🚀 go-pugleaf

Hi,
I received this from an "anonymous" friend. Please read it and let me know
what you think about this theory for the explanation of the TOMI and PM_Square
effect !



Irreversible Processes in Fields
================================

It is well known theory that the thermodynamic potentials go to
an extremum. This is regarded as equivalent to Planck's 2nd law
although the complete equivalence between both formulations of
the second law never have been proved generally, especially if we
apply the extremum principle of the thermodynamic potentials to
electromagnetic fields. In this article we investigate this
question.

I. Irreversible Processes in Vapour-Liquid Mixtures

We begin here with a well known and quite trivial example. We
regard two cylinder volumes connected by a tap in the middle.
Both the volumes can be set by moving a piston up and down into
or out of the volume.  With this experimental setup we proceed
the following isothermic irreversible cycle,
comp fig.1a):
We take a fluid (for example water) being at the dew line of the
phase diagram. We expand both the pistons isothermically from
point 1 to point 2. So liquid condenses and is collected in the
lower cylinder. Now the tap is closed and both the volumes are
recompressed at equal pressures until the starting volume is
reached again. Now we regard the question whether Planck's law is
fulfilled. This question can be answered by writing the 2nd law
for free energy which states that the free energy F tends to be a
minimum. Therefore, if we leave the minimum in doing the cycle
          Fstart-Fend = - circle integral P dV > 0

must hold because the cycle is isothermal (dT=0)  with no matter
exchange (dn=0). The orientation of the integral shows that
Planck's second law holds, comp. fig.1b).

II. Irreversible Processes in Fields

a) General
According Landau and Lifshitz (1) the free energy of a system
including electric fields and linear dielectrics is defined by
     F'(V,T,D) = F(V,T) + 1/(8*Pi*eps) Int D^2 dV

The Legendre transform of this potential is

     F''(V,T,E) = F(V,T) - eps/(8*Pi) Int E^2 dV

Both these definitions are not useful for thermodynamics
because they are non-homologous functions regarding the molar
ratios. Therefore, the following definitions are used and
specified for constant dielectrics

f'(V,T,P) = f (V,T) + 1/(8*Pi) Int E dP = f + 1/(8*Pi*Xi) P^2
f''(V,T,E) = f(V,T) - 1/(8*Pi) Int P dE = f - Xi/(8*Pi) E^2
Regarding the 2nd derivative of the electric variable of both
these potentials we see that for a constant homogene dielectrics
f'(V,T,P) approaches a minimum and f''(V,T,E) approaches a
maximum in the equilibrium state, if Xi > 0. Similar
considerations hold for magnetic fields as well.
b) Mixing Processes
Now, similar like in section I, we investigate an isothermic and
isochoric cycle if an intense field is applied to a non ideal -
non linear binary dielectric liquid (2).
We start at the phase separation line at low field and apply a
stronger field. Then demixing of the solution occurs. We close
the tap and discharge the field. In the endpoint of the cycle at
lower field we reopen the tap and return to equilibrium. Because
we leave the equilibrium in performing the cycle the unequality

                df'' = - circle integral P dE < 0

holds according the last lines of section II a). Regarding the
orientation of this integral we realize that it is a negative
hysteresis relative to the usual ferroelectric hysteresis.
Therefore, our consideration predicts a violation of Planck's
second law  for electrically induced irreversibilities. The
irreversibility goes the other way round according to the Gibbs
formalism contrary to Planck's 2nd law.
c) Permanent Magnet Motors
In Landau/Lifshitz (1) there exists a proof which shows that if
we introduce a para- or ferromagnetic body into a fixed magnetic
field (j=constant) the following relation holds:

                    df' = - M dH

Because df' approaches a maximum we interprete this equation that
a self accelerating perpetual motion is possible in a magnetic
field as an irreversibility.
Therefore, in order to find an example we first rule out the
conditions under which a perpetuum mobile is impossible. This is
always the case if the magnetic field can be described as a
potential field. According Jackson(3) a magnetic field of a
closed loop or the field of a hard permanent ferromagnet can
formally be decribed by a potential. This means that rot B
vanishes. This has as a consequence that a perpetuum mobile
acceleration of a magnetic charge is impossible.Therefore, the
question arises whether there exists the
possibility to break this zero rot B - field. The question can be
answered positively.  Using by Mu metal shieldings a non zero rot
B field can be generated from a potential field by shielding off
the unwanted parts of the field . We illustrate this idea by the
following axial motor construction proposal which is derived by
us from the linear Harris TMI set up (4), comp. fig.3)+b), which
works and which has been confirmed and discussed by different
persons(4,5). We do not claim that our proposal is a perpetuum
mobile.
We use a cylindrical tube of Mu metal as housing for the motor.
In the housing tube we have a tube of lower diameter made from
conducting material having the same axis as the housing tube. A
current flows in the inner tube along the length equally
distributed across the thicknell of the wall.The common axis of
both these cylinders consist of a wire
carrying a current flowing in the opposite direction relative to
the current tube. If we look at the configuration of the field we
have a circular non vanishing rot B field in one direction near
the wall and a circular B field in the opposite direction near
the central wire. Now we use the wire as an axis of a rotor which
carries at least two symmetrically balanced permanent magnets
rods whose north poles point radially and the south poles
axially. The north poles are standing under the influence of the
B field near the wall, the south pole feels the opposite field
near by the wire. So a permanent torque is exerted on the rotor
which begins to spin around the central wire as the axis. We see
that our motor works only with permanent fields and needs no
brushes.
Therefore, the question arises: Is it not possible to use
permanent magnets + Mu metal shields to replace the current wires
by permanent magnets generating circular non vanishing rot B
fields of opposite orientation to get the rotor spinning, comp.
fig.5a).  Similar constructions are already patented
and can be found in the literature (6), comp. fig. 5b).
Furthermore, we emphasize that until today there exist no
generally accepted magnetic force law between differential
current loops. Only for closed current loop the situation is
clear, because all the different differential form coincide in
one. Different forms have been proposed by Biot Savart (7),
Ampere (7) (includes actio and reactio and conservation of
angular momentum), Whittaker (8) (includes only action=reaction),
Aspden (7) (includes only conservation of angular momentum) , and
Marinov (9). Marinov claims that he would have proved
experimentally his form as the correct one. Therefore, there seems
to be an interesting field where important
questions can be solved.

Bibliography:

1) Landau L.D., Lifshitz E.M.
   Electrodynamics of Continous Media
   Pergamon, Oxford, 1984

2) Wirtz D., Fuller G.G.  Phys.Rev.Lett.71, 2236, (1993)
   Debye P., Kleboth K. J.Chem.Phys.42, 3155, (1965)

3) Jackson,J.D.
   Classical Electrodynamics 2nd edition
   John Wiley, New York, 1975

4) Decker, J. BBS Keelynet PO-Box Mesquite Texas USA 75187
   Modem ..214 324 3501 Filename: TOMIBILD.ASC

   harti@shb.contrib.de    TMI device, free energy device ?
   24.2.95 in ALT.SCI.PHYSICS.NEW-THEORIES

5) anff@qvwp.demon.co.uk   TMI device, free energy device?
   26.2.95 in ALT.SCI.PHYSICS.NEW-THEORIES

   harti@shb.contrib.de    TMI + MRA updates, free energy
   25.2.95 in ALT.SCI.PHYSICS.NEW-THEORIES

   harti@shb.contrib.de    TOMI enhanced ! Free emergy device !
   31.3.95 in CL.ENERGY.ALTERNATIVEN

   prebys@puhep1.princeton.edu   TMI device, free energy device ?
   25.2.95 in SCI.ENERGY

6) Johnson, H.R. Permanent magnet motor  U.S.Patent No. 4.151.431
   Apr.24,1979

7) Aspden, Harold Physics without Einstein  Southampton 1969
   Aspden, Harold Modern Aether Physics     Southampton 1975

8) Whittaker, Edmund Sir
   A history of the theories of Aether and Electricity   Vol I
   The classical theories Humanities Press  New York  1975

9) International Glasnost Journal of Fundamental Physics   Vol.3, No.11,
   Marinov, Stefan; p.18
_________________________________________________________________

Figures:

      ||                      ||                   ||
   |  ||  |                |======|             |  ||  |
   |======|                |      |             |======|
   |      |                |      |             |      |
   ---  ---                ---  ---             ---  ---
     |  |                    |  |                 |  |
     |  |---|                |--|-|               |--|-|
     |  |                    |  |                 |  |
   ---  ---                ---  ---             ---  ---
   |      |                |      |             |//////|
   |======|                |//////|             |======|
   |  ||  |                |======|             |  ||  |
      ||                      ||                   ||

      1                        2                    3


fig. 1a): Isothermal cycle of a simple fluid with irreversibility
1 starting a the dew line 1-2 expansion, condensation of liquid 2
separating volumes by closing the tap 2-3 recompression 3 opening
the tap, work has to be added to proceed the cycle



   P   ^     3 ._
   r   |       | |_
   e   |       |   |_
   s   |       |     |_ 3
   s   |     1 ._     |_
   u   |         |_     |<
   r   |           |__    |_
   e   |              |_>_  |__
       |                  |___.|
       |                        2
       |
       |
       |
       |
       |
       ----------------------------------------->
                                          Volume


fig. 1b): Isothermal cycle of a simple fluid with irreversibility
Pressure-volume diagram: 1 starting a the dew line 1-2 expansion,
condensation of liquid 2 separating volumes by closing the tap
2-3 recompression 3 opening the tap, work has to be added to
proceed the cycle




       ^
   P   |
   o   |
   l   |
   a   |
   r   |                          2
   i   |                   -------.
   s   |                __|   ____|
   a   |        1   _>_|  _<_|
   t   |        .__|   __|
   i   |        |   __|
   o   |        .__|
   n   |        3
       |
       |
       |
       ----------------------------------------->
                                   electric field




fig.2: isothermal cycle with electrically induced irreversibility
1 starting at the phase separation line with low field
1-2 applying a field 2 closing the tap 2-3 dicharging of the high
field 3 opening of the tap and returning to starting point 1A negative hysteresis is predicted according the Gibbs formalism.




                    _ _ _ _ _
       Top view  S |_|_|_|_|_| N   <--------moveable ROLLER magnet

 direction     S  |<--track-->|  N
 of ROLLER  ____________|____________
     |      |  ___|     |      |___  |
     |      | |___|  (start)   |___| |
     |      | |___|            |___| |        RUNNERS
     |      | |___|  incline   |___| <--------roll of magnets,positioned at
     |      | |___|            |___| |        the same angle as the slope of
     |      | |___|            |___| |        the incline
    \|/     | |___|            |___| |
            | |___|____________|___| |
            |  N  |            | S   |
            |     |   decline  |     |<-------no magnets here, but not as much
            |  S  |            | N   |        space between the rolls as shown
            |  ___|____________|___  |
            | |___|            |___| |
            | |___|            |___| |
            | |___|  incline   |___| |
            | |___|            |___| |
            | |___|            |___| |
            | |___|            |___| |
            | |___|____________|___| |
            |     |            |     |
            |  N  |   decline  | S   |
            |     |            |     |
            |     |____________|     |
            |        (finish)        |<-------ROLLER winds up here
            |________________________|




fig.3a) the TMI device, top view
the two magnets along the incline are stationary, the magnet in
the middle begins to roll standing under the influence of the
stationary magnets. It is drawn over the fulcrum. There it rolls
down under the influence of gravitation until it reaches the
bottom of the second hill.


Side view ! (enhanced version !)
===========


     ROLLER starts here
         \|/
          |     ----------------> direction of moveable magnetic ROLLER
          |     /\              /\
          |   /    \          /    \
          | /        \      /        \
          /            \  /            \
        /-------------- /  -------------- <--------Magnetic ROLLER ends up
      /               /                            here



fig.3b) the TMI device, side view comp. textthe two magnets along the incline are stationary, the magnet in
the middle begins to roll standing under the influence of the
stationary magnets. It is drawn over the fulcrum. There it rolls
down under the influence of gravitation until it reaches the
bottom of the second hill.

                    ___________________________
                  /                             \
                /                                 \
 Mu metal     /                                     \
 housing    /                                         \
          /                                             \
        /                                                 \
      /                   _______________                   \
    /                   /    ------->     \                   \
   |       current    /      B-fields       \                  |
   |          tube  /           |             \                |
   |              /             |               \              |
   |             |    /---------|----------\     |             |
   |             |  / _______  <--  ________ \   |             |
   |             |  ||S     N| /-\ |N      S||   |             |
   |             |  ||_______| \-/ |________||   |             |
   |             |  \       axis wire        /   |             |
   |             |    \--------------------/     |             |
   |              \           rotor              /             |
   |               \    \                      /               |
   |                \     \-->               /                 |
    \                 \ ___________________/                  /
      \                                                     /
        \                                                 /
          \                                             /
            \                                         /
              \                                     /
                \                                 /
                  \_____________________________/

fig.4 magnetic motor with no brushes; top view
the magnet charges on the rotor are spinning around the axis wire
in the stationary double circular and opposite rot B fields of
the wire and the current tube.

fig.5a) our magnetic motor proposal using only permanent magnets
the central wire is replaced by an inner ring consisting of
permanent magnets and Mu metal shields generating an non
vanishing B-field; the current tube is replaced by an outer ring
of permanent magnets and Mu metal shields. the rotor is the same
as in fig. 4. The field configuration seen by the rotor is in
effect the same as in fig.4., only both the opposite non
vanishing rot B fields of the stator are generated by permanent
magnets. Unwanted parts of the field are shielded by Mu metal. It
is clear that the configuration can be multiplied to enforce the
power by taking more circles. Magnets similar as used by Johnson
are recommended for the stator fields, comp fig.5b). Using
electromagnets instead of permanent magnets would enhance power.

fig.5b) the Johnson motor, US Patent Nr. 4,151,431
permanent magnets as stator, rotor with non vanishing
rot B -field , see original patent


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