🚀 go-pugleaf

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Here's a little blurb I typed up on Edit in response to a Mr. J. Pearson 
who originally asked whether Finnish is related to Turkish... It took me 
a while to type up but it's here as an attachment... Feel free to browse 
through it and make comments...

Cheers 

Peter Chong

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In a way, it really depends on whose side your on... If you're a "clumper"-
type linguist, (i.e. a linguist who prefers to group languages into large 
super-families) then Turkish is related to Finnish by way of the Ural-Altaic 
or Turanian hypothesis/relationship. If you're a "splitter"-type linguist, 
(one who prefers to make many subdivisions within a language family - 
emphasizing the difference of one language to another) then Turkish belongs 
to the Altaic family while Finnish belongs to the unrelated Uralic family. 

The arguments for the "Ural-Altaic" relationship include:
1) Almost all Uralic and Altaic languages have vocal harmony. 
2) The U-A languages are agglutinative - they pin suffixes at the end of 
words to express various grammatical and stylistic nuances.
3) They employ postpositions rather than prepositions.
4) U-A languages do not have a seperate verb "to have".
5) U-A languages do not tend towards consonant clusters.
6) There are many lexical and grammatical correspondances.

The Ural-Altaic theory would include both the Uralic and Altaic language 
families. Some Uralic tongues include: Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, Mari,
Mordvin, Lappish, Karelian, Khanty, Udmurt, Komi, Nenets, Nganasan and 
Sholqup. Some Altaic tongues include: Turkish, Khalkha Mongolian, Kalmuk
Mongolian, Burjat Mongolian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Yakut (Sakha), Tuvinian,
Tatar, Bashqort, Uigur, Manchu, Ewen, Ewenk, Salar, Sibo, Udegey and 
Azerbaijani. Some linguists also believe Korean is Altaic and a few even
believe Japanese is Altaic. (It is my belief, that not only there is an Ural-
Altaic or Turanian unity but that the Sumerian language of antiquity [the
inventors of writing ~ 4000 - 2000 BC] is the common root to all modern U-A
languages.)

The biggest argument against this U-A unity is:
1) Many linguists do not consider such features as agglutination and vowel
harmony as proof of a relationship. Moreover, the lexical and grammatical
similarities could be the result of long contact between the Uralic and Altaic
peoples rather than a common origin. (Author's note: This is possible but 
should not be considered definite.)

Before circa 1950, most linguists believed in a Turanian or U-A linguistic
relationship. However after that time, it was assailed by linguists as a
tenuous theory and that it would be better to consider the Uralic and Altaic
families as seperate. In some cases as in Hungary, this was done for 
political reasons (the predominating belief among the Hungarian fascists and
conservatives of WWII was that the Hungarians represented the westernmost 
branch of a Turanian people. A people that could be found from Europe all the
way to Japan - another member of the Axis powers. Thus it was a favoured  
theory of the nationalists and fascists. While no doubt these supporters  
evoke scorn and hatred among many liberal and leftist people today, the 
theory itself isn't completely wrong.)

If you're still interested check out this WWW page:
HTTP://EXO.COM/~FREDH/LANGUAGE.HTM. 

Some Sumerian morphemes and modern U-A words.

(Source: Cso"ke, S�ndor, "Sum�r-finn-mongol-t�r�k �sszehasonl�t� nyelvtan", 
Buenos Aires: Magyar O"skutat�s Kiad�sa, 1974. - Sumerian-Finnish-Mongolian-
Turkish Comparative Grammar)

Sumerian:       bur 411,104 (to drill, to riddle with holes)
Finnish:        porata (it drills)       
Hungarian:      f�r (")
Turkish:        burgu (drill - noun)
Kalmuk Mongol:  bur�u (")

Sumerian:       bar 74, 68/302 (family, village)
Finnish:        perhe (family)
Hungarian:      v�ros (city)
Old Turkish:    balIq (")
Mongol:         balgasun (city, village)

Sumerian:       bur3 411,32 (livestock, four-legged animal, cow)
Finnish:        poro (reindeer)
Hungarian:      borj� (livestock)
Osmanli Turk:   buza�I (two year-old livestock) 
Buriat Mongol:  bur� (livestock)

Sumerian:       bad 69,100 (to fall apart, to be fallen)
Finnish:        potea (it breaks apart)
Hungarian:      sz�tpattan (" - "sz�t-" is a prefix meaning "apart". "pattan"
                            is the root meaning "break".)
Turkish:        patlamak (to burst)
Mongol:         butal- (it falls apart)

Sumerian:       bad 152 8,4 (wall, stuffing)
Finnish:        pato (stuffing)
Hungarian:      fal (wall)
Kyrgyz Turk:    bit� (it closes away - pertaining to arrows?)
Mongol:         bite� (closed away)

Sumerian:       gab 167,55/57a (to grasp, to get, to catch)
Finnish:        kaapata (it gets, it catches)
Hungarian:      kap (")
Turkish:        kap (pot - recepticle, something that catches)
Mongol:         qabla- (it catches, it finds)

Sumerian:       ab(-ba) 128,13a (father)
Finnish:        appi (father-in-law)
Hungarian:      apa (father)
Turkish:        aba (")
Mongol:         aav (")

Sumerian:       s^ub 68,9 (to flatten)
Finnish:        lappea (page)
Hungarian:      lap (")
Sakha Turk:     s�bird�x (page, leaf)
Kalmuk Mongol:  napts^i (leaf)

Sumerian:       gab 167,56 (copy, picture, duplicate)
Finnish:        kuva (picture)
Hungarian:      k�p (")
Turkish:        k�p (")
Mongol:         keb (example, as in...)

Sumerian:       gib-i/=gig/446,3/4 (be sick, pain, illness)
Finnish:        kipe� (sick)
Hungarian:      meggebed (it is sick - "meg-" is a prefix)
Turkish:        gebermek (to pass away)
Manchu:         gebsere- (be sour)
                 
Sumerian:       gir11 152,19 (to stretch)
Finnish:        kire� (tight)
Hungarian:      g�rcs (spasm)
Turkish:        germek (to tighten)
Mongol:         kere- (it binds up, it tightens)

Sumerian:       sig 592, 10ff (tight, narrow)
Finnish:        tiukka (tight)
Hungarian:      szu"k (")
Turkish:        sIkI (")
Mongol:         siqam (tight, pressed together)

Sumerian:       gig 456,43 (hatred, to hate)
Finnish:        kiukka (hatred)
Hungarian:      gyu"l�l (it hates)
Old Turkish:    k�k (")
Mongol:         j^igs^i (")

Sumerian:       s^ag5 356,5/7 (be healthy, good, goodness, nice)
Finnish:        hyv� (good)
Hungarian:      j� (")
Turkish:        sag^ (healthy)
Bashqort Turk:  hau (")
Mongol:         sajin (good)

Sumerian:       sig7 351,6 (to live, to sit)
Finnish:        sija (dwelling, place)
Hungarian:      sz�k (chair)
Turkish:        sakIn (inhabitant)
Mongol:         sagu- (it sits, it dwells)

Sumerian:       gis^ 296,10 (man, master, sir, gentleman)
Finnish:        is�nta (sir, landlord)
Hungarian:      gazda (landowner?)
Old Turkish:    iy� (gentleman)
Mongol:         ej^en (sir, ruler)

Sumerian:       gal2 80,3 (to be)
Finnish:        olla (to be)
Hungarian:      val- (it is - old form)
Turkish:        ol- (it is, it will be, it happens)
Mongol:         bol- (it is, it will be, possible)

Sumerian:       gur4 483,23 (to run, to flee)
Finnish:        kiire (rushing, hurrying)
Hungarian:      gyors (quick)
Turkish:        kuriye (fast movement?)
Mongol:         qurdun (fast)

Sumerian:       zag 332,43 (flatland, field)
Finnish:        s�vel (flat)
Hungarian:      s�ks�g (plateau)
Turkish:        sahra- (steppe, land, plateau)

Sumerian:       dug3 396,10/11 (good, healthy, optimal)
Finnish:        t�ysi (full, perfect)
Hungarian:      t�k�letes (complete, perfect)
Turkish:        tekmil (completion)
Mongol:         t�g�s (")

Sumerian:       dah 169,3/10 (one follows, by someone)
Finnish:        l�het� (it follows, it comes together)
Hungarian:      t�rs (member, partner)
Sakha Turk:     do�or (")
Mongol:         daga- (it follows, it goes together)

Sumerian:       kud 12,19 (city, hamlet)
Finnish:        kotia (hut)
Hungarian:      kunyh� (")
Old Turkish:    qadas^ (relative, relation, troop, brother)
Mongol:         quda (relation, troop)

Sumerian:       kad4 (to bind)
Finnish:        kytke� (it binds up, it weaves)
Hungarian:      k�tni (to bind)
Turkish:        kat- (weave)
Mongol:         qadamar (strenghtened)

Sumerian:       bad3 152^8,7 (deathly ill, sickly)
Finnish:        potea (become sick)
Hungarian:      beteg (sick)
Old Turkish:    bed- (it weakens)
Mongol:         betege ("dagantot okoz� betegs�g" - My Hungarian isn't very 
                         good but I know it has something to do with illness)

Sumerian:       pa 295,11 (summit, peak)
Finnish:        p�� (head)
Hungarian:      fej (")
Turkish:        bas, (")
Ancient Mongol: pekin (")

Sumerian:       bu 371,25 (to blow)
Finnish:        puhaltaa (it blows)
Hungarian:      f�j (")
Turkish:        p�fle- (")
Ancient Mongol: p�lig� (")

Sumerian:       zub 60^x,4 (to flow, rain)
Finnish:        tippua (it drops)
Hungarian:      csepeg (")
Uigur Turk:     c^ip-c^ip (onomatopaeia of dripping water - "drip-drip")
Mongol:         sibeni- (it drops, it flows)

Sumerian:       ki 461,21 (who)
Finnish:        kuka (")
Hungarian:      ki (")
Turkish:        ki (")
Mongol:         khen (")

Sumerian:       kur2 60,34 (circle)
Finnish:        keri (")
Hungarian:      k�r (")
Turkish:        k�resel (spherical)
Mongol:         k�rd� (circle)

Sumerian:       kas^ 211a,2 (urine)
Finnish:        kusi (")
Hungarian:      h�gy (")
Turkish:        huysuzluk (bile)
Old Turkish:    qas^an- (be urinating)

Sumerian:       kud 536,4 (to throw, to place, to allow)
Finnish:        kadota (it loses)
Hungarian:      hagy (it allows)
Turkish:        koy- (")
Mongol:         qoj^im (afterwards, later)

Sumerian:       s^ita 233,15/442,2 (to bind)
Finnish:        sitoa (it binds, it weaves, it strenghtens)
Hungarian:      csatol (it weaves - a net)
Turkish:        ciltlemek (to bind)
Kalmuk Mongol:  s^itm (fencing)

Sumerian:       has^ 12,78 (be bending)
Finnish:        kallistaa (it bends)
Hungarian:      hajlik (")
Turkish:        kayma� (slant-eyed)
Mongol:         qaj^iji- (it bends, it curves)

Sumerian:       hir 401,9 (picture)
Finnish:        kirja (book)
Hungarian:      h�r (news - ?)
Turkish:        kertik (notch, gash, score)
Mongol:         kerc^i (")

Sumerian:       has^ 12,70/73 (to cut, to split)
Finnish:        halkoa (it cuts)
Hungarian:      has�t (")
Turkish:        kesmek (to cut)
Mongol:         qasu- (it shortens sg, it cuts sg)

Sumerian:       uh 398,6/17 (to spew, to vomit)
Finnish:        oksentaa (it vomits)
Hungarian:      ok�dik (")
Turkish:        �ks�rmek (to cough)
Mongol:         oki- (it vomits)

Sumerian:       sil(a) 12,117 (to split, to cut up)
Finnish:        s�le (splinter)
Hungarian:      szelet (slice - noun)
Teleut Turk:    s^IlI (it cuts)
Mongol:         silu- (")

Sumerian:       sig 592,10/19 (small, little)
Finnish:        hiukan (a little bit)
Hungarian:      csek�ly (insignificant)
Turkish:        -�ak (diminutive suffix)
Mongol:         c^�gen (a few, not much)

Sumerian:       sag2 295,100a (to strike, to hit)
Finnish:        haava (wound, injury)
Hungarian:      seb (")
Turkish:        �arpmak (to strike)
Mongol:         s^abda- (it wounds sg/sb,)

Sumerian:       hus 565,58 (to drive)
Finnish:        kuski (driver)
Hungarian:      kocsis (driver)
                kocsi (coach - The word "coach" is derived from the Hungarian
                       but the Hungarian word comes from the Sumerian "hus")
Osmanli Turk:   qos^u (wagon, coach)
Kalmuk Mongol:  xos^ (")
Old Japanese:   kachi (a type of vehicle for nobles)

Sumerian:       s^ag 384,118/9 (to sigh, a sigh)
Lappish:        s^uokket (a sigh)
Hungarian:      s�hajtozik (it sighs)
Teleut Turk:    s�zI- (")
Mongol:         sugsi- (")

Sumerian:       s^ag 384,2 (word)
Finnish:        s�vel (sound, song)
Hungarian:      sz� (word)
Turkish:        s�v (")
Mongol:         jabsi- (it talks a lot)

Sumerian:       s^e 367,58d (to eat)
Finnish:        sy�d� (it eats)
Hungarian:      eszik (")
Turkish:        yemek (to eat)
Mongol:         j^eme (wolf food)

Sumerian:       s^ug 367,11/2 (big, be big, much)
Finnish:        luku (lots)
Hungarian:      sok (")
Turkish:        �ok (")
Mongol:         �u�la- (it enlarges sg, it increases sg)

Sumerian:       s^eg8 551,4 (frost, ice, cold)
Finnish:        j�� (ice)
Hungarian:      j�g (")
Turkish:        sog^ut (cold)
Mongol:         tsang (frost)

Sumerian:       us^ 4 536,26 (mind, intellect)
Finnish:        huja (mind)
Hungarian:      �sz (")
Turkish:        us (intelligence)
Mongol:         ojun (")

Sumerian:       as^ 2 339,8 (to long for, to want)
Finnish:        isota (want)
Hungarian:      �hes (hungry)
Turkish:        istemek (to want, to desire)

Sumerian:       gis^ 296,16 (hand)
Finnish:        k�si (")
Hungarian:      k�z (")
Turkish:        kuuvet (strength, power)
Mongol:         gesig�n (member, branch)

Sumerian:       zal 231,16 (also: sal, s^al) (to see) 
Finnish:        silm� (eye)
Hungarian:      szem (")
Mongol:         silibki- (it looks at sg)

Sumerian:       zal(ag) 393,5 (be lighted, star, to shine)
Finnish:        ts'ilkett� (it shines, it lights up sg)
(dialect)
Hungarian:      csillag (star)
Kyrgyz Turk:    s^olpan (Morning Star, Venus)
Mongol:         j^il�ir- (it shines)

Sumerian:       zir 84,108 (suffering, hurt)
Finnish:        s�rke� (be in pain)
Hungarian:      s�r (grave; be crying)
Turkish:        sIzI (ache, pain)
Khalkha Mongol: s^arx (wound)

Sumerian:       izi 172,11/17/13 (fire, oven, ash, to flame up)
Komi (Finnic):  ezj- (it burns)
Hungarian:      izzad (it sweats)
Kyrgyz Turk:    issyk (warm - there is a lake called the Issyk-Kul - "warm
                       lake" in Kyrgyzstan)
Mongol:         isu (ash)

Sumerian:       izi 172.159 (sour)
Finnish:        etikka (")
Hungarian:      ecet (")
Turkish:        eks,i (")
Mongol:         es�- (it becomes sour)

Sumerian:       zig 84,45 (to raise oneself, to get oneself up)
Finnish:        l�hte� (it goes away, it starts off, it escapes)
Hungarian:      sz�kik (it escapes)
Turkish:        �Ikmak (to go out, to move out, to graduate)
Mongol:         segelj^e (go in a jumping manner)

Sumerian:       ri 86,41,74 (to fly)
Finnish:        r�pytt�� (it flies)
Hungarian:      rep�l- (")
Kyrgyz Turk:    erb�ng (unsupportable, cannot stand up)
Mongol:         erbeji- (it flies)

Sumerian:       sir3 152,3 (also: sur, s^ar) (to sing, song, to compose music)
Finnish:        sirist�� (it chirps)
Hungarian:      csiripel (")
Turkish:        s,arkI (song)
Mongol:         j^irgi (sing a song, chirp)

Sumerian:       er 50,7 (also: ir, ur) (man, manly)
Finnish:        yrk� (husband)
Hungarian:      �r (sir, Mr.)
Turkish:        er (man, male)
Mongol:         ere (husband)

Sumerian:       bar 74,100 (to frighten oneself, to scare)
Finnish:        pel�t� (it fears)
Hungarian:      f�l (")
Turkish:        perva (")
Ancient Mongol: p�rk� (")

Sumerian:       ur2 203,7 (underground, ground)
Finnish:        ala- (lower part)
Hungarian:      alatt (under)
Turkish:        alt (bottom)
Mongol:         ala (genitals)

Sumerian:       ma 342,98b/10 (also: ma-da) (land, earth, homeland)
Finnish:        maa (land, country)
Hungarian:      megye (county, administrative district)
Uigur Turk:     budun (folk, people)
Mongol:         aymag (county, administrative district)

Maybe the name MAGYAR ("Hungarian" in the Hungarian language) came from MA or
MA-DA...

Sumerian:       ma 233,2 (to go)
Finnish:        menn� (it goes)
Hungarian:      megy (")
Old Turkish:    man- (")

Sumerian:       ma3 233,3a (I)
Finnish:        min� (I)
Hungarian:      -m (verbal suffix for 1st person ex. esz-ik = it eats, esz-
                em = I eat)
Turkish:        ben (I)
Mongol:         minu (mine)

Sumerian:       eme 237,2 (also: ama) (mother)
Finnish:        em� (mother, woman, madam, she-)
Hungarian:      anya (mother), emlo" (breast)
Turkish:        ana (mother) emcik (nipple) emmek (to suck)
Mongol:         eme (mother)

Sumerian:       gam 362,6 (it bends over)
Finnish:        kumar- (it bends)
Hungarian:      kamp� (hook)
Turkish:        kemer (arch, vault)
Mongol:         qamar (nose - a "bent" facial feature)

Sumerian:       na 97,4 (be named, call)
Finnish:        nimi (name)
Hungarian:      n�v (")
Turkish:        nam (")
Mongol:         ner (")

Finnish:        omen (apple)
Hungarian:      alma (")
Turkish:        elma (")
Mongol:         alim (")

Sumerian:       du3 230,19 (known, experienced, knowledge)
Finnish:        tunte- (it knows, it meets)
Hungarian:      tud- (it knows), tanul- (it studies) 
Turkish:        tanImak (to know)
Mongol:         todad- (it enlightens sg, it explains sg)

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