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         OZONE DEPLETION FALLACY by David Brantz 


    The United States government has instituted a policy that
could cost the American people two to four thousand billion
dollars, almost as much as the national debt.  The death of 
thousands and perhaps millions in the third world can result
as the freon that is used to keep their foods edible can no 
longer be obtained.  The policy is applauded by environ-
mentalists, for it supports their goal,"Down With Modern
Civilization!"

    A cry! "Deadly rays will come to earth, causing skin 
cancer and possibly destroying many plants and animals, for 
the ozone layer is being destroyed!"  The press, radio and 
television echoed it.  An investigator Sherwood Royland,
in his air conditioned office was the source.  An assistant
reported that in the presence of high energy light, a 
chlorine ion was breaking down ozone; that ultra-violet 
radiation was releasing chlorine from the fluorocarbons (CFC's)  
Mr. Royland, dreaming of funding, seized this as an opening
and with great publicity announced that the fluorocarbon 
molecules which migrated into the stratosphere from the 
troposphere in the stratosphere-troposphere exchange, moving
with the rest of the atmosphere.  The CFC's reacted with the
intense ultra-violet radiation in the middle and upper
stratosphere, releasing chlorine.  He stated that this 
chlorine would damage and possibly destroy the ozone layer.      

    A computer model was created with the pre-drawn conclusion 
that the fluorocarbons would destroy the earth's ozone shield.
Unfortunately it was created by myopic individuals with static
minds, trying to analyze a dynamic world. It excluded the true 
dynamics of the environment.  The high energy rays flowing 
from the sun helped to recreate the ozone as it was dissipated.  
This assumes that the rays could penetrate; that the ultra-
violet radiation is available to help replace the ozone.  When 
the ultra-violet radiation is not streaming, there is no need
to replace the ozone.

    In the real world, the chlorine in the stratosphere is nearly
all natural.  The fluorocarbons provide a very small portion
of the chlorine.  This will be obvious further in the analysis.  
The challenge to the Ozone Depletion Hypothesis is provided
from the measuements of its supporters.  NASA, reaching for 
the skies, surveyed the atmosphere from the ground to heights 
of spare atoms and molecules.  It tabulated the results in the
tables and graphs of THE OZONE RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROJECT,
Report No.16,1985 (1).  This was published in three volumes.  
Later it surveyed the same subject and tabulated the results 
in the tables and graphs of the REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL 
OZONE TRENDS PANEL, 1988 Report No.18 (2).  This was published 
in two volumes.  Report No.18 does not conflict with Report No.
16, though it ignores some of its previous findings.

    A preliminary report was published on February 17,1989 (3).  
It described the flights of a high altitude ER-2 and a modified
DC-8 into the stratosphere.  Taking many readings, it discovered
that the chloride monoxide was as high as 800 parts per trillion
volume (pptv).  This was many times larger than originally 
observed.  A vortex with high chloride monoxide content could 
result from the uplift of gases from the lower atmosphere (or
troposphere) to the stratosphere.

    The description of a large cirrus cloud, fifty thousand feet 
high and generating a vertical forcing or uplift was mentioned(4)
This could account for the chlorine available for the chloride
monoxide, since the air over the oceans and seashore contains a
half part per million when pulled down by the rains(5).  It      
would give the ocean atmosphere a chlorine content from three 
to ten parts per billion, four to over twelve times the 800 pptv
in the vortex.

    NASA admitted that much of their conclusions were tentative, 
including much conjecture.  The repeated statements that 
manufactured materials cause the high chloride content in the
stratosphere offer no supporting evidence and are statements
of faith.  The tabulations from Report No.16 show that the 
photolysis (or light induced breakdown) of the fluorocarbons
in the lower stratosphere is virtually non-existing.  

 
    Whenever destruction of the fluorocarbons at the higher 
stratospheric altitudes occur, the release of chlorine also 
releases fluorine. It combines with available hydrogen to produce 
the low density hydrogen fluoride gas.  Since the hydrogen 
fluoride is the only resultant of the release of fluorine, it 
becomes a marker (6), revealing the amount of chlorine obtained 
from the breakup of the fluorocarbon molecules.  The ratio of 
chlorine to fluorine is 1.025 to one.  Since the chlorine content 
in the stratosphere is approximately 6.22 x 10^15 per cm^2, 
annual chlorine added chlorine percentage from the fluorocarbons 
as shown in the analysis may be as low as 0.597% of the total (7).     


    There is a gas flow in the stratosphere which approaches 
a laminar or virtually non-turbulent condition (8).  This
encourages a vertical alignment of gases according to density.
It permits the very light hydrogen fluoride to remain in the  
middle or upper stratosphere, while the heavier chloride  
molecules seep down to the lower stratosphere.  This is     
suggested since there is a very large increase in the chloride 
compounds mixing ratio at those altitudes.  The chlorine
resulting from the breakdown of the CFC's seeped down and was 
exchanged in the thirteen and a half month rotation of the
stratospheric-tropospheric atmospheres (9).

    The minor role that fluorocarbons play in the production of  
stratospheric chlorine becomes obvious, but it avoids explaining
the role that chlorine,acting as a catalyst, plays in the 
depletion of ozone.  The ozone, being indirectly formed from
high intensity rays from the sun, becomes the shield that       
limits the ultra-violet rays reaching the ground to acceptable
levels.  The ozone produced is constantly in flux, being reduced 
by catalysts or even the rays of the sun.  With the elimination 
of an ozone molecule, ultra-violet rays enter the gap, striking 
an oxygen molecule and two resulting activated oxygen atoms are
off in a hunt to combine with another oxygen atom or to join an
oxygen molecule, forming an unstable ozone molecule.  This is 
an ongoing process and as long as the ultra-violet rays are      
flowing.

    At dusk,the ultra-violet rays are greatly reduced in intensity
as they have been filtered from the atmosphere due to the slant
of the sun.  Since there is still available light, the catalysts
act to reduce the ozone molecules, but due to the paucity of 
catalytic  molecules, the reduction is very minor.  At dawn, the 
slight reduction continues until the more direct direct radiation 
from the sun permits the almost infinite ultra-violet photons to
penetrate and the ozone is replenished.  The density of the ozone 
column (10) is partly dependent on the intensity of the high 
energy radiation.  The solar cycle, the latitude, the time of day
and the season of the year affect the column.

    Depletion of stratospheric ozone would cause the ozone column 
to lower, since applying the Law of Mass Action, the reaction
would proceed in the direction of application.  The total number 
of molecules in the column would remain the same unless the ultra-     
violet radiation intensity was changed.  Lowering the column would 
still allow ultra-violet radiation to continue streaming unless 
they were absorbed by the ozone.  The greater oxygen density at 
the lower altitudes would increase the access of ozone formation.  
Though this is possible, NASA does not report any lowering of the
ozone column.

    The ozone column was not lowered, still a loss of ozone was 
reported in the Antarctic.  This loss was called the "Ozone Hole"
and illustrates the Law of Mass Action.  With the early seasonal
appearance of the sun, the rays are slanted through the earth's 
atmosphere and initiate the reaction of the catalysts on the      
ozone,reducing it.  This is possible since there is very little 
if any ultra-violet radiation to fully replenish the depleted      
ozone.  This should be of little concern, since the dangerous     
rays will not reach the ground.  As the sun rises to an angle 
which would permit the ultra-violet radiation to reach the lower 
stratosphere, the hole closes as the ozone is replenished and
the ground receives an acceptable amount of ultra-violet          
radiation. 

    Most of the individuals who have embraced the Ozone 
Depletion Hypothesis may not realize that the hole is a 
continuing occurerence ages old, but those who have presented 
it as an occurrence to be feared reject that fact, since it 
conflicts with their dogma.  Possibly their knowledge of basic 
chemistry may be limited.  More likely they actually fear 
diminished funding as the threat of deadly rays reaching the 
ground is diminished.

    Predrawn conclusions that ignore the real world is a result 
of accepting the models and ignoring the real world.  I question
the conclusions of the NASA scientists as I use their derived
data from measurements , which they apparently wish to ignore.

    For some vague reason, the least costly but most critical 
effect of the believed ozone reduction is not examined.  What 
change occurs in the intensity of ultra-violet radiation reaching 
the ground? Costly flights and satellite readings of ozone, 
chlorine, fluorocarbons and fluorine concentrations cannot answer 
that question.

    The measurement of ultra-violet radiation at ground level is 
easily obtained with comparitively inexpensive equipment .       
Intensity meters with filters to allow only the high intensity 
radiation to enter can be widely spaced and keyed to computers  
for continuous readings and recordings.  The information could 
be compared with available early data as well as being available
for future comparisons.  The periodic cycles of solar radiation
which cause variation in ultra-violet radiation must also be
considered.  This ground based information source is not as 
dramatic and glamorous as the flights into the sky, but would
return the study of ozone influence to the real world.

The appendix which follows present the references and proofs of 
the statements which have been made.  They have been marked
above with the bracketed numbers. 


               APPENDIX TO OZONE DEPLETION FALLACY

1. NASA - OZONE RESERARCH AND MONITORING PROJECT Report No.16,
   1985 3 volumes.

2. NASZ - REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL OZONE TREND PANEL Report
   No.18, 1988 2 volumes      

3. Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition - Preliminary        
   Findings Febrruary 17, 1989

4. Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition - Sht.3 Par.1
 
5. The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and Oceans - Holland- Wiley
   1978 Pg. 92 (Ref. to Junge and Gustafson, 1957)

6. During the dissociation of the Chlorofluorocarbons, fluorine, 
   Chlorine and Carbon are released. The percentage of chlorine 
   in the atmosphere from CFC's breakup can be obtained from    
   the fluorine available. This would be a conservative estimate  
   since there is still some outside sources of fluorine. 
   Fluorine is the most active of the negative valence materials 
   and it will extract hydrogen from any source,including water
   crystals, to form hydrogen fluoride (HF).  Measurements of HF 
   is the measurement of fluorine.  The total column of HF in 
   1987 was:  7 x 10^14 Report No. 18, Pg. 587, Fig. 9.8.

7. The proportion of chlorine in the stratosphere resulting from
   CFC's breakup is obtained from determining the fluorine that   
   is available from Freon 11 and Freon 12.

   At 28 Km, CCl_3F is 2 pptv (Report No.16, Pg.634, FIG.11-18)

   At 28 Km, CCl_2F_2 is 80 pptv (Report No.16,Pg.636,Fig.11-19)

   Thus proportion chlorine to fluorine at 28 Km is:
   [3(2)+2(80)]/[1(2)+2(80)] = 1.025 chlorine to fluorine
   The available chlorine in the equivalent HCl column requires
   that the HCl and the CClONO_2 = 1.0 ppbv be placed in the    
   same reference.

   At 28 Km CClONO_2 = 1.0 ppbv (Report No.16,Pg.617 Fig.11-8)

   At 28 Km HCl = 6.1x10^8 molecules per cm^3 (Report No.16,
   Pg.620, Fig.11-9)

   At 28 Km Temp.=230 Kelvin (Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
   47th Ed., Pg.F-117 Properties of Earth Atmosphere interpolat).

   Atmosphere at 28 Km = 17 mbar  Atmosph. at 0 Km = 1013.3 mbar
   (Report No. 18 Pg. 829 Appendix H)

   Molecules per cm^3 at 28 Km atmosphere total:
   [(17/1013.3)x(6.03 x 10^23)x(273/230)]/22,400 = 5.36 x 10^17

   HCl ppbv = (6.1 x 10^8 x 10^9)/(5.36 x 10^17) = 1.14
   Proportion of chlorine total to chlorine in HCl is:
   (1.0 + 1.14)/1.14 = 1.88

   The HCl column in 1987 was approximately 3.31 x 10^15
   per cm^2 (Report No.18, Pg.584, Fig.9.7)

   The equivalent chlorine column = 3.31x10^15x1.88 = 
   6.22x10^15 molecules per cm^2.

   At 28 Km HF column was 7.6 x 10^14 molecules per cm^2
   (Report No.18, Pg.587, Fig.9.8)

   The equivalent chloride column from CFC's is:
   7.6 x 1.025 = 7.79 x 10^14 molecules per cm^2.

   Percentage chlorine from CFC's to total chlorine is:
   (7.79x10^14 x 100)/6.22x10^15 = 12.5%

   This has to allow for the fact that the HF has a long 
   residency rate in the upper stratosohere due to its low 
   density.  This explained the accumulation of HF.  Zender
   determined a trend line of: 3.62x10^13 molecules per cm^3
   per year. (Report No.18, Pg.586, Par.9.3.2).  Using that 
   trend line the chlorine per year due to CFC's can be as    
   low as: (3.62x10^13x1.025x100)/6.22x10^15 = 0.597%.
     
      
8. One of the basic and proven laws is Avogadro's Hypothesis:
   Equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of 
   temperature and pressure contain the same number of 
   molecules.

   The Avogadro's Number is: 6.03x10^23 molecules at zero        
   degrees Centegrade and 760 mm pressure has a volume of 
   22.4 liters for a gram molecular weight.  This shows that 
   gases have a density proportional to their molecular weight.

   The molecular weight (density) of the various gases in the
   atmosphere involved in the breakup of CFC's as well as the 
   major constituents of the atmosphere are given below in order
   of increasing densities:

   Hydrogen Fluoride   (HF)   =  20.0
   Nitrogen            (N_2)  =  28.0
   Oxygen              (O_2)  =  32.0
   Hydrogen Chloride   (HCl)  =  36.45
   Nitrogen Dioxide   (NO_2)  =  46.0
   Chloride Monoxide   (ClO)  =  51.45
   Freon 12       (CCl_2F_2)  =  128.9
   Freon 11         (CCl_3F)  =  137.4

   Density of Materials: Define Air Density as 1.0
   HF         20/28.8    =  0.695
   HCl        36.45/28.8 =  1.264
   CCl_2F_2   128.9/28.8 =  4.476
   CCl_3F     137.4/28.8 =  4.771

   All stratospheric gases seem to be distributed relative to
   their densities at various altitudes.  Small differences in 
   densities seem to make a large difference in mixing ratios.  
   For a 15 Km difference, dividing the mixing ratios at the 
   lower altitudes by the mixing ratios at the higher altitudes
   will indicate relative densities, though not proportional.  

   For CCl_3F at 15 Km and 30 Km. (Report No. 16, Pg. 636,        
   Fig. 11-18)   180 pptv/0.42 pptv = 428.6

   For CCl_2F_2 at 15 Km and at 30 Km (Report No. 16, Pg. 620,
   Fig. 11-19)   290 pptv/40 pptv = 7.25

   For HCl at 20 Km and at 35 Km (Report No. 16, pg. 620, 
   Fig. 11-11)   450 pptv/1,020 pptv = 0.441

   The reports do not have a graph referencing a volume mixing
   ratio for HF but only concentrations  It is necessary to 
   convert the HF concentrations to a mixing ratio.
   
   Temp at 20 Km = 210K, and at 35 Km = 223K. (Handbook Of Chem.
   & Physics 47 Ed. Pg. F-117)
   
   At standard temperature and pressure, the number of molecules
   per cm^3 = (6.03x10^23)/(1,000x22.4) = 2.69X10^19

   At 20 Km pressure = 55 mbar, At 35 Km pressure = 6.1 mbar
   (Report No.18, Pg.829, Appendix H) 

   At 20 Km  (2.69 x 10^19 x 273)/(210 x 55/1013.3 = 1.9x10^18
   molecules per cm^3.  Atmosphere

   At 35 Km  (2.69 x 10^19 x 273)/(223 x 6.1/1013.3) = 
   1.98 x 10^17 molecules per cm^3  Atmosphere

   HF concentration at 20 Km = 1.9 x 10^8 molecules per cm^3
   HF concentration at 35 Km = 8.9 x 10^7 molecules per cm^3
   Both values HF (Report No. 16, pg. 629, Fig. 11-15)
          
   At 20 KM  (1.9x10^8 x 10^12)/1.9x10^18 = 100 pptv

   At 35 Km  (8.9x10^7 x 10^12)/1.98x 10^17 = 449 pptv

   For HF at 20 Km and at 35 Km  Ratio = 100/449 = 0.22

   From the above, it is obvious that the density of a gas
   determines the relationship between the mixing ratios of 
   the upper and lower altitudes.  The mixing ratios of the
   lighter gas are higher at the higher altitudes.  This 
   indicates that the gas may drift up or stay up, while the 
   heavier gases drift down.  The mixing ratios for the heavier
   gases are thus greater at the lower altitudes than they are
   at the higher altitudes.  
   This indicates a flow in the stratosphere close to laminar, 
   for turbulent flow would gegerally have the mixing ratios of 
   the gases the same at the various altitudes.

9. There is an annual exchange between the stratosphere and the
   troposphere.  Reiter (1979) estimated it to be 89%.  This 
   would mean that there is an exchange every (100/89) x 12 
   = 13.5 months. (Report No.16, Pg.151, Par. 3).

10.The ozone column is the number of molecules per cm^2 from the
   roof of the atmosphere to any altitude, with a maximum value 
   at ground level.  It varies with time, latitude and season.
   The area is generally a square centimeter, though that may be
   converted to a square inch by a multiple of 6.45.

   NOTE ON COLUMN ABUNDANCE  OF HF IN fIG. 9.8,REPORT NO. 18.

   I have altered the column molecules per cm^2 from 10^15         
   molecules per cm^2 in Fig.9.8 of Report No. 18 to 10^14
   molecules per cm^2.  The original showed that in 1986 the HF
   column was given as 7 x 10^15 molecules per cm^2, while the
   HCl column was shown as 3 x 10^15 molecules per cm^2 on    
   Fig.9.7 of Report No. 18. This is in conflict with all 
   available data.  Report No. 16, Fig. 11.12 shows that the 
   HCl columb was five times as large large in abundance as the 
   HF column.  From Report No.16, hcl concentration per cm^3 was 
   on average about six times the HF concentration per cm^3 in 
   Fig. 11-15.  Other references in the report showed the same 
   relationship.
   I cannot detyermine whether the error was by accident or by
   design.  David Brantz

   The control by the environmentalists of congress may have 
   come to an end.  There are bills pending in the congress to 
   review the commitment to the elimination of the CFC's.  So 
   much data has come forth showing that Freon was not the 
   villian painted by those who cry doom.