend upon any translation of the water in respect of the ambient
bodies, nor can true circular motion be defined by such translation.
There is only one real circular motion of any one revolving body,
corresponding to only one power of endeavouring to recede from its
axis of motion, as its proper and adequate effect; but relative
motions, in one and the same body, are innumerable, according to the
various relations it bears to external bodies, and like other
relations, are altogether destitute of any real effect, any otherwise
than they may partake of that one only true motion. And therefore in
their system who suppose that our heavens, revolving below the sphere
of the fixed stars, carry the planets along with them; the several
parts of those heavens and the planets, which are indeed relatively at
rest in their heavens, do yet really move. For they change their
position one to another (which never happens to bodies truly at rest),
and being carried together with their heavens, partake of their
motions, and as parts of revolving wholes, endeavour to recede from
the axis of their motions.

Wherefore relative quantities are not the quantities themselves, whose
names they bear, but those sensible measures of them (either accurate
or inaccurate), which are commonly used instead of the measured
quantities themselves. And if the meaning of words is to be determined
by their use, then by the names time, space, place and motion, their
measures are properly to be understood; and the expression will be
unusual, and purely mathematical, if the measured quantities
themselves are meant. Upon which account, they do strain the sacred
writings, who there interpret those words for the measured quantities.
Nor do those less defile the purity of mathematical and philosophical
truths, who confound real quantities themselves with their relations
and vulgar measures.

It is indeed a matter of great difficulty to discover, and effectually
to distinguish, the true motion of particular bodies from the
apparent; because the parts of that immovable space, in which those
motions are performed, do by no means come under the observation of
our senses. Yet the thing is not altogether desperate; for we have
some arguments to guide us, partly from the apparent motions, which
are the differences of the true motions; partly from the forces, which
are the causes and effects of the true motion. For instance, if two
globes, kept at a given distance one from the other by means of a cord
that connects them, were revolved about their common centre of
gravity, we might, from the tension of the cord, discover the
endeavour of the globes to recede from the axis of their motion, and
from thence we might compute the quantity of their circular motions.
And then if any equal forces should be impressed at once on the
alternate faces of the globes to augment or diminish their circular
motions, from the increase or decrease of the tension of the cord, we
might infer the increment or decrement of their motions; and thence
would be found on what faces those forces ought to be impressed, that
the motions of the globes might be most augmented; that is, we might
discover their hindermost faces, or those which, in the circular
motion, do follow. But the faces which follow being known and
consequently the opposite ones that precede, we should likewise know
the determination of their motions. And thus we might find both the
quantity and the determination of this circular motion, even in an
immense vacuum, where there was nothing external or sensible with
which the globes could be compared. But now, if in that space some
remote bodies were placed the kept always a given position one to
another, as the fixed stars do in our regions, we could not indeed
determine from the relative translation of the globes among those
bodies, whether the motion did belong to the globes or to the bodies.
But if we observed the cord, and found that its tension was that very
tension which the motions f the globes required, we might conclude the
motion to be in the globes, and the bodies to be at rest; and then,
lastly, from the translation of the globes among the bodies, we should
find the determination of their motions. But how we are to collect the
true motions from their causes, effects, and apparent differences;
and, vice versa, how from the motions, either true or apparent, we may
come to the knowledge of their causes and effects, shall be explained
more at large in the following tract. For to this end it was that I
composed it.

Isaac Newton's Principia 1687, Translated by Andrew Motte 1729
Home, Preface, Axioms, or Laws of Motion