🚀 go-pugleaf

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Nuprl - Nearly Ultimate PRL.  (pronounced "new pearl").  Interactive
creation of formal mathematics, including definitions and proofs.  The
language has an extremely rich type system, including dependent functions,
products, sets, quotients and universes.  Built on Franz LISP and Edinburgh
ML.  "Implementing Mathematics in the Nuprl Proof Development System", R.L.
Constable et al, P-H 1986.

NYAP - Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

NYU, OMNIFAX - [sic] Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM
2(5):16 (May 1959).

O2 - No details.

OBE - Office By Example.  Sequel to QBE, Moshe Zloof, IBM, early 1980's. 
Descriptions published but apparently never implemented.

Oberon - Wirth, 1988.  A descendant of Modula-2 that eliminates many
things: variant records, enumeration types, subranges, lower array indices
and for loops.  Additions are extensible record types, multidimensional
open arrays and garbage collection.  "The Programming Language Oberon", N.
Wirth, Soft Prac & Exp 18(7):671-690 (July 1988).
ftp: neptune.inf.ethz.ch for Mac, SPARC, DECstation.

OBJ - A declarative "ultra high level" language.  Abstract types, generic
modules, subsorts (subtypes with multiple inheritance), pattern-matching
modulo equations, E-strategies (user control over laziness), module
expressions (for combining modules), theories and views (for describing
module interfaces).  For the massively parallel RRM (Rewrite Rule Machine). 
"Principles of OBJ2", K. Futatsugi et al in Proc 12th ACM Symp on Princs of
Prog Langs, B. Reid ed, ACM 1985, pp.52-66.

Object-Oberon - H. Moessenboeck & J. Templ, 1989.  An Oberon extension,
adding classes and methods.

Object Pascal - Apple.  "Object Pascal Report", Larry Tesler, Structured
Language World 9(3) 1985.

Objective C - Brad Cox.  An object-oriented extension of C, incorporating
many ideas from Smalltalk.  Implemented as a front end for the C compiler. 
Used as the system programming language on the NeXT.  Thousands of users.
"Object-Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach", Brad Cox, A-W
1986.

OBSCURE - "An Introduction to the Specification Language OBSCURE", J.
Loeckx, TR A85/15, U Saarlandes, Saarbrucken, 1985.

OCAL - On-Line Cryptanalytic Aid Language.  That says it all.  Sammet 1969,
p.642.

OCAS - On-line Cryptanalytic Aid System.  System that contains OCAL. 
Sammet 1969, p.642.

occam - 1982.  (Named for the 14th cent. philosopher William of Occam.) 
Concurrent algorithms, based on CSP and EPL, David May et al, 1982. 
Designed for the INMOS transputer and vice versa.  Each expression is a
process, which may be combined in serial and parallel.  Processes
communicate via named unidirectional channels.  "Occam", D. May, SIGPLAN
Notices 18(4):69-79 (1983).
ftp: watserv1.waterloo.edu (simulator for VAX, Tahoe)
list: occam@sutcase.case.syr.edu

occam 2 - 1987.  An extension of occam (now known as occam 1).  Occam 2 has
floating point, functions and a type system.  There is *no* operator
precedence.  There are many thousands (probably millions) of lines of code
written in it.  (occam 1 is really only used as a teaching language, and is
more-or-less obsolete).  The main compiler for occam 2 targets INMOS
transputers, but there may be other experimental compilers in existence. 
"occam 2 Reference Manual", INMOS, P-H 1988, ISBN 0-13-629312-3.

OLC - On-Line Computer system.  UCSB ca. 1966.  Predecessor of Culler-Fried
System.  Sammet 1969, p.253.

OMNICODE - Early language by Thompson, 1956.  IBM 650.  Sammet 1969, p.5.

OMNIFAX - Alternate name for NYU OMNIFAX?  Early system on UNIVAC I or II. 
Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

OMNITAB - Statistical analysis and desk calculator.  "OMNITAB II User's
Reference Manual", NBS Tech Note 552 (Oct 1971).  Sammet 1969, p.296. 
Version: OMNITAB II.

Opal -

  1. DSP language.  "OPAL: A High Level Language and Environment for DSP
boards on PC", J.P. Schwartz et al, Proc ICASSP-89, 1989.

  2. Language of the object-oriented database GemStone.  "Making Smalltalk
a Database System", G. Copeland et al, Proc SIGMOD'84, ACM 1984, pp.316-
325.

OPS -

  1. On line Process Synthesizer.  Discrete simulation under CTSS.  Sammet
1969, p.660.

  2. Official Production System.  Rule-based language for building expert
systems, CMU 1970.

OPS/5 - 1977 version of OPS [2].  "Programming Expert Systems in OPS5", L.
Brownston et al, A-W 1985.

Orca - Shared data objects.  One version runs on Tanenbaum's Amoeba
distributed OS.  "Orca: A Language for Distributed Processing", H.E. Bal et
al, SIGPLAN Notices 25(5):17-24 (May 1990).

ORTHOCARTAN - Computer algebra system specialized in General Relativity. 
A. Krasinski, Warsaw, Poland, early 80's.

Orwell - Lazy functional language, very similar to Miranda.  List
comprehensions and pattern matching.  "Introduction to Orwell", P. Wadler,
Programming Research Group, Oxford U.

OSCAR - Oregon State Conversational Aid to Research.  Interactive numerical
calculations, bvectors, matrices, complex arithmetic, string operations. 
"OSCAR: A User's Manual with Examples" J.A. Baughman et al, CC, Oregon
State U.

OSSL - Operating Systems Simulation Language.  "OSSL - A Specialized
Language for Simulating Computer Systems", P.B. Dewan et al, Proc AFIPS
SJCC, v.40 (1972)

Owl - Original name of Trellis.

PACT I - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

PACT IA - Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

PACTOLUS - Digital simulation.  Sammet 1969, p.627.

Paddle - Language to express the structure of developments.  Used in the
POPART system.  "POPART: Producer of Paddles and Related Tools, System
Builders' Manual", D.S. Wile TR RR-82-21, ISI, Marina del Rey, CA 1982.

PAGE - Typesetting language.  "Computer Composition Using PAGE-1", J.L.
Pierson, Wiley 1972.

PAL - Paradox Application Language.  Language for Paradox, Borland's
relational database.

Pam - "Formal Specification of Programming Languages:  A Panoramic Primer",
Frank G. Pagan, P-H.

Parallel Pascal - Similar to ACTUS and Glypnir.

Parallel SML - "Parallel SML: A Functional Language and its Implementation
in Dactl", Kevin Hammond, Pitman Press 1990.

Pari - Symbolic math, especially number theory.
ftp: math.ucla.edu

Paris - Assembly language for the Connection Machine.

PARLOG - An and-parallel PROLOG.  "PARLOG: Parallel Programming in Logic",
K. Clark et al, TOPLAS 8(1):1-49, 1986.

PARSEC - Extensible language with PL/I-like syntax, derived from PROTEUS. 
"PARSEC User's Manual", Bolt Beranek & Newman (Dec 1972)

Pascal - Named for French mathematician Blaise Pascal (1623-1662).  N.
Wirth, ca. 1970.  Designed for simplicity, in reaction to the complexity of
ALGOL 68, and intended as a teaching language.  Innovations: enumeration
types, subranges, sets, variant records, case statement.  Missing from
standard Pascal: strings, adjustable arrays, abstract data types,
random-access files, and separate compilation.  Pascal has been extremely
influential in programming language design, and has led to a great number
of variations and descendants.
"PASCAL User Manual and Report", K. Jensen & N. Wirth, Springer 1975.

Pascal-80 - A successor of Platon.  Developed at RC International, Denmark
for systems programming.  Later it was renamed Real-Time Pascal.

Pascal-F - Pascal extended to include fixed-point arithmetic.  E. Nelson,
"Pascal-F: Programming Language for Real-Time Automotive Control", IEEE
ElectroTechnol. Rev. (USA), 2:39, 1968.

PascalPlus - Denmark?

Pascal/R - Pascal with relational database constructs added.  The first
successful integrated database language.  J.W. Schmidt, M. Mall, Pascal/R
Report, Universitaet Hamburg, Fachbereich Informatik, Report 66, January
1980.

Pascal-S - Simplified Pascal.  Source for a complete Pascal-S compiler is
in "Pascal-S: A Subset and Its Implementation", N. Wirth in Pascal
- The Language and Its Implementation by D.W. Barron, Wiley 1979.

PAT - Personalized Array Translator.  Small subset of APL.  Sammet 1969,
p.252.

PCCTS - Purdue Compiler Construction Tool Set.  Essentially like lex + yacc
+ code generation support in a single language.  Since the beta release
last year, over 400 user sites worldwide.  "Purdue Compiler Construction
Tool Set," Terence Parr et al, Purdue U, TR-EE 90-14, Feb 1990.

PCL - Hewlett-Packard's Printer Control Language. [Same as HPGL?]

PDEL - Partial Differential Equation Language.  Preprocessor for PL/I. 
"PDEL - A Language for Partial Diferential Equations", A.F. Cardenas, CACM
13(3):184-191 (Mar 1970).

PDELAN - Partial Differential Equation Language.  "An Extension of FORTRAN
Containing Finite Difference Operators", J. Gary et al, Soft Prac & Exp
2(4) (Oct 1972).

PDL2 - Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" J.G.P. Barnes.

PDS/MaGen - Problem Descriptor System.  Generation of matrices and reports
for mathematical programming and operations research.  "PDS MaGen User
Information Manual", Haverly Systems (Dec 1977).

Pearl -

  1. Constructive maths, Constable, Cornell U, 80's.

  2. Process and Experiment Automation Real-Time Language.  A language to
program process control systems. Heavily used in Europe ca. 1980.

Pebble - "A Kernel Language for Abstract Datsa Types and Modules", R.M.
Burstall et al, in Semantics of Data Types, LNCS v.173, Springer 1984.

PENCIL - Pictorial ENCodIng Language.  On-line system to display line
structures.  Sammet 1969, 675.

Perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language.  Larry Wall
<lwall@jpl-devvax.jpl.nasa.gov>  AWK-like scripting language for scanning
text and printing reports.  "Programming Perl", Larry Wall et al, O'Reilly
& Assocs.
ftp: ftp.uu.net (comp.sources.unix archive)

PIC - Graphics meta-language featured in Jon Bentley's "More Programming
Pearls."

PICK BASIC - Rough superset of BASIC bundled with the PICK operating
system.  Includes numerous database operations.

PIE - From CMU, similar to ACTUS.

PIL - Procedure Implementation Language, subsytem of DOCUS.  Sammet 1969,
p.678.

PIL/I - Variant of JOSS.  Sammet 1969, p.217.

PILE - Polytechnic's Instructional Language for Educators.  Similar in use
to an enhanced PILOT, but structurally more like Pascal with Awk-like
associative arrays (optionally stored on disk).  Was distributed worldwide
by the Initial Teaching Alphabet Foundation (about 50 sites?) for Apple II
and various CP/M machines.  "A Universal Computer Aided Instruction
System," Henry G. Dietz & Ronald J Juels, Proc Natl Educ Computing Conf
'83, pp.279-282.

PILOT - Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching.  CAI language, many
versions.  "Guide to 8080 PILOT", J. Starkweather, DDJ (Apr 1977).

PINBOL - "Decision table" language for controlling Pinball machines used at
Atari.  Included a multi-tasking executive and an interpreter that worked
on data structures "compiled" from condition:action lists.

PL-11 - A high level machine-oriented language for the PDP-11.  (May have
been from CERN.)

PL360 - Assembly language for IBM 360 and 370, with a few high-level
constructs.  "PL360, A Programming Language for the 360 Computers", N.
Wirth, J ACM 15(1):37-74 (Jan 1968).

PL-6 - PL/I-like system language for the Honeywell OS CP-6.

PL/C - Subset of PL/I for student use.  "User's Guide to PL/C", S. Worona
et al, Cornell, June 1974.

PL/I - Programming Language I.  George Radin, 1964.  Oriinally named NPL. 
An attempt to combine the best features of FORTRAN, COBOL and ALGOL 60. 
Result is large but elegant.  One of the first languages to have a formal
semantic definition, using the Vienna Definition Language.  PL/I was used
to write almost all of the Multics OS.  It has no reserved words.  Types
are fixed, float, complex, character strings with max length, bit strings,
and label variables.  Arrays have lower bounds, and may be dynamic.
summation, multi-level structures, structure assignment.  untyped pointers,
side effects, aliasing.  Control flow goto, do-end groups,
do-to-by-while-end loops, external procedures and internal nested
procedures and blocks, procedures may be declared recursive.  Generic
procedures.  Many implementations support concurrency and compile-time
statements.  Exception handling.  "A Structural View of PL/I", D. Beech,
Computing Surveys, 2,1 33-64 (1970).  ANS X.3.53-1976.
list: PL1-L@UIUCVMD.BITNET

PL/I SUBSET - Early 70's version of PL/I for minis.

PL/I Subset G - The commercial PL/I subset (i.e., what was actually
implemented by most vendors).

PL/I-FORMAC - Variant of FORMAC.  "The PL/I-FORMAC Interpreter", J.
Xenakis, Proc 2nd Symp Symbolic and Algebraic Manip, ACM (Mar 1971). 
Sammet 1969, p.486.

PL/M - Programming Language/Microcomputers.  Intel's variant of PL/I. 
"PL/M-80 Programming Manual", Doc 98-268B, Intel (1976)

PL/PROPHET - PL/I-like language for the PROPHET system, used by
pharmacologists.  "The Implementation of the PROPHET System", P.A.
Castleman et al, Proc AFIPS NCC v.43 (1974)

PL/S - Programming Language/Systems.  Apparently a PL/I and ASM hybrid. 
Created by IBM Systems Development Division in the late 1960's and early
1970's.  Much of IBM/360 OS/MFT/MVT/SVS/MVS was done in it.  Documented by
various IBM internal ZZ-????????? publications.  Versions: PLS1, PLSII

PL/Seq - Programming Language for Sequences.  A DSP language.  "A general
high level language for signal processors", J. Skytta & O. Hyvarinen,
Digital Signal Processing 84, Proc Intl Conf, Fiorence, Italy, Sep 1984,
pp.217-221.

Plain - Based on extended Pascal.   "The Data Management Facilities of
PLAIN," A.L. Wasserman, ACM-SIGMOD Intl Conf on Management of Data, 1979
pp.60-70.

PLAN - Assembler for ICL1900 series machines.

PLANIT - Programming Language for Interactive Teaching.  Preparing on-line
presentations.  "PLANIT - A Flexible Language Designed for
Computer-Human Interaction", S.L. Feingold, Proc AFIPS FJCC v.31 (1967) 
Sammet 1969, p.706.  [Is there another PLANIT? ca. 1967]

Plankalkul - The first programming language, by Konrad Zuse from Nazi
Germany, ca. 1945.  Theoretical, never implemented.  [Much of his work may
have been either lost or confiscated in the aftermath of WWII.]  "The
Plankalkul of Konrad Zuse", F.L. Bauer et al, CACM 15(7):678-685 (Jul 1972)

PLANNER - AI language, Hewitt, MIT 1967.  "PLANNER: A Language for Proving
Theorems in Robots", Carl Hewitt, Proc IJCAI-69, Wash DC, May 1969.

PLANS - Programming Language for Allocation and Network Scheduling.  A PL/I
preprocessor, used for developing scheduling algorithms.  "A User's Guide
to the Programming Language for Allocation and Network Scheduling", H.R.
Ramsey et al, TR SAI-77-068-DEN, Science Applications Inc (Jun 1977)

Plasma - Carl Hewitt, ca 1980.  The first actor language.

Platon - Developed at DAIMI, U Aarhus, Denmark.

PLUSS - Specification language, based on ASL.  "A First Introduction to
PLUSS", M.C. Gaudel, TR, U Paris Sud, Orsay 1984.

POGO - Early system on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Poly - Polymorphic, block-structured 1980's, "Overview of the Poly
Programming Language" D.C.J. Matthews, in Proc Appin Workshop on Data Types
and Persistence, Res Report 16,  M.P. Atkinson et al eds, U Glasgow.

Ponder - Polymorphic, non-strict functional language. "Ponder and its Type
System", J. Fairbairn, TR 31, Computer Lab, Cambridge U, Nov 1982.

POOL - A family of languages from Philips Research Labs, Netherlands.

POP-2 - 1968.  Robin POPplestone, 1968.  Data objects are numbers
(including rationals), strings, words (like LISP atoms), lists, and two
special objects: error and end-of-file.First to state the "Bill of Rights
for data objects," that all objects including functions should be first
class citizens.  "Programming in POP-2", R.M. Burstall et al, Edinburgh U
Press 1971.

POP-11 - Robin POPplestone, 1970.  A blend of Pascal syntax, LISP storage
allocation and FORTH argument passing.  Functional, dynamically typed,
interactive, efficient.  Compiler-oriented stack machine with extensible
data-type facility.  "Programming in POP-11", J. Laventhol, Blackwell,
1987.  Earlier versions: POP-1, POP-2.  Implementations: POPLOG (U Sussex),
ALPHA POP-11 for Mac.

Poplar - Morris, 1978.  A blend of LISP with SNOBOL4 pattern matching and
APL-like postfix syntax.  Implicit iteration over lists, sorting primitive,

POPLER - AI extension of POP-2, influenced by PLANNER. "Popler 1.6
Reference Manual", D. Davies et al, U Edinburgh, TPU Report No 1 (May 1973)

POSE - Non-procedural query language, ca. 1967.  Sammet 1969, p.299.

PostScript - Page description language often used in conjuction with laser
printers or on-screen graphic font displays.  Adobe Systems.  "PostScript
Language Reference Manual", ("The Red Book") Adobe Systems Inc, A-W, 1990.

PPL - Polymorphic Programming Language.  Interactive and extensible.  "PPL
User's Manual", E.A. Taft, Aiken Comp Lab, Harvard U, (Sep 1974)

PRINT - PRe-edited INTerpreter.  Early math language on 705.  Sammet 1969,
134.

PRINT I - Early system on IBM 705.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

PRL - Proof Refinement Logic.  "PRL: Proof Refinement Logic Programmer's
Manual",  CS Dept, Cornell, 1983.  Versions: micro-PRL, lambda-PRL, nu-PRL.

PROFILE - Simple language for matching and scoring data.  "User's Manual
for the PROFILE System", Cambridge Computer Assoc (May 1974).

PROJECT - subsystem of ICES.  Sammet 1969, p.616.

PROLOG - PROgramming in LOGic.  Alain Colmerauer, U Marseilles 1970.     
Designed originally for natural-language processing.  Resolution theorem
proving based on the unification alorithm.  Unification is a blend of
pattern matching and variable binding.
   One gives facts about objects and rules of deduction, then asks the
system to infer answers to questions.  No user-defined functions and no
control structure other than the built-in depth-first search with
backtracking.
"Programming in PROLOG", W.F. Clocksin & C.S. Mellish, Springer 1985.

PROMAL - [What does this stand for?  "used to be famous" ?]
Proposal Writing - Extension of FORTRAN for proposal writing.  Sammet 1969,
p.170.

PROSE - PROblem Solution Engineering.  Numerical problems including
differentiation and integration.  "Computing in Calculus", J. Thames,
Research/Development 26(5) (May 1975).

PROTEUS - Extensible language, core of PARSEC.  "The Design of a Minimal
Expandable Computer Language", J.R. Bell, PhD Thesis, CS, Stanford U (Dec
1968)

Protosynthex - Query system for English text.  Sammet 1969, p.669.

PS-ALGOL - Persistent Algol, a derivative of S-Algol.  "The PS-Algol
Reference Manual", TR PPR-12-85, CS Dept, U Glasgow 1985.

PSML - Processor System Modeling Language.  Simulating computer systems
design.  A preprocessor to SIMSCRIPT.  "Processor System Modeling - A
Language and Simulation System", F. Pfisterer, Proc Symp on Simulation of
Computer Systems (Aug 1976)

PUFFT - "The Purdue University Fast FORTRAN Translator",Saul Rosen et al,
CACM 8(11):661-666 (Nov 1965).

Python - Guido van Rossum <guido@cwi.nl> 1991.  A high-level interpreted
language combining ideas found in a variety of other languages including
ABC, C, Modula-3 and Icon.  Useful for prototyping or as an extension
language for customizable C applications.  Modules, classes, user-defined
exceptions.  "Linking a Stub Generator (AIL) to a Prototyping Language
(Python)", Guido van Rossum et al, Proc 1991 EurOpen Spring Conf. 
Available for UNIX, Amoeba and Mac.
ftp: wuarchive.wustl.edu, gatekeeper.dec.com and hp4nl.nluug.nl.

Q'nial -  French?  A portable interpreter for Nial.

QA4 - A question-answering language.  "QA4, A Language for Writing
Problem-Solving Programs", J.F. Rulifson et al, Proc IFIP Congress 1968.

QBE - Query By Example.  A query language, Moshe Zloof, IBM, 1975.

QLISP - General problem solving, influenced by PLANNER.  SRI 1973.  QA4
features merged with INTERLISP.  "A Language for the Interactive
Development of Complex Systems", E. Sacerdoti et al, Proc AFIPS NCC v.45
(1976).

QUEASY - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

QUEL - A query language.

Quest - No details.

QUICK - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Quicksilver - dBASE-like compiler for MS-DOS from WordTech, Orinda, CA.

QUIKTRAN - On-line FORTRAN with added debugging facilities.  Sammet 1969,
p.226.

QUIN - On-line language, Pyle, 1965.  Sammet 1969, p.691.

QX - (name from Doc Smith SF books)  This language was designed especially
for digital signal processing of digitize speech, and was part of SDC's
speech understanding project.  Designed by Richard Gillmann.  SDC, Santa
Monica, CA.

RAMIS II - Rapid Access Management Information System.  Database system. 
On-Line Software Intl.

Rapidwrite - Method for translating set of abbreviations into the much more
verbose COBOL code.  Sammet 1969, p.338.

RATEL - Raytheon Automatic Test Equipment Language.  For analog and digital
computer controlled test centers.  "Automatic Testing via a Distributed
Intelligence Processing System", S.J. Ring, IEEE AUTOTESTCON 77 (Nov 1977).

RAWOOP-SNAP - Early system on IBM 1103 or 1103A.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
(May 1959).

RATFOR - RATional FORTRAN.  FORTRAN preprocessor to allow programming with
C-like syntax.  "Ratfor - A Preprocessor for a Rational Fortran", B.W.
Kernighan, Software - Prac & Exp 5,395-406 (1975).  Featured in "Software
Tools", B.W. Kernighan & P.J. Plauger, A-W 1976.

R:BASE - MS-DOS 4GL from Microrim.  Based on Minicomputer DBMS RIM.  Was
Wayne Erickson the author?

Real-Time Pascal - Apparent later name of Pascal-80 by RC Intl, Denmark.

Recital - dBASE-like language/DBMS from Recital Corp.  Available on VAX/VMS
minicomputers among others.

RECOL - Retrieval Command Language.  CACM 6(3):117-122 (Mar 1963).

RED - Proposed language to meet the Ironman requirements which led to Ada. 
Also known as REDL.  "On the RED Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W.
Dijkstra, SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):27 (Oct 1978).

REDCODE - Proposed as a language for "battle programs" in corewars.  (See
Computer Recreations column in Scientific American.)

REDUCE - Symbolic math, ALGOL-like syntax.  Anthony C. Hearn, 1963. 
"REDUCE, Software for Algebraic Computation", G. Rayna, Springer 1987. 
Version: Reduce 2.
list: REDUCE-L
info: reduce@rand.org
server: reduce-netlib@rand.org

Refined C (RC) - Extends C to directly specify data access rights so that
flow analysis, and hence automatic parallelization, is more effective. 
Research implementations only.  "Refining A Conventional Language For
Race-Free Specification Of Parallel Algorithms," Henry G. Dietz & A. David
Klappholz, Proc 1984 Intl Conf on Parallel Proc, pp.380-382.

Refined Fortran (RF) - Similar to Refined C.  Research implementations
only.  "Refined FORTRAN: Another Sequential Language for Parallel
Programming," H.G. Dietz et al, Proc 1986 Intl Conf on Parallel Proc,
pp.184-191.

REG-SYMBOLIC - Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

RELATIVE - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

RELCODE - Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

REL English - Rapidly Extensible Language, English.  A formal language
based on English.  "Practical Natural Language Processing: The REL System
as Prototype", Adv in Computers v.13, Academic Press 1975.

Report Program Generator - Official name of RPG.

Required-COBOL - 1961.  Minimal subset of COBOL.  Later dropped entirely. 
Sammet 1969, p.339.

Retrieve - Query language by Tymshare Corporation, 1960's.  Inspired JPLDIS
which lead to Vulcan and then to dBASE II.

Revised ALGOL 60 - Alternate name for ALGOL 60 Revised.  Sammet 1969,
p.773.

REXX - Restructured EXtended eXecutor.  Scripting language for IBM VM
systems, also available on the Amiga.  "Modern Programming Using REXX",
R.P. O'Hara et al, P-H 1985.
list: REXX-L@UIUCVMD.BITNET.

Rigel - Based on Pascal.  Listed by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt presented
in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989.

ROADS - Subsystem of ICES.  Sammet 1969, p.616.

Roff - Text formatting language/interpreter.  Associated with UNIX.

RPG - Report Program Generator.  Developed by IBM for easy production of
sophisticated large system reports.  OS/360, 1965.  Version: RPG-II.

RPL-1 - A data reduction language.  Proc SJCC, 30:571-575, 1967.

RPL - RPN Programming Language.  The language that HP28 and HP48
calculators use.  (RPN - Reverse Polish Notation.)

RTL/2 - Barnes 1971.  A small real-time language based on Algol 68, with
separate compilation.  A program is divided into separately compilable
bricks (named modules) and may be datablock, procedure, or stack.  A stack
is a storage area for use as a workspace by a task.  The language is block-
structured and weakly typed.  Simple types are byte, int, frac and real, no
Boolean.  Compound types may be formed from arrays, records and refs
(pointers).  There are no user-defined types.  Control consists of if-then-
elseif-else-end, for-to-by-do-rep, block-endblock, switch, goto, and label
variables.  "RTL/2: Design and Philosophy", J.G.P. Barnes, Hayden & Son,
1976

RUFL - Rhodes University Functional Language - Miranda-like.  Rhodes U,
Grahamstown, South Africa.

RUNCIBLE - Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

RUSH - Interactive dialect of PL/I, related to CPS, ca. 1966.  Sammet 1969,
p.309.

Russell - Demers & Donohue.  A compact, polymorphically typed functional
language, with bignums and continuations.  "Revised Report on Russell", A.
Demers et al, TR 79-389, Dept Cornell U 1979.
ftp: watserv1.waterloo.edu

S-Algol - Orthogonal data structures on Algol-60.  "S-Algol Language
Reference Manual", R. Morrison, TR CS/79/1, CS Dept U St Andrews, St
Andrews, Scotland, 1979.

SAC - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

SAD SAM - Query language by Lindsay.  Sammet 1969, p.669.

SAFARI - ON-line text editing system by MITRE.  Sammet 1969, p.685.

SAIL -

  1. [?] Early system on Larc computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

  2. ALGOL-like language with a symbolic data system based upon an
associative storage (originally called LEAP), with multitasking facilities. 
Developed at the Stanford AI Project.  "Recent Developments in SAIL - An
ALGOL-based Language for Arificial Intelligence", J. Feldman et al, Proc
AFIPS FJCC, v.41(2) (1972).

SAINT - LISP-like language?  Sammet 1969, p.410.

SALT - Symbolic Assembly Language Trainer.  Assembler-like language
implemented in BASIC by Kevin Stock, now at Encore in France.

SAP - Symbolic Assember Program.  Historic assembler on IBM 704, late
1950's.

SAS - Statistical Analysis System.  Statistical and matrix language, syntax
similar to PL/I.  "A User's Guide to SAS", A.J. Barr, SAS Inst 1976.

SASL - Saint Andrews Static Language. Turner 1976.  A derivative of ISWIM
with infinite data structures.  Fully lazy and weakly typed.  Designed for
teaching functional programming, with very simple syntax.  "A New
Implementation Technique for Applicative Languages", D.A. Turner, Soft Prac
& Exp 8, 31-49 (1979)

SCEPTRE - Designing and analyzing circuits.  "SCEPTRE: A Computer Program
for Circuit and Systems Analysis", J.C. Bowers et al, P-H 1971.

Scheme - G.L. Steele & G.J. Sussman, 1975.  A small uniform LISP dialect. 
Scheme is applicative-order and lexically scoped, and treats both functions
and continuations as first-class objects.  "The Revised^3 Report on the
Algorithmic Language Scheme", G.L. Steele Jr, SIGPLAN Notices 21(12):37-79
(Dec 1986).
list: scheme@mc.lcs.mit.edu

Schoonschip - Computer algebra system specialized in High Energy Physics. 
Developed by Veltman, CERN, late 60's.  Originally implemented in CDC-6600
and 7600 assembler, current versions include Atari-ST, SUN 3.

Scratchpad - A general-purpose language originally for interactive computer
algebra at IBM Research in the 1980s.  It features abstract parametrized
datatypes, multiple inheritance and polymorphism.  Implementations exist
under VM/CMS and AIX.  Authors include Richard Jenks, Barry Trager, Stephen
M. Watt & Robert S. Sutor.  "Scratchpad User's Manual", RA 70, IBM (June
1975).  Version: Scratchpad II.
Scratchpad II Newsletter: Computer Algebra Group, TJWRC, Box 218, Yorktown
Hts, NY 10598.

SCRIPT - Early system on IBM 702.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

SDL -

  1. System Software Development Language.  System software for the B1700. 
"System Software Development Language Reference Manual", 1081346, Burroughs
Corp (Dec 1974).

  2.A specification language. [?]

Sed - The UNIX stream editor.

SEESAW - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

Self - Dynamically-typed object-oriented language.  "Self: The Power of
Simplicity", David Ungar et al, OOPSLA '87 Proc, ACM.
ftp: otis.stanford.edu
list: self-interest@self.stanford.edu
request: self-request@self.stanford.edu

SETL - SET Language.  Courant Inst, early 70's.  A very high level
set-oriented language.  The first Ada translator was written in SETL.  Data
types include sets (unordered collections), tuples (ordered collections)
and maps (collection of ordered pairs).  Statements include predicate
calculus formulas ("for each" and "there exists").  "On Programming: An
Interim Report on the SETL Project", Jacob T. Schwartz, Courant Inst, 1974. 
"Software Prototyping Using the SETL Programming Language", P. Krutchen et
al, IEEE Software 1(5):66-75 (Oct 1984)

SETL2 - Improvements over SETL.  Kirk Snyder.

SETS - Set Equation Transformation System.  Symbolic manipulation of
Boolean equations.  "Efficient Ordering of Set Expressions for Symbolic
Expansion", R.G. Worrell et al, J ACM 20(3) (Jul 1973)

SEXI - String EXpression Interpreter.  Early name of SNOBOL.

SFD-ALGOL - System Function Description-ALGOL.  Extension of ALGOL for
synchronious systems.  Sammet 1969, p.625.

SGML - Standard Generalized Markup Language.  "SGML - The User's Guide to
ISO 8879", J.M. Smith et al, Ellis Harwood, 1988.

sh - or "Shellish".  Bourne Shell command shell interpreter for UNIX.

SHACO - Early system on IBM 701.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).

SHADOW - Syntax directed compiler.  Predecessor to SNOBOL?  Barnett &
Futrelle, 1962.  Sammet 1969, p.448, 605.

SHEEP - Computer algebra system specialized in General Relativity. 
Developed by I. Frick, Stockholm, late 70's to early 80's.  Implemented
first in DEC-10 assembler, then in several LISP's.

SHELL - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
1959).

Short Code or SHORTCODE - Possibly first attempt at higher level language
for math problems.  UNIVAC I or II.  Sammet 1969, p.129.

SIFT - SHARE Internal FORTRAN Translator.  Translation utility designed for
converting FORTRAN II to FORTRAN IV.  The word "sift" was often used as a
verb to describe converting code from one language to another.  Sammet
1969, p.153.

Sig - Signal Processing, Analysis, and Display program.  (Note that this is
an environment, with an associated programming language, just like the
Mathematica system is.)  Jan Carter, Argonne Natl Lab, (312)972-7250.

Signal - Synchronous language.  Le Guernic et al, "SIGNAL - A Data
Flow-Oriented Language for Signal Processing," IEEE Trans Acoustics Speech
& Signal Proc, ASSP-34(2):362-374 Apr 1986.

Sil/2 - A language for implementation of portable interpreters.  "The
Design of Transportable Interpreters", Frederick Druseikis, SNOBOL4 Project
Document S4D49, U Arizona (Feb 1975).

Silage - Synchronous DSP language.  D.R. Genin & P.N. Hilfinger, "Silage
Reference Manual, Draft 1.0", Silvar-Lisco, Leuven, 1989.

Simone - Hoare et al.  Simulation language based on Pascal.

SIMPLE - Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May

---
 End of Part 4

-- 
--Bill Kinnersley
  billk@hawk.cs.ukans.edu
226 Transfer complete.