🚀 go-pugleaf

----

Sammet 1969, p.674.

Graphic ALGOL - Generation of shaded perspective picures in real time.
"An Extended ALGOL-60 for Shaded Computer Graphics", B. Jones, Proc ACM
Symp on Graphic Languages, Apr 1976.

Graphic Language - For specifying graphic operations.  Sammet 1969, p.677.

GREEN - A proposed language to meet the DoD Ironman requirements which led
to Ada.  This language was the winner.  "On the GREEN Language Submitted to
the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra, SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):16-21 (Oct 1978).

GWBASIC - Gee Whiz BASIC.

Gypsy - Specification and verification of systems software.  A program is
made up of separately compilable units: routine (procedure, function, or
process), type and constant definition.  Each unit is provided with a list
of access rights. "Report on the Language Gypsy", A.L. Ambler et al, UT
Austin ICSCS-CMP-1 Aug 1976.

HAL/S - Real-time language used by NASA for onboard shuttle software. 
"Two-Dimensional Characteristics of HAL, A Language for Spaceflight
Applications", J.S. Miller, SIGPLAN Notices 7(10) (Oct 1972).

Haskell - Named after logician Haskell B Curry.  Haskell is a modern
functional language with static polymorphic typing, lazy evaluation,
higher-order functions, non-strict semantics, user-defined algebraic data
types, and pattern-matching list comprehensions.  It is largely derived
from Miranda, with the addition of a class system, operator overloading, an
IO system, functional arrays, and separate compilation.  Lazy, purely
functional, designed by a committee drawn from the functional programming
community.    Currently one compiler in general circulation, and at least
two more available RSN.   "Report on the Programming Language Haskell",
Paul Hudak & P. Wadler eds, CS Dept, U Glasgow, UK. (Apr 1990).
ftp: nebula.systemsz.cs.yale.edu
list: haskell-request@cs.yale.edu, HASKLD-L@YALEVM.BITNET.
Yale Haskell - implemented in T
Glasgow Haskell - implemented in Chalmers LML

HASL - SASL plus conditional unification.  "A Prological Definitioin of
HASL, A Purely Functional Language with Unification Based Conditional
Binding Expressions", H. Abramson in Logic Programming: Functions,
Relations and Equations, D. DeGroot et al eds, P-H 1986.

Hermes - Complex distributed systems.  A follow-on effort to NIL[2],
developed at TJWRC, IBM.  "Hermes: A Language for Distributed Computing",
Strom et al, P-H 1991, ISBN 0-13-389537-8.
ftp: software.watson.ibm.com

Honeywell-800 business compiler - Apparent early name of FACT, ca. 1959. 
Sammet 1969, p.327.

Hope - "springs eternal", and so forth.  R.M. Burstall, U Edinburgh 1978. 
Functional language with polymorphic types, call-by-pattern, and lazy
lists.  "HOPE, an Experimental Applicative Language", R.M. Burstall et al,
Conf Record of the 1980 LISP Conf, p.136-143 (Aug 1980), "A HOPE Tutorial",
BYTE Aug 1985, pp.235-258.
ftp: brolga.cc.uq.oz.au.  Lazy variant for UNIX, Mac and PC.

HOS-STPL - Hospital Operating System - STructured Programming Language.  A
FORTRAN-like language with sructured extensions.  "HOS-STPL User Manual",
Health Services Research, US Public Health Service (Jan 1975).

HPGL - Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language.  Document description language
used by HP LaserJet printers.

HyperTalk - The programming language for Macintosh HyperCard.

IAL - International Algebraic Language.  Original name of ALGOL 58.
"Preliminary report - International Algebraic Language", CACM 1(12):8
(1958).

ICE - In Circuit Emulator.  Term used for virtual CPU emulators used in
embedded systems.

ICEBOL - Variant of SNOBOL. [I thought this was the name of a conference?]

ICES - Integrated Civil Engineering System.  Subsystems include COGO,
STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET.  Internal langguages
include ICETRAN and CDL.  "An Integrated Computer System for Engineering
Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc AFIPS SJCC 27(2) 1965.  Sammet 1969.

ICETRAN - An extension of FORTRAN IV.  Component of ICES.  Sammet 1969,
p.617.

Icon - Griswold, 1970's.  A descendant of SNOBOL4 with Pascal-like syntax. 
Icon is a general-purpose language with special features for string
scanning.  Dynamic types.  The central theme of Icon is the generator: when
an expression is evaluated it may be suspended and later resumed, producing
a result sequence of values until it fails.  This resumption takes place
implicitly in two contexts: iteration which is syntactically like a loop
(every-do), and goal-directed evaluation in which a conditional expression
automatically attempts to produce at least one result.  Expressions that
fail are used in lieu of Booleans.  Data backtracking is supported by a
reversible assignment.  Icon also has co-expressions, which can be
explicitly resumed at any time.  "The Icon Programming Language", Ralph &
Marge Griswold, P-H 1983.
ftp: arizona.edu
list: icon-group@arizona.edu

IDL - Interface Description Language.  J. Nestor et al, CMU 1982.
Description of data structures to be passed between the components of an
application.  "The Interface Description Language", R. Snodgrass, Computer
Science Press 1989.
list: info-idl@sei.cmu.edu

Id Nouveau - (or Id for short).  Single assignment language for a dataflow
architecture.  "Id-Nouveau Reference Manual", R.S. Nikhil, CS TR, MIT,
March 1988.

I-D-S/I - Integrated Data Store.  Extension to COBOL involving ring type
lists.  Formerly IDS.  "A General Purpose Programming System for Random
Access Memories", C.W. Bachman et al, Proc AFIPS FJCC 26(1) 1964.  Sammet
1969, p.376.

IF1 - Intermediate language for dataflow compilers.  "The Manchester
Prototype Dataflow Computer", J.R. Gurd etal, CACM 28(1):34-52 (Jan 1985).

IFIP - Subset of ALGOL.  Sammet 1969, p.180.

IFP - Illinois FP.  Variant of FP with a significantly different syntax. 
"The Illinois Functional Programming Interpreter", Arch D. Robison, Proc
1987 SIGPLAN Conf on Interpreters and Interpretive Techniques (June 1987). 
"Illinois Functional Programming: A Tutorial", Arch D. Robison, BYTE Feb
1987.
ftp: cs.uiuc.edu

IGL - Interactive Graphic Language.  Used primarily by Physics researchers
at Brooklyn Poly, uses numerical methods on vectors to approximate
continuous function problems that don't have closed form solutions.

IITRAN - Simple FORTRAN for students.  "The IITRAN Programming Language",
B. Dewar et al, CACM 12(10):569-575 (Oct 1969).

ILLIAC - Early system on ILLIAC computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16, (May
1959) p.16.

IMP -

  1. Derivative of BCPL and ALGOL for systems programming.  Used in
Edinburgh to code the Edinburgh Multi Access System (EMAS), one of the
first OS's written in a high level language, apparently predating UNIX. 
References are in J British Computer Soc.

  2. "Experience with an Extensible Language", Edgar T. Irons, CACM
13(1):31-39 (Jan 1970)

Info BASIC - Variant of PICK BASIC used with Prime's PRIMOS OS.

Information Algebra - Theoretical formalism for DP, never resulted in a
language.  Language Structure Group of CODASYL, ca. 1962.  Sammet 1969,
709.

Inglish - English-like language used for Adventure games like "The Hobbit"
(could distinguish between "take the rope and axe" and "take the money and
run").

INTELLECT - A query language - Larry Harris, 1977.

INTERCAL - Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym.  Has nothing at
all in common with any other major programming language.  Developed
Princeton U, May 26, 1972.  "The INTERCAL Programming Language Reference
Manual", Donald R. Woods & James M. Lyon.  C-INTERCAL is an implementation
by Eric Raymond, distributed on Usenet.
ftp: snow.white.toronto.edu, also comp.sources.misc/Volume16

INTERCOM - Early system on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
Versions: INTERCOM 101, INTERCOM 1000.

INTERLISP - A rich environment for LISP.

Interpress - The first page description language, predating PostScript. 
Used on Xerox printers.  "Interpress, The Source Book", Steven Harrington
et al, P-H 1988.

IPL - Information Processing Language.  Allen Newell & J.C. Shaw, Carnegie
ca. 1956.  Said to be the first list-processing language, very low level. 
Sammet, 69.  "Implementation Procesing Language-V Manual", A. Newell ed.,
P-H 1965.  Versions: IPL-I, IPL-II, IPL-III, IPL-IV, IPL-V, IPL-VI.

Ironman - Set of DoD requirements that led to Ada.  "Department of Defense
Requirements for High Order Computer Programming Languages", SIGPLAN
Notices 12(12):39-54 (Dec 1977).

ISETL - Symbolic math [?]

ISIS - Dialect of JOSS.  Sammet 1969, p.217.

ISO Pascal - Pascal standard, ISO 7185-1982.  Changes from Jensen & Wirth
Pascal include: Name equivalence.  Names must be bound before they are
used.  Loop index must be local to the procedure.  Formal procedure
parameters must include their arguments.  Conformant array schemas.  

ISPL - Instruction Set Processor Language.  Description language for
computer architecture, written in BLISS.  "Computer Structures: Readings
and Examples", C.G. Bell et al, McGraw-Hill 1971.

ISWIM - If You See What I Mean.  ISWIM is a purely functional sugaring of
lambda calculus, and has become the ancestor of most modern applicative
languages.  Syntactically an ISWIM program is a single expression qualified
by "where" clauses: auxiliary definitions including equations among
variables, conditional expressions and function definitions.  ISWIM was the
first language to use lazy evaluation.  "The Next 700 Programming
Languages", P.J. Landin, CACM 9(3):157-166 (Mar 1966).

IT - Internal Translator.  Used early for math on IBM 650.  Sammet, 1969. 
Version: IT 3.

Iverson's Language - APL, which went unnamed for many years.  Sammet 1969,
p.770.

J - The latest successor to APL, from Iverson Software.
ftp: watserv1.waterloo.edu

J3 - A dialect of JOVIAL.  "Military Standard JOVIAL (J3)", MIL-STD-1588
(USAF) (June 1976).

J73 - A dialect of JOVIAL.  "Military Standard JOVIAL (J73)", MIL-STD-1589
(USAF) (Feb 1977).

Jade - A strongly-typed language that is object-oriented but without the
usual class hierarchy.  A type research language.  Implemented as a
compiler that produces Smalltalk as the output code.  U Washington, late
80's.  [The submitter claimed Jade has exactly one user!]

Janus - Built on PROLOG.  "Programming in Janus", Saraswat, Kahn & Levy.
ftp: cs.arizona.edu

JAZ - Early system on LGP-30.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

JCL - Job Control Language.  Batch language on IBM OS/360 systems. 
Notoriously difficult to program in.

JCS-13 - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

JOSS - JOHNNIAC Open Shop System.  Charles L. Baker.  An early simple
interactive calculator language.  "JOSS Users' Reference Manual", R.L.
Clark, Report F-1535/9, RAND Corp.  (Jan 1975)  Sammet 1969, p.217. 
Versions include JOSS I and JOSS II.

JOVE - Johnathan's Own Version of Emacs.  Johnathan Payne.

JOVIAL - Jule's Own Version of IAL.  Jules I. Schwartz 1960.  Based on
ALGOL 58 but with extensions for large scale real-time programming.  Saw
extensive use by the US Air Force.  The data elements were items, entries
(records) and tables.  CACM 6(12) (Dec 1960)p.721.  Versions include JOVIAL
I (IBM 709, 1960), JOVIAL II (IBM 7090, 1961) and JOVIAL 3 (1965). 
Dialects J3, JOVIAL J73, JS, JTS.

Joyce - Language for distributed computers, based on CSP and Pascal.
Designed by Per Brinch Hansen, Denmark.

JPLDIS - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Display Information System.  Query
system (based on Tymshare's "Retrieve") for UNIVAC 1108 [or was it PDP's?]
written in FORTRAN at JPL, Pasadena, CA by Jack Hatfield, George Masters,
W. Van Snyder, Jeb Long et al.  Indirectly led to Vulcan which led to dBASE
II.

JS - Dialect of JOVIAL.  Sammet 1969, p.639.

JTS - Simple dialect of JOVIAL.  Sammet 1969, p.528.

K5 - Early system on Larc computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Kaleidoscope - Imperative object-oriented constraint programmming language. 
U Washington and Universite de Nantes, late 80's.  [The submitter claims
Kaleidoscope has exactly one user!]

KISS - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Klerer-May - Two dimensional math expressions.  Sammet 1969, p.284.

KOMPILER - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
Versions: KOMPILER 2 for IBM 701, KOMPILER 3 for IBM 704.

K&R C - C as originally described in "The C Programming Language", B.
Kernighan and D. Ritchie, in contrast to the proposed ANSI standard C.

KRC - Kent Recursive Calculator.  Turner 1981.  Lazy functional language
with pattern-matching, based on SASL.  "Functional Programming and its
Applications", D.A. Turner, Cambridge U Press 1982.

ksh - Korn Shell command shell interpreter for UNIX.

KCL - Kyoto Common LISP
ftp: rascal.ics.utexas.edu

L6 - Bell Telephone Laboratories Low-Level Linked List Language.  List
processing language.  "A Programmer's Description of L6, Bell Telephone
Laboratories' Low-Level Linked List Language" CACM 9(8) (Aug 1966).  Sammet
1969.

Lakota - No details

Laning and Zierler - On Whirlwind computer at MIT in 1953.  Sammet 1969.

LAP - Assembly language embedded into early LISP.  Sammet 1969, p.597.

Larch - "The Larch Family of Specification Languages", J.V. Guttag et al,
IEEE Software 2(5):24-365 (Sep 1985).

LaTeX - An extension of TeX.  "LaTeX, A Document Preparation System",
Leslie Lamport, A-W 1986.

LDT - Logic Design Translator.  Computer system design analysis.  Sammet
1969, p.621.

LEAP - Language for the Expression of Associative Procedures.  An
ALGOL-based formalism for sets and associative retrieval operations. 
Became part of SAIL.  "An ALGOL-based Associative Language", J.A. Feldman
et al, CACM 12(8) (Aug 1969)

LECOM - Version of COMIT on GE 225 ca. 1966.  Sammet 1969, p.419.

LEDA - Combined imperative, object-oriented, and logic programming
language.  Tim Budd, Oregon State U. <budd@cs.orst.edu>

Lex  - Input language to the Lex scanner generator.  "Lex - A Lexical
Analyzer Generator", M.E. Lesk, CS TR 39, Bell Labs (Oct 1975).

LG - A simple language for analyic geometry, with graphic output.  "LG: A
Language for Analytic Geometry", J. Reymond, CACM 12(8) (Aug 1969)

LIMDEP - Linear programming language used by economists.

Linc - The Burroughs/Unisys (it's still very current) 4GL.  Designed in New
Zealand.

LINDA - Language for parallel processing with communication via a shared
tuple space (actually, just a subroutine library).

Lincoln Reckoner - On-line math system on TX-2, ca. 1965.  Sammet 1969,
p.245.

LIPL - Linear IPL.  Dupchak, ca. 1965.  Sammet 1969, p.394.

LIS - "The System Implementation Language LIS", J.D. Ichbiah, CII, France
(Dec 1974).

LISP - LISt Processing.  John McCarthy et al, MIT late 50's.  Symbolic
functional recursive language used in many AI applications.  Many dialects. 
Atoms and lists.  Programs are themselves represented as list structures. 
Only numeric type is floating point.
Versions include LISP 1 (Original version), LISP 1.5 (MIT, 1959), LISP
1.75, LISP 1.9, and LISP 2 (an ALGOL variant of LISP).

Lispkit - Purely functional version of LISP.  "Functional Programming,
Application and Implementation", P. Henderson, P-H 1980.

LITTLE - Typeless language used to produce machine-independent software. 
LITTLE has been used to implement SETL.  "Guide to the LITTLE Language", D.
Shields, LITTLE Newsletter 33, Courant Inst (Aug 1977).

Little Smalltalk - An almost subset of Smalltalk-80, but line-oriented and
written in C.  "A Little Smalltalk", Timothy Budd, A-W 1987.  Hundreds of
users, at least.
ftp: cs.orst.edu.

LML - Lazy, completely functional variant of ML[2].  Implemented on the G-
machine.  Chalmers U Tech, Goteborg, Sweden.
ftp: piggy.cs.chalmers.se

Logo - LISP-like language aimed at children and other programming
beginners.  Notable for its "turtle graphics" used to draw geometric
shapes.  Created by Seymour Papert et al, 1966-1968 at Bolt, Beranek &
Newman, further development at MIT's AI Lab.

LOLITA - Language for the On-Line Investigation and Transformation of
Abstractions.  Sammet 1969, p.464.

LOOK - Specification language.

LOOPS - Object-oriented extension to Interlisp.  "The LOOPS Manual", D.G.
Bobrow & M. Stefik, Xerox Corp 1983.

LOTIS - LOgic, TIming, Sequencing.  Describes a computer by describing data
flow.  Sammet 1969, p.620.

LPC - A variant of C used to program the LP MUDs, programmable multi-user
adventures. Guesstimate: 2-3 000 000 lines of code and growing.  Introduced
ca. 1988.

LPG - "Linguaggio Procedure Grafiche" (Italian for "Graphical Procedures
Language")  Interpreted and compiled language underlying products of
CAD.LAB Spa, Bologna, Italy.  Roughly a cross between FORTRAN and APL, with
graphical-oriented extensions, and several peculiarities.  "Graphical
Procedure Language User's Guide and Reference Manual", CAD.LAB, Bologna,
Italy, 1989, order code GO89/9. Main author of the language is dott.
Gabriele Selmi.

LRLTRAN - Lawrence Radiation Laboratory TRANslator.  FORTRAN extension with
vector arithmetic and dynamic storage, used for scientific work and systems
programming, including the LTSS OS.  "The LRLTRAN Compiler", S.F.
Mendicino, CACM 11(11):747-7752MODEF (Nov 1969)

LT-2 - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

LTR - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes.

LUCID -

  1. Early query language, ca. 1965, System Development Corp, Santa Monica,
CA.  Sammet 1969, p.701.

  2. Ashcroft & Wadge, 1981.  A dataflow language, a descendant of ISWIM. 
Lazy, but first-order.  Iteration is simulated with "is current" and "fby"
(concatenation of sequences)  It has lazy evaluation.  Statements are
equations which define a network of processors and communication lines. The
data is processed as it flows through this network.   Every data object is
thought of as an infinite stream of simple values, every function as a
filter.  Lucid has no other data constructors such as arrays or records. 
It is a first-order language: functions cannot be used as arguments."Lucid,
the Dataflow Programming Language", William W. Wadge, Academic Press 1985.

Lustre - Synchronous language, a derivative of Lucid. J.L. Bergerand et al,
"Outline of a Real-Time Data-Flow Language", Real Time Systems Symp, San
Diego, Dec 1985.

LYRIC - Language for Your Remote Instruction by Computer.  CAI language
implemented as a FORTRAN preprocessor.  "Computer Assisted Instruction:
Specification of Attributes for CAI Programs and Programmers", G.M. Silvern
et al, Proc ACM 21st Natl Conf (1966).

MAC - Early system on Ferranti Mercury.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

MAC-360 - Solving numerical problems using equation-like input. ca. 1967. 
"User's Guide to MAC-360", Charles Stark Draper Lab, Cambridge MA (Aug
1973)  Sammet 1969, p.264.

Macaulay - Mike Stillman <mike@mssun7.msi.cornell.edu> and Dave Bayer
<bayer@cunixa.columbia.edu>, late 70's.  Symbolic algebra package for
commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, cohomology.
ftp: zariski.harvard.edu, Mac and Amiga versions, source in C.

Machiavelli - Peter Buneman & Atsushi Ohori, U Pennsylvania, 1989.  Based
on orthogonal persistence.  An extension of Standard ML.  "Database
Programming in Machiavelli: A Polymorphic Language with Static Type
Inference", A. Ohori, Proc SIGMOD Conf, ACM, June 1989.

MACSYMA - Interactive symbolic math system, Joel Moses MIT 1969, later
Symbolics, Inc.  "MACSYMA - The Fifth Year", J. Moses, SIGSAM Bulletin 8(3)
(Aug 1974).  Version: DOE MACSYMA, ANL.
info: macsyma-service@symbolics.com

MAD - Michigan Algorithm Decoder.  Numerical computation.  "The MAD
Manual", Univ. Michigan Computing Center (1966).  Sammet 1969, p.205.

MADCAP - Math and set problems.  "MADCAP - A Scientific Compiler for a
Displayed Formula Texbook Language", M.B. Wells, CACM 4(1):31-36 (Jan
1961).  Sammet 1969, p.271.

MAGIC - Early system on Midac computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Magic Paper - Early on-line formal algebra system.  Sammet 1969, p.510.

MAINSAIL - Dialect of SAIL.  From XIDAK, Inc.  Used to be in Menlo Park,
may now be in Palo Alto.

Make - Language for the UNIX file maintenance utility Make.  Many other
implementations.  "Make - A Program for Maintaining Computer Programs",
A.I. Feldman, TR No 57, Bell Labs Apr 1977.

MAP - Mathematical Analysis without Programming.  On-line system under CTSS
for math.  Sammet 1969, p.240.

Maple - Language for the Maple symbolic math system.  Bruce Char, Keith
Geddes, Gaston Gonnet, Michael Monagan & Stephen Watt, U Waterloo (Canada)
1980.  Waterloo Maple Software.  Version: Maple V.
info: wmsi@daisy.waterloo.edu
list: glabahn@daisy.waterloo.edu

MARSYAS - MARshall SYstem for Aerospace Simulation.  Simulation of large
physical systems.  "MARSYAS, Parts 1 & 2", H. Trauboth et al, IEEE Circuits
and Systems Society Newsletter 7(3-4) (June, Aug 1973).

MARY - Norwegian research language, somewhat ALGOL68-like. Surprising
features include total lack of operator precedence!!  The back cover of the
manual bears the (well-hidden) fragment: MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB - COERCION
IMPOSSIBLE.

MASM - Microsoft Assembler.  MS-DOS.

Mathcad - Symbolic math environment.

Mathematica - Symbolic math and graphics system, Wolfram Research, 1988. 
The language emphasizes rules and pattern-matching.  "Mathematica: A System
for Doing Mathematics by Computer", Stephen Wolfram, A-W 1988.
ftp: otter.stanford.edu, ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu
list: mathgroup-request@yoda.ncsa.uiuc.edu
info: info@wri.com

MATHLAB - On-line formal algebra system, MITRE, 1964.  Later version:
MATHLAB 68 (PDP-6, 1967).  "The Legacy of MATHLAB 68", C. Engelman, Proc
2nd Symp on Symbolic and Algebraic Manip, ACM (Mar 1971).  Sammet 1969,
p.498.

MATH-MATIC or MATHMATIC - Alternate name for AT-3.  Early, pre- FORTRAN
language for UNIVAC I or II.  Sammet 1969.

Matlab - Matrix manipulation environment.  The MathWorks, Inc. (508)
653-1415.

Matrix Compiler - Early matrix compuations on UNIVAC.  Sammet 1969, p.642.

MATRIX MATH - Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

MBASIC - Microsoft BASIC.

MDL - "Muddle", developed at MIT, was basis for ZIL.

me too - Functional language for executable specifications.  Peter
Henderson.  "Functional Programming, Formal Specification and Rapid
Prototyping", IEEE Trans Soft Eng, SE-12(2) (Feb 1986).

Mercury Autocode - Mercury was another Ferranti machine.

Mesa - Xerox PARC.  System and application programming for proprietary
hardware: Alto, Dolphin, Dorado and Dandelion.  Pascal-like syntax.  Its
notion of modules with separately compilable definition and implementation
directly led to Wirth's design for Modula.  Threads, coroutines,
exceptions, and monitors.  Type checking may be disabled.  Originally for
internal use, Mesa was released to a few universitites in 1985.  "Mesa
Language Manual", J.G. Mitchell et al, Xerox PARC, CSL-79-3 (Apr 1979). 
"Early Experience with Mesa", Geschke et al, CACM 20(8):540-552 (Aug 1977).

META 5 - Early syntax-directed compiler compiler, used for translating one
high-level language to another.  "META 5: A Tool to Manipulate Strings of
Data", D.K. Oppenheim et al, Proc 21st Natl Conf, ACM 1966.  Sammet 1969,
p.638.  Versions: META II, META-3.

METAFONT - A system for the design of raster-based alphabets.  Companion to
TeX.  "The METAFONT Book," Donald Knuth, A-W 1986.

MICRO-PLANNER - Subset of PLANNER, implemented in LISP.  "MICRO-PLANNER
Reference Manual", G.J. Sussman et al, AI Memo 203, MIT AI Lab, 1970.

MIDAS - Digital simulaton language.  Sammet 1969, p.627.

MILITRAN - Discrete simulation for military applications.  Sammet 1969,
p.657.

MIMIC - Solving engineering problems such as differential equations. 
"MIMIC, An Alternative Programming Language for Industrial Dynamics, N.D.
Peterson, Socio-Econ Plan Sci. v.6, Pergamon 1972.

MINITAB II - Interactive solution of small statistical problems.  "MINITAB
Student Handbook", T.A. Ryan et al, Duxbury Press 1976.

Miranda - Lazy, purely functional.  Turner, 1980's.  A commercial
descendant of SASL and KRC, with ML's type system.  Terse syntax follows
the offside rule, type declarations are optional.  Nested pattern-matching,
list comprehensions, modules.  User types are algebraic, may be constrained
by laws.  Implementation uses SKI reduction.
"Miranda: A Non Strict Functional Language with Polymorphic Types", D.A.
Turner, in Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, LNCS
v.201, Springer 1985.
info: Research Software Ltd, or mira-request@ukc.ac.uk

MIRFAC - Mathematics in Recognizable Form Automatically Compiled.  Math
problems.  Sammet 1969, p.281.

MISHAP - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16, (May
1959).

MITILAC - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

MIXAL - MIX Assembly Language.  Assembly language for Knuth's hypothetical
MIX machine.  "The Art of Computer Programming v.1", Donald Knuth, A-W
1969.

MJS - Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

ML -

  1.  Manipulator Language.  IBM language for handling robots.

  2.  Meta Language.  Polymorphically-typed functional language, Gordon,
1970's.  "A Metalanguage for Interactive Proof in LCF", M. Gordon et al,
5th ACM Symp on Princs of Prog Langs, Jan 1978.

MLAB - Modeling LABoratory.  Interactive mathematical modeling.  "MLAB, An
On-Line Modeling Laboratory", NIH (Mar 1975).

ML/I - Early macro translating system.  P.J. Brown, CACM 10(10):618-623,
(Oct 1967).

MLISP - LISP variant with ALGOL-like syntax.  "MLISP", D.C. Smith, Report
No. CS-179, CS Dept, Stanford (Oct 1970).  Version: MLISP2.

MOBSSL-UAF - Merritt and Miller's Own Block-Structured Simulation
Language-Unpronounceable Acronym For.  Interactive continuous simulations. 
"MOBSSL - An Augmented Block Structured Continuous System Simulation
Language for Digital and Hybrid Computers", M.J. Merritt et al, Proc AFIPS
FJCC v.35 (1969).

MODEF - Pascal-like language with polymorphism and data abstraction. 
"Definition of the Programming Language MODEF", J. Steensgard-Madsen et al,
SIGPLAN Notices 19(2):92-110 (Feb 1984).

Modula - Wirth, 1977.  Predecessor of Modula-2, more oriented towards
concurrent programming but otherwise quite similar.  "Modula - A Language
for Modular Multiprogramming", N. Wirth, Soft Prac & Exp 7(1):3-35 (Jan
1977).

Modula-2 - Wirth, 1979.  Programming dedicated computer systems, including
process control on smaller machines.  Modula-2 provides limited visibility
of the underlying hardware.  "Programming in Modula-2", N. Wirth, Springer
1985

Modula-2+ - DEC SRC, Palo Alto CA.  Exceptions and threads.  "Extending
Modula-2 to Build Large, Integrated Systems", P. Rovner, IEEE Soft 3(6)
(Nov 1986).

Modula-3 - A descendant of Modula-2+ and Cedar, designed for safety. 
Objects, threads, exceptions and garbage collection.  Modules are
explicitly safe or unsafe.  As in Mesa, any set of variables can be
monitored.  "Modula-3 Report", Luca Cardelli et al, DEC SRC TR No. 52, and
Olivetti Research Center, Aug 1988.
ftp: gatekeeper.dec.com

Modula/R - Modula with relational database constructs added.  LIDAS Group
(J. Koch, M. Mall, P. Putfarken, M. Reimer, J.W. Schmidt, C.A. Zehnder)
"Modula/R Report", LIDAS Memo 091-83, ETH Zurich, Sep 1983.

Modulex - Based on Modula-2.  Listed by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt
presented in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989.

MORAL - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes.

MORTRAN - public domain FORTRAN pre-processor.

MOUSE - Small macro language.  Peter Grogono, BYTE article.

MPL - Early possible name for PL/I.  Sammet 1969, p.542.

MPPL - Early possible name for PL/I.  Sammet 1969, p.542.

M-PROLOG - Marseilles PROLOG, the early version.

MPS III - Solving matrices and producing reports.  "MPS III DATAFORM User
Manual", Management Science Systems (1976).

MPSX - Mathematical Programming System Extended.  Solution strategy for
mathematical programming.  "Mathematical Programming System Extended (MPSX)
Control Language User's Manual", SH20-0932, IBM.  Sammet 1978.

Mul-T - Shared memory version of T.

Multi-Lisp - A parallel version of LISP.

MUMPS - Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System.  A
database-oriented OS and the language that goes with it. Used originally
for medical records.  Current versions for IBM RT and R6000, DSM (Digital
Standard Mumps) for DEC, Datatree MUMPS for IBM PC.  "MUMPS Language
Standard", ANS X11.1-1977.  MUMPS User's Group, Box 208, Bedford MA 01730.
list: MUMPS-L@UGA.BITNET.

MuSimp - Variant of LISP used as the programming language for the PC
symbolic math package MuMath.

MUSL - Manchester University Systems Language.

MYSTIC - Early system on IBM 704, IBM 650, IBM 1103 and 1103A.  Listed in
CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

NASTRAN - NAsa STRess Analysis Program.  Large stress analysis problems. 
"The NASTRAN User's Manual", SP-222(C3), NASA.

Napier - Based on orthogonal persistence.  Redesigned language after 10
years of experience with persistence; developed at St Andrews U; design
began ca. 1985, first implementation Napier88, 1988.

NAPLPS - North American Presentation-Level-Protocol Syntax.  Language for
sending text and graphics over communication lines.  Used by videotex
systems.

NAPPS - Numerical Analysis Problem Solving System.  1966.  Sammet 1969,
p.299.

Natural English - Used to mean programming in normal, spoken English. 
Sammet 1969, p.768.

NDL: Network Definition Language. Used to program the DCP (Data
Communications Processor) on Burroughs Large System.

NDL II - New improved etc version of NDL.

NELIAC - Navy Electronics Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler.  Numeric
and logical computations.  CACM 6(7)367 (Jul 1963)  Version:  BC NELIAC.

Neon - An object-oriented extension of FORTH, for the Mac.

NEWP - NEW Programming language. Replaced ESPOL on Burroughs Large System.
NewsClip - Clarinet article filter language.

NGL - A dialect of IGL.

Nial - Nested Interactive Array Language.  Queen's University, Canada. 
High level language with arrays as its basic data structure.  "Programming
Styles in Nial", M.A. Jenkins er al, IEEE Software 3(1):46-55 (1986).

NICOL I - Small subset of PL/I by (Massachusetts) Computer Assoc, ca. 1965. 
Version: NICOL II (1967).  Sammet 1969, p.542.

NIL -

  1. A LISP dialect.  "NIL: A Perspective", Jon L. White, MACSYMA Users'
Conf Proc, 1979.

  2. Implementing complex networking protocols in a modular fashion. 
TJWRC, IBM.

Noddy - A simple (hence the name) language to handle text and interaction
on the Memotech home computer.  Has died with the machine.

NOMAD - Database language.  "NOMAD Reference Manual", Form 1004, National
CSS Inc (Dec 1976).  Version: NOMAD2, Must Software Intl.
list: NOMAD2-L@TAMVM1.BITNET

NORC COMPILER - Early system on NORC machine.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

NPL -

  1. New Programming Language.  IBM's original (temporary) name for PL/I -
changed due to conflict with England's "National Physical Laboratory."  MPL
and MPPL were considered before settling on PL/I.  Sammet 1969, p.542.

  2. Burstall, 1977.  A predecessor of HOPE.  Pattern matching and set
comprehensions.

Nroff - Text formating language/interpreter, based on UNIX roff.  See also
Troff, TBL, EQN, NEQN, PIC, and GRAP.  GROFF, also Scribe.

---
 End of Part 3

-- 
--Bill Kinnersley
  billk@hawk.cs.ukans.edu
226 Transfer complete.