🚀 go-pugleaf

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    "CLU Reference Manual", Barbara Liskov et al, Springer 1981.
ftp: pion.lcs.mit.edu - versions for Sun, VAX.
contact: prj@pm-prj.lcs.mit.edu (Paul R. Johnson)

CMS-2 - General purpose language used for command and control applications
in the US Navy.  "CMS-2Y Programmers Reference Manual", M-5049, PDCSSA, San
Diego CA (Oct 1976).

CoCoA - Symbolic math?

COBOL - COmmon Business Oriented Language.  Simple computations on large
amounts of data.  The most widely-used language today.  Style is natural
language but verbose.  "Initial Specifications for a Common Business
Oriented Language" DoD, US GPO, Apr 1960.

COBOL-1961 Extended - Short-lived separation of COBOL specifications. 
Sammet 1969, p.339.

COGENT - COmpiler and GENeralized Translator.  Compiler writing language
with element of list processing.  Sammet 1969.

COGO - Co-ordinate geometry problems in Civil Engineering.  A subsystem of
ICES.  "Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, CE Dept MIT (Aug 1967)

COLASL - Processing input of natural math expressions.  Sammet 1969.

COLINGO - English-like query system.  Sammet 1969.

COMAL - Benedict Loefstedt & Borge Christensen, 1973.  A language for
beginners, Pascal-like structure added to BASIC.  Popular in Europe and
Scandinavia.  COMAL-80 has been adopted as an introductory language in
Denmark.  "Beginning COMAL", Bjorne Christensen, Ellis Harwood 1982.  COMAL
User's Group, 5501 Groveland Terr, Madison WI 53716.  Version for Amiga.

COMIT - String-handling and pattern-matching, a predecessor of SNOBOL,
designed for applications in natural language translation.  The user had a
workspace organized into shelves.  Its only data element was the
constituent (a word), accessed by subscript.  Sammet 1969.  Version: COMIT
II - "Computer Programming with COMIT II", Victor Yngve, MIT Press.

COMMEN - L.J. Cohen.  Proc SJCC, 30:671-676 (1967).

Commercial Translator - English-like pre-COBOL language for business data
processing.  Sammet 1969.

Common LISP - An attempt to merge the various dialects of LISP into one. 
The result is a large and complex language.  Lexical binding, data
structures using defstruct and setf, closures, multiple values, types using
declare, a variety of numerical types.  Function calls allow optional,
keyword and &rest arguments.   Generic sequence can either be a list or an
array.  Formatted printing using escape characters.  "Common LISP Reference
Manual", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1984.
list: common-list@mcc.com.

Compact COBOL - Subset of COBOL defined, but not published, ca. 1961. 
Sammet 1969, p.339.

Compas Pascal - Brand of Pascal?  From Denmark?

COMPASS - COMprehensive ASSembler.  Assembler on CDC 6500/6600s.

COMPREHENSIVE - Early system on Whirlwind.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

COMPROSL - COMpound PROcedural Scientific Language.  Language for
scientists or engineers.  Sammet 1969, p.299-300.

Computer Animation Movie Language.  "A Computer Animation Movie Language
for Educational Motion Pictures", D.D. Weiner et al, Proc AFIPS FJCC, 33(2)
(1968)

Computer Compiler - Proposed language for compiler design.  Sammet 1969.

Computer Design - Proposed language for computer design.  Sammet 1969.

COMTRAN - Early name for Commercial Translator.  "Communications Computer 
Language COMTRAN", D.W. Clark et al, RADC-TR-69-190, Rose Air Development
Center, Griffiss AFB, NY (July 1969).  Sammet 1969, p.324, 331.

Concurrent C - Variant of C with concurrent extensions.

Concurrent Euclid - R.C. Holt, U Toronto, 1980.  Subset of Euclid ("Simple
Euclid") with concurrent extensions.  Separate compilation, modules,
processes and monitors, signal and wait on condition variables. 
'Converters' to defeat strong type checking, absolute addresses.  All
procedures and functions are re-entrant.  The TUNIS OS is written in
Concurrent Euclid.  "Concurrent Euclid, The Unix System, and Tunis," R.C.
Holt, A-W, 1983.

Concurrent Pascal - "The Programming Language Concurrent Pascal", Per
Brinch Hansen, IEEE Trans. Soft. Eng. 1(2):199-207 (Jun 1975)

Concurrent Prolog - Never implemented.  "Concurrent Prolog: A Progress
Report", E. Shapiro, IEEE Computer, 19(8):45-58 (Aug 1986).

Concurrent Smalltalk - Variant of Smalltalk.

CONNIVER - AI language for automatic theorem proving.  An outgrowth of
PLANNER.  "The CONNIVER Reference Manual", D. McDermott & G.J. Sussman, AI
Memo 259, MIT AI Lab, 1973.

CONVERT -

  1. Additions to LISP.  Sammet 1969, p.388.

  2. Language to convert programs and data from one language to another. 
"CONVERT Manual", OLI Systems Inc (Oct 1976).

CORAL - Class Oriented Ring Associated Language.  Handled certain ring
types of lists on the TX-2.  (1964?)  Sammet 1969.  Another UK invention. 
Real time system programming language used by the Ministry of Defence and
its contractors until Ada arrived on the scene.

CORAL 66 - "Official Definition of CORAL 66", P.M. Woodward et al, HMSO,
London, 1970.

CORBIE - Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

CORC - CORnell Compiler.  Simple language for student math problems.  "The
Cornell Computing Language", R.W. Conway et al, CACM 6(6):317-320 (Jun
1963)  Sammet 1969.

CORREGATE - Based on IT.  Sammet 1969, p.139.

Coursewriter III - A simple language for preparing CAI lessons. 
"Coursewriter III, Version 3 Author's Guide", SH20-1009, IBM.

CPL - C. Strachey et al

CPS - Conversational Programming System.  Interactive extended subset of
PL/I.  "Conversational Programming System under TSO (PBPO), Terminal User's
Manual", SH20-1197, IBM.  Sammet 1969.

CRISP - A LISP-like compiler that ran on IBM 370 hardware.  It differed
from LISP in a number of interesting ways, one of which is that it
generalized the 2-part cons nodes to n-part.  Designed by Jeff Barnett, one
of the early LISPers.  SDC, Santa Monica, CA, early 70's?.

CROSSTABS - A simple language for statistical analysis of tabular data. 
"User's Manual for the CROSSTABS System", Cambridge Computer Assoc (Feb
1977)

Crystal - High level functional parallel language.

CS-4 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes.

csh - C-Shell command shell interpreter for UNIX.

CSL - Computer Structure Language.  A computer hardware description
language, written in BCPL.  "Computer Structure Language (CSL)", Proc 1975
Symp on Comp Hardware Description Languages and their Appl", ACM (Sep
1975).

CSMP - Continuous System Modelling Program.  Used to simulate the dynamics
of continuous systems.  A dialect of CSSL?  "A Guide to Using CSMP - The
Continuous System Modeling Program", Frank H. Speckhart et al, P-H 1976.

CSP - Communicating Sequential Processes.  Experimental language based on
Hoare's theory of multi-processing.  "Communicating Sequential Processes",
A.R. Hoare, CACM 21(8):666-667 (Aug 1978).
[Is there another CSP that is a specification language?]

CS/PCode - Used at Microsoft.

CSP/k - Concurrent SP/k.  A PL/I-like concurrent language.  "Structured
Concurrent Programming with Operating System Applications", R.C. Holt et
al, A-W 1978.

CS/QCode - Used at Microsoft.

CSSL - Continuous Systems Simulation Language. Versions include ACSL,
HYTRAN, SL-I, S/360 and CSMP.  "The SCi Continuous System Simulation
Language (CSSL)", Simulation, 9(6) (Dec 1967).

Culler-Fried - On-line system for mathematics.  Sammet 1969.

CWIC - Compiler for Writing and Implementing Compilers.  One of the early
metacompilers.  Designed by Val Schorre.  He wrote a paper on an earlier
version "Meta-II: a Syntax Oriented Compiler Writing Language," Proc 19th
ACM Natl Conf 1964.

CYBIL - Control Data's answer to system programming languages in the 80's. 
Major parts of CDC systems written in this.

CypherText - Interactive language for text formatting and typesetting. 
"CypherText: An Extensible Composing and Typesetting Language", C.G. Moore
et al, Proc AFIPS FJCC v.37 (1970)

D - "The Data Language."  MS-DOS 4GL.

DACTL - Declarative Alvey Compiler Target Language.  An intermediate
language.  "DACTL - A Computational Model and Compiler Target Language
Based on Graph Reduction", J.R.W. Glauert et al, SYS-C87-03, U East Anglia,
Norwich, 1987.

DAISY 201 - Early system on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Daplex - "The Functional Data Model and the Lata Language DAPLEX", D.W.
Shipman, ACM Trans Database Sys, 6(1):140-173 (Mar 1981).

DARE - Differential Analyzer REplacement.  A family of continuous
simulation languages.  "Digital Continuous System Simulation", G.A. Korn et
al, P-H 1978.

Dartmouth BASIC - Term for the original BASIC by Kemeny & Kurtz.

DAS - Digital Analog Simulator.  Represents analog computer design.

dataBASIC - Also known as PICK BASIC.  A BASIC-like language with database
capabilities, the main programming language on the PICK OS.  "The dataBASIC
Language - A Data Processing Language for Non-Professional Programmers",
P.C. Dressen, Proc AFIPS SJCC v.36 (1970)

DATA-TEXT - From Harvard.  Numerical computations in the Social Sciences. 
"DATA-TEXT Primer", D.J. Armor, Free Press 1972.

DATACODE I - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
(May 1959).

dBASE - Language used by the dBASE system.  First release was dBASE II. 
(There never was a "dBASE I")  Later versions: dBASE III, dBASE III+, and
dBASE IV.

dBFAST - dBASE dialect for MS-DOS, MS-Windows.

DBPL - Procedural language with relational database constructs.  A
successor to Pascal/R and Modula/R.  "DBPL Report", J.W. Schmidt et al,
DBPL-Memo 111-88, Fachbereich Informatik, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe-Universitaet, Frankfurt, Germany, 1988.

dBXL - dBASE-like interpreter/language for MS-DOS from WordTech, Orinda,
CA.

DCALGOL - Data Communications ALGOL.  A superset of Burroughs Extended
ALGOL used for writing Message Control Systems.

DCDL - Digital Control Design Language.  A language for simulating computer
systems.  "DCDS Digital Simulating System", H. Potash et al, Proc AFIPS
FJCC, v.35 (1969).

DCL - DIGITAL Command Language.  Equivalent of sh/csh for VAX/VMS.

DEACON - Direct English Access and CONtrol.  English-like query system. 
Sammet 1969, p.668.

Delta - Expression based, J.C. Cleaveland 1978.

DEMON - Program generator for differential equation problems.  N.W.
Bennett, Australian Atomic Engergy Commission Research Establishment,
AAEC/E142, Aug 1965.

DETAB - DEcision TABle.  Pre-COBOL business aid.  Sammet 1969, p.315. 
Versions: DETAB 65, DETAB X.

DETOL - Directly Executable Test Oriented Language.  Simple language to
control a specific type of test equipment.  "Improved DETOL Programming
Manual for the Series 5500 Automatic Test System, Pub. 5500-31-0-1, AAI
Corp. (Sep 1973).

DIALOG - Math computations using light pen.  Illinois Inst Tech, ca. 1966. 
Sammet 1969.

DIAMAG - On-line extension of ALGOL.  Sammet 1969.

DIANA - Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada.  "DIANA
- An Intermediate Language for Ada", G.T. Goos et al, LNCS No.161, Springer
1983.

DIBOL - DIgital Business Oriented Language.  DEC for RT-11.  Combines the
syntax of FORTRAN with the arithmetic capabilities of COBOL (integer BCD).

DIMATE - Depot Installed Maintenance Automatic Test Equipment.  For
automatic equipment tests.  Sammet 1969.

Disiple - A DSP language.  "A Compiler that Easily Retargets High Level
Language Programs for Different Signal Processing Architectures", J.E.
Peters & S.M. Dunn, Proc ICASSP 89, (May 1989) pp.1103-1106.

Distributed Smalltalk - Variant of Smalltalk.

DMAD - Diagnostic Machine Aid-Digital.  Functional testing of digital
devices.  "DMAD M/MM Manual", BR-8392, Raytheon Co. (Oct 1973).

DMALGOL - Another ALGOL superset: extensions to interface to DMS II, the
Burroughs database.

DOCUS - Display Oriented Computer Usage System.  On-line system using push
buttons.

DOUGLAS - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

DOL - Display Oriented Language.  Subsystem of DOCUS.  Sammet 1969.

DOW COMPILER - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
(May 1959).

draco - Chris Gray, 1987.  A blend of Pascal, C and ALGOL 68.  Implemented
for CP/M-80 and Amiga.

DRUCO I - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

DSL - Digital Simulation Language.  Extensions to FORTRAN to simulate
analog computer functions.  "DSL/90 - A Digital Simulation Program for
Continuous System Modelling", Proc AFIPS SJCC, vol 28 (1966).  DSL/90 was a
version that ran on the IBM 7090.  Sammet 1969.

DSP/C - A numerical extension to the C language, not necessarily DSP
specific, but sort of.  "DSP/C: A Standard High Level Language for DSP and
Numeric Processing", K. Leary & W. Waddington, Proc ICASSP 90, Apr 1990,
pp.1065-1068.

DSP32 Assembly Language:  A `high level' assembly language for the DSP32
Programmable DSP Chip.

DSPL:  Digital Signal Processing Language.  A C-derived DSP language.  "The
Programming Language DSPL," Albert Schwarte & Herbert Hanselmann, Proc PCIM
90, 1990.

DTALGOL - Decision Table Algol. A local (Victoria U, Wellington) superset
that added Decision Tables.  On Burroughs Large System.

DUAL-607 - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

DYANA - DYnamics ANAlyzer.  Early specialized language for vibrational and
other dynamics systems.  Sammet 1969.

DYNAMO - DYNamic MOdels.  Phyllis Fox & A.L. Pugh, 1959.  Continuous
simulations including economic, industrial and social systems.  Versions:
DYNAMO II, DYNAMO II/370, DYANMO II/F, DYNAMO III and Gaming DYNAMO. 
"DYNAMO User's Manual", A.L. Pugh, MIT Press 1976.

DYSAC - Digital Simulated Analog Computer.  Sammet 1969.

DYSTAL - Package of embeddable subroutines used in other languages.  Sammet
1969, p.388.

Eagle - dBASE-like dialect bundled with Emerald Bay, sold by Migent from
1986-1988.  (Became "Vulcan" when Wayne Ratliff re-acquired the product.)

EASE II - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

EASIAC - Early system on Midac computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

EASY FOX - Early system on JOHNNIAC computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

EBASIC - Form of BASIC that led to CBASIC.

ECAP II - Electronic Circuit Analysis Program.  Simple language for
analyzing electrical networks.  "Introduction to Computer Analysis: ECAP
for Electronics Technicians and Engineers", H. Levin, P-H 1970.

ECL -  Extensible CL.  "ECL Programmer's Manual", B. Wegbreit, TR 23-74,
Harvard U (Dec 1974).

ECMA - Subset of ALGOL.  Sammet 1969, p.180.

ECSS II - Extendable Computer System Simulator.  An extension of SIMSCRIPT
II.  "The ECSS II Language for Simulating Computer Systems", D.W. Kosy, R-
1895-GSA, Rand Corp.

ECSSL - Formerly APSE.  Equation-oriented specifications for continuous
simulation models.  The compiler outputs HYTRAN, which must be run on an
analog processor.

Edison - Further simplification of Pascal.  "Edison - A Multiprocessor
Language", P. Brinch Hansen, CS Dept, USC, Sep 1980.

EDL - Experiment Description Language.  "A Programmable System for
Acquisition and Reduction of Respiratory Physiological Data", J. Steven
Jenkins (language author) et al, Ann Biomed Eng, 17:93-108 (1989).

EFL - Extended FORTRAN Language - preprocessor for FORTRAN to allow
structured programming.

Eiffel - Commercial object-oriented language, Bertrand Meyer, ca. 1986. 
Classes with multiple and repeated inheritance, assertions.  Deferred
classes (like Smalltalk's abstract class), and clusters of classes. 
Objects can have both static and dynamic types.  The dynamic type must be a
descendant of the static (declared) type.  Dynamic binding resolves clashes
from the multiple inheritance.  Flattened forms of classes, in which all of
the inherited features are added at the same level.  Generic classes
parametrized by type.  Persistent objects, garbage collection, exception
handling, interface to routines written in other languages.  "Eiffel, the
Language", Bertrand Meyer, P-H 1990.  Interacive Software Eng., Goleta CA.

EL 1 -  An extensible language, like LISP but with ALGOL-like syntax.  Used
as the basis for the ECL operating system. "The Treatment of Data Types in
EL1", B. Wegbreit CACM 17(5) (May 1974).

ELI - Early system on IBM 705, IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

ELISP - Nickname for EMACS LISP.

Ellie - Object-oriented parallel language for fine-grained distributed
computers.  Based on BETA, Smalltalk, and others.  Birger Andersen (U
Copenhagen?)  Recent SIGPLAN Notice.

EMA - Extended Mercury Autocode.

EMACS LISP - Richard Stallman.  Variant of LISP used by EMACS editor. 
(This is the "offical" name, based on the EMAQS FAQ file.)

Emerald - The successor of EPL [?].  U Washington, early 80's.  An
object-oriented distributed programming language/environment. 
"Distribution and Abstract Types in Emerald", A. Black et al, IEEE Trans
Soft Eng SE-13(1):65-76 (Jan 1987).

English - Database language used in the PICK OS.

EOL-3 - Expression Oriented Language.  A low level language for strings. 
"EOL - A Symbol Manipulation Language", L. Lukaszewicz,  Computer J 10(1)
(May 1967).

EPL -

  1. Version of PL/I used by Bell and MIT during MULTICS development.  "EPL
Reference Manual", Project MAC, April 1966.  Sammet 1969, p.542.

  2. Experimental Programming Language.  David May.  Mentioned as having an
influence on the design of occam.

E-PROLOG - Edinburgh PROLOG, which eventually developed into the standard.

Eqlog - OBJ2 plus logic programming.  "Eqlog: Equality, Types and Generic
Modules for Logic Programming", J. Goguen et al in Functional and Logic
Programming, D. DeGroot et al eds, pp.295-363, P-H 1986.

ERFPI - Early system on LGP-30 computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

ES-1 - Early text editing interpreter.  Sammet 1969.

ESCAPE - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

ESI - Dialect of JOSS.  Sammet 1969, p.217.

ESP -

  1. Extra Simple Pascal.  Subset of Pascal.

  2. Econometric Software Package.  Staistical analysis of time series. 
"Econometric Software Package, User's Manual", J.P. Cooper, Graduate School
of Business, U Chicago.  Sammet 1978.

ESPOL - An ALGOL superset used to write the MCP (Master Control Program) on
Burroughs Large System.  Obsoleted by NEWP.

Estelle - A specification language.  [Denmark?]

Esterel - A synchronous[?] language. "The ESTEREL Programming Language and
its Mathematical Semantics", G. Berry & L. Cosserat, INRIA, No. 327, 1984.

Euclid - A Pascal descendant for development of verifiable system software. 
No goto, no side effects, no global assignments, no functional arguments,
no nested procedures, no floats, no enumeration types.  Pointers are
treated as indices of special arrays called collections.  To prevent
aliasing, Euclid forbids any overlap in the list of actual parameters of a
procedure.  Each procedure gives an imports list, and the compiler
determines the identifiers that are implicitly imported.  Iterators.  
"Report on the Programming Language Euclid", B.W. Lampson et al, SIGPLAN
Notices 12(2) (1977).

EULER - Revision of ALGOL.  A small predecessor of Pascal.  N. Wirth, CACM
9:1-2 (1966)

Eva - Described in "Formal Specification of Programming Languages:  A
Panoramic Primer", Frank G. Pagan, P-H.

Extended ALGOL - Used to write the ESPOL compiler on Burroughs B5500,
B6700.  "Burroughs B6700 Extended ALGOL Language Information Manual", No.
5000128 (Jul 1971)  Sammet 1969, p.196.

FACT - Fully Automated Compiling Technique.  Pre-COBOL English-like
business DP language, ca. 1959. (Aka Honeywell-800 business compiler.) 
Sammet 1969, p.327.

FAIR - Early system on IBM 705.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FAP - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

FASE - Fundamentally Analyzable Simplified English.  L.E. McMahon, Bell
Labs  Sammet 1969, p.720.

FAST - FORTRAN Automatic Symbol Translator.  Early system on IBM 650 by
MITRE Corp.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).  Sammet 1969, p.526.

FEL - Functional.  "FEL Programmer's Guide", R. M. Keller, AMPS TR 7, U
Utah, March 1982.

FFP - Formal FP.  "Can Programming be Liberated From the von Neumann Style? 
A Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs", John Backus, 1977 Turing
Award Lecture, CACM 21(8):165-180 (Aug 1978).

FGRAAL - FORTRAN Extended GRAph Algorithmic Language.  A FORTRAN extension
for handling sets and graphs.  "On a Programming Language for Graph
Algorithms", W.C. Rheinboldt et al, BIT 12(2) 1972.

File Composition - A typesetting language.  "File Composition System
Reference Manual", No. 90388, Information International.

FL - Function Level.  John Backus, ca. 1985?  Successor to FP.  Allows
higher higher-order functions to be defined, adds exceptions, user-defined
types, and other features.  "FL Language Manual, Parts 1 & 2", J. Backus et
al, IBM Research Report RJ 7100 (1989).

FLAIR - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FLAP - Symbolic math.  "FLAP Programmer's Manual", A.H. Morris Jr.,
TR-2558 (1971) U.S. Naval Weapons Lab.  Sammet 1969, p.506.

Flavors - LISP with object-oriented features.  Weinreb & Moon, 1980.
"Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors", D.A. Moon, ACM OOPSLA '86 Conf
Proc, (Oct 1986) pp.1-8.

FLEX - Faster LEX.  [Language different from lex?]  "The FLEX Scanner
Generator" Vern Paxson, Real Time Systems, LBL, CA.

FLIC - Functional Language Intermediate Code.  "FLIC - A Functional
Language Intermediate Code", S. Peyton Jones et al., RR 148, U Warwick, Sep
1989.

FLIP - Early system on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FLIP-SPUR - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

FLOP - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FLOW-MATIC or FLOWMATIC - Possibly first (UNIVAC I) English-like DP
language.  Remington Rand, 1958.  Sammet 1969.  (Original name was B-0.)

FLPL - FORTRAN Compiled List Processing Language.  Package of subroutines
for FORTRAN, ca. 1960.  Sammet 1969, p.388.

FOCAL - FOrmula CALculator.  BASIC-style interpreter from DEC, designed
1969 for PDP-5/PDP-8's.  Versions: FOCAL-69, FOCAL-1971, FOCAL-11 (for PDP-
11 under RT-11).

FOCUS - Hierarchical database language.  Information Builders Inc.

FOIL - File Oriented Interpretive Language.  For writing CAI lessons. 
"FOIL - A File Oriented Interpretive Language", J.C. Hesselbart, Proc ACM
23rd National Conf (1968).

foogol - comp.sources.unix/V8

FOOPS - OBJ2 plus object-oriented programming.  "Extensions and Foundations
for Object-Oriented Programming", J. Goguen et al, in Research Directions
in Object-Oriented Programming, B. SHriver et al eds, MIT Press 1987.
 
FORC - Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Force - dBASE dialect for MS-DOS.

FORM - Large scale symbolic manipulation.  Jos Vermaseren
<t68@nikhefh.nikhef.nl>  Especially designed for speed in handling very
large calculations.  A successor to SCHOONSCHIP.  Available for many PC's
and workstations.
ftp: acm.princeton.edu, nikhefh.nikhef.nl

FORMAC - FORmula MAnipulation Compiler.  Extension of FORTRAN, later PL/I. 
J. Sammet & Tobey, IBM Boston APD, 1962.  Versions: PL/I-FORMAC and
FORMAC73.  Sammet 1969, p.473.

FORMAL - FORmula MAnipulation Language.  An extension of FORTRAN for formal
algebra.  "FORMAL, A Formula Manipulation Language", C.K. Mesztenyi,
Computer Note CN-1, CS Dept, U Maryland (Jan 1971)

FORMAT-FORTRAN - FORTRAN Matrix Abstraction Technique FORTRAN. 
Manipulation, printing and plotting of large matrices.  "FORMAT-FORTRAN
Matrix Abstraction Technique (Vol. V)" AFFDL-TR-66-207, Douglas Aircraft Co
(Oct 1968).

Formula ALGOL - Extension of ALGOL.  Carnegie, CDC G-20, 1962.  A.J. Perlis
& R. Iturriaga.  Sammet 1969, p.583.

FORTH - Fourth.  Charles H. Moore, 1960's, to increase programmer power. 
First use was controlling the telescope at NRAO, Kitt Peak.  FORTH is an
interactive extensible language using postfix syntax and a stack for data. 
A program is a set of recursive functions ("words") which are compiled by
an outer interpreter into bytecodes.  FORTH is small and efficient, but
programs can be difficult to read.  Versions include FORTH 79 and FORTH 83. 
FORTH Interest Group, Box 1105, San Carlos CA 94070.

FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator.  John Backus, IBM 1954 for IBM 704.

FORTRAN I - Released 1957.

FORTRAN II - 1958.  Added subroutines.

FORTRAN III - This was only distributed to ca. 20 sites.  See Wexelblat.

FORTRAN IV - 1962.

FORTRAN V - Preliminary work on adding character handling facilities by IBM
ca. 1962.  This name never really used.

FORTRAN VI - Internal IBM name for early PL/I work ca. 1963.  Sammet 1969,
p.540.

FORTRAN 66 - FORTRAN IV standardized.  ASA X3.9-1966.

FORTRAN 77 - Block IF, PARAMETER, SAVE statements added, still no WHILE. 
Fixed-length character strings, format-free I/O, arrays with lower bounds. 
ANSI X3.9-1978.

Fortran 8x - Proposed superset of FORTRAN 77.  "Fortran 8x Explained", M.
Metcalf, Clarendon Press 1989.

Fortran 9x - Current name for the proposed FORTRAN revision.

FORTRANSIT - FORTRAN Internal Translator.  Subset of FORTRAN translated
into IT on the IBM 650.  Sammet 1969, p.141.

FORTRUNCIBLE - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

FoxBASE+ - dBASE III+-like product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH.

FoxPRO - dBASE IV-like product from Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH.

FP - Functional Programming.  Combinator based.  "Can Programming be
Liberated From the von Neumann Style?  A Functional Style and Its Algebra
of Programs", John Backus, 1977 Turing Award Lecture, CACM 21(8):165-180
(Aug 1978).

FP/M - An intermediate language for functional languages.  "The Compilation
of FP/M Programs into Conventional Machine Code", A.J. Field, Imperial
College, London, 1985.

FQL - A functional database language.  "An Implementation Technique for
Database Query Languages", O.P. Buneman et al, ACM Trans Database Sys
7(2):164-186 (June 1982).

Franz Lisp - Variant of LISP.

FRED - Framework (MS-DOS app) language, Ashton-Tate.  Robert Carr.

FRINGE - Subcomponent of GE-255 GECOM system.  Sorting and merging of data,
reports and file maintenance.  C. Katz, GE, 1961.

FSL - Formal Semantics Language.  Used for compiler writing.  Feldman ca.
1966.  Sammet 1969, p.641.

Fun - "On Understanding Types, Data Abstractions and Polymorphism", L.
Cardelli et al, ACM Comp Surveys 17(4) (Dec 1985).

Funlog - Functional programming plus semantic unification.  "FUNLOG: A
Computational Model Integrating Logic Programming and Functional
Programming", P.A. Subrahmanyam et al, in Logic Programming: Functions,
Relations and Equations, D. DeGroot et al eds, P-H 1986.

FX-87 - Effects.  A polymorphically typed language that allows side effects
and first-class functions.  Tries to integrate functional and imperative
programming.  "The FX-87 Reference Manual", G. Gifford et al, MIT/LCS/TR-
407, Oct 1987.  Version: FX-89.
ftp: brokaw.lcs.mit.edu

G++ - Implementation of C++ by Free Software Foundation's Project GNU.

Gabriel: A graphical DSP language for simulation and real systems.  "A
Design Tool for Hardware and Software for Multiprocessor DSP Systems," E.A.
Lee, E. Goei, J. Bier & S. Bhattacharyya, DSP Systems, Proc ISCAS-89, 1989.

Gaelic - For automated test programs.  Used in military, essentially
replaced by ATLAS.

Galileo - "Galileo: A Strongly Typed Interactive Conceptual Language", A.
Albano et al, ACM Trans Database Sys 10(2):230-260 (June 1985).

GAMMA - Generating matrices and mathematical programming reports.  "GAMMA
3.3 for MPS/MPSX, IBM System /360", Bonnor & Moore Assocs (Mar 1975).

GAP - Symbolic math?

Gargoyle - For compiler writing.  J.V. Garwick, CACM 7(1):16-20, (Jan
1964).

GAT - Generalized Algebraic Translator.  Improved version of IT.  On IBM
650 RAMAC.  Sammet 1969, p.142.

GATE - Based on IT.  Sammet 1969, p.139.

GECOM - Somewhat akin to COBOL with some ALGOL features added.  Comprised
of ALGOL, COBOL, FRINGE and TABSOL.  FRINGE and TABSOL may not have
actually been implemented.  Sammet 1969, p.329.

Gedanken - 1970 Reynolds

GEPURS - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

GIM-1 - Generalize Information Management Language.  Nelson, Pick, Andrews. 
Proc SJCC, 29:169-73.

GIN - Special-purpose macro assembler used to build the GEORGE 3 operating
system for ICL1900 series machines.

GIRL - Graph Information Retrieval Language.  Handling directed graphs. 
"Graph Information Retrieval Language", S. Berkowitz, Report 76-0085, Naval
Ship Research and Development Center, (Feb 1976)

GKS - Graphical Kernel System.

GLYPNIR - An ALGOL-like language with parallel extensions.  Similar to
ACTUS.  "GLYPNIR - A Proramming Language for the Illiac IV", D.H. Lawrie et
al, CACM 18(3) (Mar 1975)

GOL - General Operating Language.  Subsystem of DOCUS.  Sammet 1969, p.678.

GP - Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

GOSPL - Graphics-Oriented Signal Processing Language.  A graphical DSP
language for simulation.  C.D. Covington, G.E. Carter & D.W. Summers,
"Graphic Oriented Signal Processing Language - GOSPL", Proc ICASSP-87,
1987.

GPL - Generalized Programming Language.  General purpose language in spirit
of ALGOL.  Sammet 1969, p.195.

GPM - General Purpose Macro-generator.  C. Strachey, 1965.  Similar to
TRAC.  Sammet 1969, p.450.

GPS - Early AI attempt.  "Computers and Thought", McGraw-Hill, 1963.  [May
not have been a language.]  Sammet 1969, p.466.

GPSS - General Purpose Systems Simulator.  Geoffrey Gordon, 1960.  Discrete
simulation problems.  "The Application of GPSS V to Discrete System
Simulation", G. Gordon, P-H 1975.  Versions include GPSS II (1963), GPSS
III (1965), GPS/360 (1967), and GPSS V (1970).

GPX - Early system on UNIVAC II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

GRAF - GRaphic Additions to FORTRAN.  Added graphic data-type to FORTRAN. 

---
 End of Part 2

-- 
--Bill Kinnersley
  billk@hawk.cs.ukans.edu
226 Transfer complete.