🚀 go-pugleaf

RetroBBS NetNews Server

Inspired by RockSolid Light RIP Retro Guy

Article View: sci.physics.relativity
Article #5736

Re: Fermat's principle and curved spacetime

#5736
From: Dono
Date: Thu, 24 Jan 2008 14:19
1713 lines
96348 bytes
On Jan 20, 9:32 pm, Koobee Wublee <koobee.wub...@gmail.com> wrote:

>
> The article does not give any other credible experiment after
> Eddington's 1919 expedition.

How can be so a denying asshole? Wait, don't answer that, look at
this:

1
    Abdelsalam, H., Saha, P., and Williams, L.L.R., ``Non-parametric
Reconstruction of Cluster Mass Distribution from Strong Lensing:
Modelling Abell 370'', (1997). For a related online version see: H.
Abdelsalam, et al., ``Non-parametric Reconstruction of Cluster Mass
Distribution from Strong Lensing: Modelling Abell 370'', (1997),
[Online Los Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 August 1998,
External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9707207 . in press.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article2
    Abe, F., and the PLANET collaboration, ``The MOA Project'', in
Ferlet, R., and Maillard, J.P., eds., 12th IAP Conference: Variable
Stars and Microlensing Surveys, (Paris, 1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article3
    Alard, C., and Guibert, J., ``The DUO single lens candidates. I.
The 1994 campaign'', Astron. Astrophys., 1-12, (1997). For a related
online version see: C. Alard, et al., ``The DUO single lens
candidates. I. The 1994 campaign'', (1997), [Online Journal Article]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00230/bibs//2300001/small.htm
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article4
    Albrow, M., and the PLANET collaboration, ``The Planet
Collaboration: Probing Lensing Anomalies'', in Ferlet, R., and
Maillard, J.P., eds., 12th IAP Conference: Variable Stars and
Microlensing Surveys, (Paris, 1997). For a related online version see:
M. Albrow, et al., ``The Planet Collaboration'', (October, 1996),
[Online Los Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9610128 .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article5
    Alcock, C., Akerlof, C.W., Allsman, R.A., Axelrod, T.S., and
Bennett, D.P., ``Possible gravitational microlensing of a star in the
Large Magellanic Cloud'', Nature, 365, 621, (1993).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article6
    Alcock, C., Allsman, R.A., Alves, D., Axelrod, T.S., and Becker,
A.C., ``The MACHO Project Large Magellanic Cloud microlensing results
from the first two years and the nature of the galactic dark halo'',
Astrophys. J., 486, 697-726, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article7
    Alcock, C., Allsman, R.A., Alves, D., Axelrod, T.S., and Bennett,
D.P., ``The MACHO project: 45 candidate microlensing events from the
first-year galactic bulge data'', Astrophys. J., 479, 119-146, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article8
    Allen, S.W., ``Resolving the discrepancy between X-ray and
gravitational lensing mass measurements for clusters of galaxies'',
(October, 1997), [Online Los Alamos Preprint Archive]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9710217
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article9
    American Institute of Physics, ``A. Einstein, Images and Impact.
World Fame I'', (1996), [Part of Online Exhibition]: cited on 14
September 1998, External Linkhttp://www.aip.org/history/einstein/ae24.htm
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article10
    Ansari, R., Cavalier, F., Moiez, M., Aubourg, E., and Bareyre, P.,
``Observational limits on the contribution of substellar and stellar
objects to the galactic halo'', Astron. Astrophys., 314, 94-103,
(1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article11
    Ansari, R., and the AGAPE collaboration, ``AGAPE: A Search for
Dark Matter Towards M31 by Microlensing Effects on Unresolved Stars'',
Astron. Astrophys., 324, 843-856, (1997). For a related online version
see: R. Ansari, et al., ``AGAPE: A Search for Dark Matter Towards M31
by Microlensing Effects on Unresolved Stars'', (1997), [Article in
Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00230/bibs/7324003/2300843/small.htm
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article12
    Aubourg, E., Bareyre, P., Bréhin, S., Gros, M., and Lachlèze-Rey,
M., ``Evidence for gravitational microlensing by dark objects in the
Galactic halo'', Nature, 365, 623, (1993).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article13
    Barkana, R., ``Effect of Large-Scale Structure on Multiply Imaged
Sources'', Astrophys. J., 468, 17-27, (1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article14
    Barkana, R., ``Fast calculation of a family of elliptical
gravitational lens models'', unpublished, (1998).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article15
    Barnothy, J.M., ``Quasars and the gravitational image
intensifier'', Astron. J., 70, 666, (1965).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article16
    Bartelmann, M., ``Cluster mass estimates from weak lensing'',
Astron. Astrophys., 303, 643-655, (1995). For a related online version
see: M. Bartelmann, ``Cluster mass estimates from weak lensing'',
(1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995A%26A%2E%2E%2E303%2E%2E643B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article17
    Bartelmann, M., ``Cosmological parameters from angular
correlations between QSOs and galaxies'', Astron. Astrophys., 298,
661-67, (1995). For a related online version see: M. Bartelmann,
``Cosmological parameters from angular correlations between QSOs and
galaxies'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995A%26A%2E%2E%2E298%2E%2E661B&db_key=AST&high=336448a2a714324
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article18
    Bartelmann, M., ``Arcs from a universal dark-matter halo
profile'', Astron. Astrophys., 313, 697-702, (1996). For a related
online version see: M. Bartelmann, ``Arcs from a universal dark-matter
halo profile'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996A%26A%2E%2E%2E313%2E%2E697B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article19
    Bartelmann, M., Huss, A., Colberg, J.M., Jenkins, A., and Pearce,
F.R., ``Arc statistics with realistic cluster potentials IV. Clusters
in different cosmologies'', Astron. Astrophys., 330, 1-9, (1998). For
a related online version see: M. Bartelmann, et al., ``Arc statistics
with realistic cluster potentials IV. Clusters in different
cosmologies'', (1998), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E330%2E%2E%2E%2E1B&db_key
= AST&high=336448a2a714540.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article20
    Bartelmann, M., Narayan, R., Seitz, S., and Schneider, P.,
``Maximum likelihood cluster reconstruction'', Astrophys. J. Lett.,
464, L115-L118, (1996). For a related online version see: M.
Bartelmann, et al., ``Maximum likelihood cluster reconstruction'',
(1996), [Article in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v464n2/5595/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article21
    Bernardeau, F., Van Waerbeke, L., and Mellier, Y., ``Weak lensing
statistics as a probe of tex2html_wrap_inline2495 and power
spectrum'', Astron. Astrophys., 322, 1-18, (1997). For a related
online version see: F. Bernardeau, et al., ``Weak lensing statistics
as a probe of tex2html_wrap_inline2495 and power spectrum'', (1997),
[Article in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00230/bibs/7322001/2300001/small.htm
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article22
    Biggs, A., ``A new determination of the time delay in 0218+357'',
in Jackson, N., ed., Golden Lenses: Proceedings, Jodrell Bank, June
1997, (Jodrell Bank, Manchester, 1997). For a related online version
see: A. Biggs, ``Golden Lenses'', (June, 1997), [Online Proceedings]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://multivac.jb.man.ac.uk:8000/ceres/workshop1/proceedings.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article23
    Blandford, R., and Kochanek, C., ``Gravitational Lenses'', in
Weinberg, S., and Piran, T., eds., Dark Matter in the Universe, 133,
(World Scientific, Singapore, 1987).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article24
    Blandford, R., Kochanek, C., Kovner, I., and Narayan, R.,
``Gravitational Lens Optics'', Science, 245, 824-830, (1989). For a
related online version see: R. Blandford, et al., ``Gravitational Lens
Optics'', (1989), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?Sci%2E%2E%2E245%2E%2E824B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article25
    Blandford, R., and Kundic, T., ``Gravitational lensing and the
extragalactic distance scale'', in Livio, M., Donahue, M., and
Panagia, N., eds., The Extragalactic Distance Scale, (Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article26
    Blandford, R.D., and Narayan, R., ``Fermat's principle, caustics,
and the classification of gravitational lens images'', Astrophys. J.,
310, 568, (1986). For a related online version see: R.D. Blandford, et
al., ``Fermat's principle, caustics, and the classification of
gravitational lens images'', (1986), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E310%2E%2E568B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article27
    Blandford, R.D., and Narayan, R., ``Cosmological applications of
gravitational lensing'', Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 30, 311-358,
(1992). For a related online version see: R.D. Blandford, et al.,
``Cosmological applications of gravitational lensing'', (1992), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ARA%26A%2E%2E30%2E%2E311B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article28
    Bliokh, P.V., and Minakov, A.A., Gravitational Lensing,
(Izdatel'stvo Naukova Dumka, Kiev, 1989). For a related online version
see: P.V. Bliokh, et al., ``Gravitational Lensing'', (1989), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1989KiIND....Q....B&db_key=AST&high=361e29f24019150,
in Russian.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article29
    Bonnet, H., and Mellier, Y., ``Statistical analysis of weak
gravitational shear in the extended periphery of rich galaxy
clusters'', Astron. Astrophys., 303, 331, (1995). For a related online
version see: H. Bonnet, et al., ``Statistical analysis of weak
gravitational shear in the extended periphery of rich galaxy
clusters'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E303%2E%2E331B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article30
    Bourassa, R.R., and Kantowski, R., ``The theory of transparent
gravitational lenses'', Astrophys. J., 195, 13-21, (1975). For a
related online version see: R.R. Bourassa, et al., ``The theory of
transparent gravitational lenses'', (1975), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E195%2E%2E%2E13B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article31
    Brainerd, T., Blandford, R., and Smail, I., ``Weak gravitational
lensing by galaxies'', Astrophys. J., 466, 623-637, (1996). For a
related online version see: T. Brainerd, et al., ``Weak gravitational
lensing by galaxies'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited
on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E466%2E%2E623B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article32
    Brecher, K., ``Newton, Einstein, and Gravity'', in Cornell, J.,
and Lightman, A.P., eds., Revealing the Universe,  17, (MIT Press,
Cambridge, 1982).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article33
    Broadhurst, T.J., Taylor, A.N., and Peacock, J.A., ``Mapping
cluster mass distributions via gravitational of background galaxies'',
Astrophys. J., 438, 49-61, (1995). For a related online version see:
T.J. Broadhurst, et al., ``Mapping cluster mass distributions via
gravitational of background galaxies'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E438%2E%2E%2E49B&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article34
    Browne, I.W.A., Jackson, N., Augusto, P., and Henstock, D., ``The
JVAS/CLASS gravitational lens surveys'', in Jackson, N., and Bremer,
M., eds., Obs. Cosmology with the New Radio Surveys, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article35
    Canizares, C.R., ``Manifestations of a cosmological density of
compact objects in quasar light'', Astrophys. J., 263, 508-517,
(1982). For a related online version see: C.R. Canizares,
``Manifestations of a cosmological density of compact objects in
quasar light'', (1982), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E263%2E%2E508C&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article36
    Carroll, S.M., Press, W.H., and Turner, E.L., ``The cosmological
constant'', Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 30, 499-542, (1992). For a
related online version see: S.M. Carroll, et al., ``The cosmological
constant'', (1992), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ARA%26A%2E%2E30%2E%2E499C&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article37
    Chang, K., and Refsdal, S., ``Flux variations of QSO0957+0561 A,B
and image splitting by stars near the light path'', Nature, 282,
561-564, (1979). For a related online version see: K. Chang, et al.,
``Flux variations of QSO0957+0561 A,B and image splitting by stars
near the light path'', (1979), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited
on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?Natur%2E282%2E%2E561C&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article38
    Chang, K., and Refsdal, S., ``Star disturbances in Gravitational
Lens Galaxies'', Astron. Astrophys., 132, 168-178, (1984). For a
related online version see: K. Chang, et al., ``Star disturbances in
Gravitational Lens Galaxies'', (1984), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E132%2E%2E168C&db_key=AST
. (Erratum: Astron. Astrophys. 139, 558, 1984).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article39
    Chwolson, O., ``Über eine mögliche Form fiktiver Doppelsterne'',
Astron. Nachr., 221, 329, (1924).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article40
    Clark, E.E., ``The uniform transparent gravitational lense'', Mon.
Not. R. Astron. Soc., 158, 233-243, (1972). For a related online
version see: E.E. Clark, ``The uniform transparent Gravitational
Lens'', (1972), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E158%2E%2E233C&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article41
    Colley, W.N., Tyson, J. A., and Turner, E. L., ``Unlensing
Multiple Arcs in 0024+1654: Reconstruction of the Source Image'',
Astrophys. J., 461, L83-L86, (1996). For a related online version see:
W.N. Colley, et al., ``Unlensing Multiple Arcs in 0024+1654:
Reconstruction of the Source Image'', (1996), [Article in Online
Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v461n2/5782/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article42
    Cooke, J.H., and Kantowski, R., ``Time delays for multiply imaged
quasars'', Astrophys. J. Lett., 195, L11-L15, (1975). For a related
online version see: J.H. Cooke, et al., ``Time delays for multiply
imaged quasars'', (1975), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on
15 September 199, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E195L%2E%2E11C&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article43
    Courbin, F., Lidman, C., and Magain, P., ``Detection of the
lensing galaxy in HE 1104-1805'', Astron. Astrophys., 330, 57-62,
(1998). For a related online version see: F. Courbin, et al.,
``Detection of the lensing galaxy in HE 1104-1805'', (1998), [Article
in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00230/bibs/8330001/2300057/small.htm
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article44
    Crotts, A.P.S., and Tomaney, A.B., ``Results from a Survey of
Gravitational Microlensing towards M31'', Astrophys. J. Lett., L87-
L90, (1996). For a related online version see: A.P.S. Crotts, et al.,
``Results from a Survey of Gravitational Microlensing towards M31'',
(1996), [Article in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v473n2/5552/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article45
    Dalcanton, J.J., Canizares, C.R., Granados, A., Steidel, C.C., and
Stocke, J.T., ``Observational limits on tex2html_wrap_inline2495 in
stars, brown dwarfs, and stellar remnants from gravitational
microlensing'', Astrophys. J., 424, 550-568, (1994). For a related
online version see: J.J. Dalcanton, et al., ``Observational limits on
tex2html_wrap_inline2495 in stars, brown dwarfs, and stellar remnants
from gravitational microlensing'', (1994), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E424%2E%2E550D&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article46
    Dyer, C.C., and Roeder, R.C., ``Distance-redshift relations for
universes with some intergalactic medium'', Astrophys. J. Lett., 180,
L31, (1973).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article47
    Dyson, F.W., Eddington, A.S., and Davidson, C.R., ``A
determination of the deflection of light by the sun's gravitational
field from observations made at the total eclipse of May 29, 1919'',
Mem. R. Astron. Soc., 62, 291, (1920).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article48
    Ebbels, T., Ellis, R.S., Kneib, J.P., Le Borgne, J.F., Pello, R.,
Smail, I., and Sanahuja, B., ``Spectroscopic Confirmation of Redshifts
Predicted by Gravitational Lensing'', (March, 1997), [Online Los
Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9703169 .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article49
    Ebbels, T.M.D., Le Borgne, J.-F., Pello, R., Ellis, R.S., Kneib,
J.-P., Smail, I., and Sanahuja, B., ``Identification of a
gravitationally lensed z=2.515 star-forming galaxy'', Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 281, L75-L81, (1996). For a related online version see:
T.M.D. Ebbels, et al., ``Identification of a gravitationally lensed
z=2.515 star-forming galaxy'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E281L%2E%2E75E&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article50
    Einstein, A., ``Über den Einfluß der Schwerkraft auf die
Ausbreitung des Lichtes'', Annalen der Physik, 35, 898, (1911).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article51
    Einstein, A., ``Die Grundlage der allgemeinen
Relativitätstheorie'', Annalen der Physik, 49, 769, (1916).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article52
    Einstein, A., Vier Vorlesungen über Relativitätstheorie, (Vieweg,
Braunschweig, 1922).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article53
    Einstein, A., ``Lens-like action of a star by the deviation of
light in the gravitational field'', Science, 84, 506, (1936).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article54
    EROS, ``EROS Home Page'', (September, 1996), [Online HTML
Document]: cited on 14 September 1998, External Linkhttp://eros.in2p3.fr/
. Editorial note: URL updated on 31 Aug 2001.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article55
    European Southern Observatory, ``The Lensing Galaxy in HE
1104-1825'', [Online HTML Document]: cited on 14 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-1997/phot-21-97.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article56
    Falco, E.E., Impey, C., Kochanek, C.S., Lehar, J., McLeod, B., and
Rix, H.-W., ``CASTLe Survey'', (1998), [Web site for the CfA-Arizona
Space Telescope Lens Survey of Gravitational Lenses]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/glensdata/ .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article57
    Falco, E.E., Shapiro, I.I., Moustakas, L.A., and Davis, M., ``An
estimate of tex2html_wrap_inline2383 from Keck spectroscopy of the
gravitational lens system 0957+561'', Astrophys. J., 484, 70-78,
(1997). For a related online version see: E.E. Falco, et al., ``An
estimate of tex2html_wrap_inline2383 from Keck spectroscopy of the
gravitational lens system 0957+561'', (1997), External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v484n1/35721/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article58
    Fischer, P., Bernstein, G., Rhee, G., and Tyson, J.A., ``The mass
distribution of the cluster 0957+561 from gravitational lensing'',
Astrophys. J., 113, 521, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article59
    Fort, B., and Mellier, Y., ``Arc(let)s in clusters of galaxies'',
Astron. Ap. Suppl., 5, 239-292, (1994). For a related online version
see: B. Fort, et al., ``Arc(let)s in clusters of galaxies'', (1994),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26ARv%2E%2E%2E5%2E%2E239F&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article60
    Fort, B., Mellier, Y., and Dantel-Fort, M., ``Distribution of
galaxies at large redshift and cosmological parameters from the
magnification bias in CL 0024+1654'', Astron. Astrophys., 321, 353,
(1997). For a related online version see: B. Fort, et al.,
``Distribution of galaxies at large redshift and cosmological
parameters from the magnification bias in CL 0024+1654'', (1997), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E321%2E%2E353F&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article61
    Franx, M., Illingworth, G.D., Kelson, D.D., Van Dokkum, P.G., and
Tran, K., ``A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z = 4.92 in the Field of CL
1358+62'', Astrophys. J. Lett., 486, L75-L78, (1997). For a related
online version see: M. Franx, et al., ``A Pair of Lensed Galaxies at z
= 4.92 in the Field of CL 1358+62'', (1997), [Article in Online
Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v486n2/5249/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article62
    Frieman, J.A., ``Weak Lensing and the Measurement of q
tex2html_wrap_inline3339 from Type Ia Supernovae'', Comments
Astrophys. Space Phys., 18, 323-333, (1997). For a related online
version see: J.A. Frieman, ``Weak Lensing and the Measurement of q
tex2html_wrap_inline3339 from Type Ia Supernovae'', (1996), [Online
Los Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9608068 .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article63
    Fukugita, M., Futamase, T., and Kasai, M., ``A possible test for
the cosmological constant with gravitational lenses'', Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 246, 24, (1990). For a related online version see: M.
Fukugita, et al., ``A possible test for the cosmological constant with
gravitational lenses'', (1990), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E246P%2E%2E24F&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article64
    Gates, E.I., Gyuk, G., Holer, G.P., and Turner, M.S., ``No Need
for MACHOs in the Halo'', (November, 1997), [Online Los Alamos Archive
Preprint]: cited on 15 September 1998, External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9711110
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article65
    Gorenstein, M.V., Falco, E.E., and Shapiro, I.I., ``Degeneracies
in parameter estimates for models of gravitational lens systems'',
Astrophys. J., 327, 693-711, (1988). For a related online version see:
M.V. Gorenstein, et al., ``Degeneracies in parameter estimates for
models of Gravitational lens systems'', (1988), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E327%2E%2E693G&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article66
    Gott III, J.R., ``Are heavy halos made of low mass stars? A
gravitational lens test'', Astrophys. J., 243, 140-146, (1981). For a
related online version see: J.R. Gott III, ``Are heavy halos made of
low mass stars? A gravitational lens test'', (1981), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E243%2E%2E140G&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article67
    Gould, A., ``Theory of pixel lensing'', Astrophys. J., 470,
201-210, (1996). For a related online version see: A. Gould, ``Theory
of pixel lensing'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on
15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E470%2E%2E201G&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article68
    Gould, A., and Miralda-Escude, J., ``Signatures of Accretion Disks
in Quasar Microlensing'', Astrophys. J., 483, L13-L16, (1997). For a
related online version see: A. Gould, et al., ``Signatures of
Accretion Disks in Quasar Microlensing'', (1997), [Article in Online
Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v483n1/5894/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article69
    Griest, K., ``Galactic microlensing as a method of detecting
massive compact halo objects'', Astrophys. J., 366, 412-421, (1991).
For a related online version see: K. Griest, ``Galactic microlensing
as a method of detecting massive compact halo objects'', (1991), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E366%2E%2E412G&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article70
    Grogin, N., and Narayan, R., ``A new model of the gravitational
lens 0957+561 and a limit on the Hubble constant'', Astrophys. J.,
464, 92-113, (1996). For a related online version see: N. Grogin, et
al., ``A new model of the gravitational lens 0957+561 and a limit on
the Hubble constant'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited
on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E464%2E%2E%2E92G&db_key=AST
. (Erratum Astrophys. J., 473, 570, 1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article71
    Gunn, J.E., ``A fundamental limitation on the accuracy of angular
measurements in observational cosmology'', Astrophys. J., 147, 61,
(1967).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article72
    Gunn, J.E., ``On the propagation of light in inhomogeneous
cosmologies. I. Mean effects'', Astrophys. J., 150, 737, (1967).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article73
    Hammer, F., Gioia, I.M., Shaya, E.J., Teyssandier, P., Le Fevre,
O., and Luppino, G.A., ``Detailed Lensing Properties of the MS
2137-2353 Core and Reconstruction of Sources from Hubble Space
Telescope Imagery'', Astrophys. J., 491, 477, (1997). For a related
online version see: F. Hammer, et al., ``Detailed Lensing Properties
of the MS 2137-2353 Core and Reconstruction of Sources from Hubble
Space Telescope Imagery'', (1997), [Article in Online Journal]: cited
on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v491n2/36869/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article74
    Hewitt, J.N., Turner, E.L., Schneider, D.P., Burke, B.F.,
Langston, G.I., and Lawrence, C.R., ``Unusual radio source
MG1131+0456: a possible Einstein ring'', Nature, 333, 537-540, (1988).
For a related online version see: J.N. Hewitt, et al., ``Unusual radio
source MG1131+0456: a possible Einstein ring'', (1988), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?Natur%2E333%2E%2E537H&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article75
    Hoekstra, H., Franx, M., Kuijken, K., and Squires, G., ``Weak
Lensing Analysis of CL 1358+62 using HST observations'', (November,
1997), [Online Los Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 September
1998, External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9711096 .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article76
    Huchra, J., Gorenstein, M., Kent, S., Shapiro, I., Smith, G.,
Horine, E., and Perley, R., ``2237+0305: A New and Unusual
Gravitational Lens'', Astron. J., 90, 691-696, (1985). For a related
online version see: J. Huchra, et al., ``2237+0305: A New and Unusual
Gravitational Lens'', (1985), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited
on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E90%2E%2E691H&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article77
    Irwin, M.J., Hewett, P.C., Corrigan, R.T., Jedrzejewski, R.I., and
Webster, R.L., ``Photometric variations in the Q2237+0305 system:
first detection of a microlensing event'', Astron. J., 98, 1989-1994,
(1989). For a related online version see: M.J. Irwin, et al.,
``Photometric variations in the Q2237+0305 system: first detection of
a microlensing event'', (1989), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E98%2E1989I&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article78
    Jackson, N., ed., Golden Lenses: Proceedings, Jodrell Bank, June
1997, (Jodrell Bank, Manchester, 1997). For a related online version
see: N. Jackson, ed., ``Golden Lenses'', (1997), [Online Proceedings]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://multivac.jb.man.ac.uk:8000/ceres/workshop1/proceedings.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article79
    Jackson, N., ``HST imaging of gravitational lens systems'', in
Jackson, N., ed., Golden Lenses: Proceedings, (Jodrell Bank,
Manchester, 1997). For a related online version see: N. Jackson, ``HST
imaging of gravitational lens systems'', (1997), [Article in Online
Proceedings]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://multivac.jb.man.ac.uk:8000/ceres/workshop1/jackson.ps.gz .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article80
    Jaroszynski, M., Wambsganss, J., and Paczynski, B., ``Microlensed
Light Curves for Thin Accretion Disks around Schwarzschild and Kerr
Black Holes'', Astrophys. J. Lett., 396, L65-L68, (1992). For a
related online version see: M. Jaroszynski, et al., ``Microlensed
Light Curves for Thin Accretion Disks around Schwarzschild and Kerr
Black Holes'', (1992), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E396L%2E%2E65J&db_key=AST&high=a2a712510
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article81
    Kaiser, N., ``Cluster Mass-to-Light Ratios from Weak Lensing'',
(1998), [Online HTML Document]: cited on 14 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~kaiser/MLtable.html .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article82
    Kaiser, N., ``Weak Gravitational Lensing: Current Status and
Future Prospects'', (1995), [Online Los Alamos Archive Preprint]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9509019
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article83
    Kaiser, N., ``Nonlinear cluster lens reconstruction'', Astrophys.
J. Lett., 439, L1-L4, (1995). For a related online version see: N.
Kaiser, ``Nonlinear cluster lens reconstruction'', (1995), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E439L%2E%2E%2E1K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article84
    Kaiser, N., and Squires, G., ``Mapping the dark matter with weak
gravitational lensing'', Astrophys. J., 404, 441-450, (1993). For a
related online version see: N. Kaiser, et al., ``Mapping the dark
matter with weak gravitational lensing'', (1993), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E404%2E%2E441K&db_key=ASt
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article85
    Kantowski, R., Vaughan, T., and Branch, D., ``The Effects of
Inhomogeneities on Evaluating the Deceleration Parameter q
tex2html_wrap_inline3339 '', Astrophys. J., 447, 35-42, (1995). For a
related online version see: R. Kantowski, et al., ``The Effects of
Inhomogeneities on Evaluating the Deceleration Parameter q
tex2html_wrap_inline3339 '', (1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E447%2E%2E%2E35K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article86
    Kassiola, A., and Kovner, I., ``Elliptic Mass Distributions versus
Elliptic Potentials in Gravitational Lenses'', 450-473, (1993). For a
related online version see: A. Kassiola, et al., ``Elliptic Mass
Distributions versus Elliptic Potentials in Gravitational Lenses'',
(1993), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E417%2E%2E450K&db_key=AST&high=336448a2a712442
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article87
    Kayser, R., Refsdal, S., and Stabell, R., ``Astrophysical
Applications of Gravitational Microlensing'', Astron. Astrophys., 166,
36-52, (1986). For a related online version see: R. Kayser, et al.,
``Astrophysical Applications of Gravitational Microlensing'', (1986),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E166%2E%2E%2E36K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article88
    Kayser, R., Schramm, T., and Nieser, L., eds., Gravitational
Lenses Conference Proceedings Hamburg 1991: Lecture Notes in Physics
406, (Springer, Berlin, 1992).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article89
    Keeton, C., and Kochanek, C.S., ``Summary of multiply imaged
systems'', in Kochanek, C.S., and Hewitt, J.N., eds., Astrophysical
Applications of Gravitational Lensing: IAU Symposium 173, 419-440,
(Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article90
    Keeton, C., and Kochanek, C.S., ``Gravitational Lensing by Spiral
Galaxies'', Astrophys. J., 495, 157-169, (1998). For a related online
version see: C. Keeton, et al., ``Gravitational Lensing by Spiral
Galaxies'', (1998), [Article in Online Journal]: cited on 25 September
1998, External Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v495n1/36599/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article91
    King, L.J., Jackson, N.J., Blandford, R.D., Bremer, M.N., Browne,
I.W.A., de Bruyn, A.G., Fassnacht, C., Koopmans, L., Marlow, D., Nair,
S., and Wilkinson, P.N., ``A complete infrared Einstein ring in the
gravitational lens system B1938+666'', Astrophys. J., 76, 765, (1971).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article92
    Klimov, Y.G., ``The deflection of light rays in the gravitational
fields of galaxies'', Sov. Phys. Dokl., 8, 119-122, (1963).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article93
    Kneib, J.-P., ``The ARCS Gallery'', (1998), [Online HTML
Document]: cited on 14 September 1998, External Linkhttp://webast.obs-mip.fr//cosmo/arc.html
. Editorial note: URL updated on 31 Aug 2001.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article94
    Kneib, J.-P., ``Hubble Space Telescope Cluster Lenses Gallery'',
(1998), [Online HTML Document]: cited on 14 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://webast.ast.obs-mip.fr/users/kneib/hstarcs/ . Editorial
note: URL updated on 31 Aug 2001.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article95
    Kneib, J.P., Ellis, R.S., Smail, I., Couch, W.J., and Sharples,
R.M., ``Hubble Space Telescope observations of the lensing cluster
Abell 2218'', Astrophys. J., 471, 643-656, (1996). For a related
online version see: J.P. Kneib, et al., ``Hubble Space Telescope
observations of the lensing cluster Abell 2218'', (1996), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E471%2E%2E643K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article96
    Kneib, J.P., Mellier, Y., Fort, B., and Mathez, G., ``The Dark
Matter Distribution in Distant Cluster-Lenses: Modelling A370'',
Astron. Astrophys., 273, 367-376, (1993). For a related online version
see: J.P. Kneib, et al., ``The Dark Matter Distribution in Distant
Cluster-Lenses: Modelling A370'', (1993), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E273%2E%2E367K&db_key=AST&high=a2a707877
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article97
    Kochanek, C.S., ``Evidence for dark matter in MG1654+134'',
Astrophys. J., 445, 559-577, (1995). For a related online version see:
C.S. Kochanek, ``Evidence for dark matter in MG1654+134'', (1995),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E445%2E%2E559K&db_key=ASt
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article98
    Kochanek, C.S., ``The Flat-Spectrum Radio Luminosity Function,
Gravitational Lensing, Galaxy Ellipticities, and Cosmology'',
Astrophys. J., 473, 595-609, (1996). For a related online version see:
C.S. Kochanek, ``The Flat-Spectrum Radio Luminosity Function,
Gravitational Lensing, Galaxy Ellipticities, and Cosmology'', (1996),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E466%2E%2E638K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article99
    Kochanek, C.S., ``Is There a Cosmological Constant'', Astrophys.
J., 466, 638-659, (1996). For a related online version see: C.S.
Kochanek, ``Is There a Cosmological Constant'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E466%2E%2E638K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article100
    Kochanek, C.S., and Hewitt, J.N., eds., Astrophysical Applications
of Gravitational Lensing: IAU Symposium 173, (Kluwer, Dordrecht,
1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article101
    Kormann, R., Schneider, P., and Bartelmann, M., ``Isothermal
elliptical gravitational lens models'', Astron. Astrophys., 284,
285-299, (1994). For a related online version see: R. Kormann, et al.,
``Isothermal elliptical gravitational lens models'', (1994), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E284%2E%2E285K&db_key=AST&high=336448a2a712590
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article102
    Kundic, T., Turner, E.L., Colley, W.N., Gott, III, R., and Rhoads,
J.E., ``A robust determination of the time delay in 0957+561A,B and a
measurement of the global value of Hubble's constant'', Astrophys. J.,
482, 75-82, (1997). For a related online version see: T. Kundic, et
al., ``A robust determination of the time delay in 0957+561A,B and a
measurement of the global value of Hubble's constant'', (1997),
[Article in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v482n1/35584/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article103
    Kundic, T., and Wambsganss, J., ``Gravitational Microlensing: The
Effect of Random Motion of Individual Stars in the Lensing Galaxy'',
Astrophys. J., 404, 455-459, (1993). For a related online version see:
T. Kundic, et al., ``Gravitational Microlensing: The Effect of Random
Motion of Individual Stars in the Lensing Galaxy'', (1993), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E404%2E%2E455K&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article104
    Lebach, D.E., Corey, B.E., Shapiro, I.I., Ratner, M.I., and
Webber, J.C., ``Measurement of the solar gravitational deflection of
radio waves using very-long-baseline interferometry'', Phys. Rev. D,
75, 1439, (1995).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article105
    Lennon, D.J., Mao, S., Fuhrmann, K., and Gehren, T., ``The First
Spectroscopic Observations of Caustic Crossing in a Binary
Microlensing Event'', Astrophys. J., 471, L23-L26, (1996). For a
related online version see: D.J. Lennon, et al., ``The First
Spectroscopic Observations of Caustic Crossing in a Binary
Microlensing Event'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited
on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1996ApJ...471L..23L&db_key=AST&high=336448a2a705991
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article106
    Lewis, G.F., Irwin, M.J., and Hewett, P.C., ``Microlensing Induced
Spectral Variability In Q2237+0305'', (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article107
    Lewis, G.F., Irwin, M.J., Hewett, P.C., and Foltz, C.B.,
``Microlensing induced spectral variability in Q2237+0305'', Mon. Not.
R. Astron. Soc., (1998). For a related online version see: G.F. Lewis,
et al., ``Microlensing induced spectral variability in Q2237+0305'',
(November, 1997), [Los Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 September
1998, External Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9711018 . in
press.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article108
    Liebes Jr, S., ``Gravitational Lenses'', Phys. Rev., 133, 835-844,
(1964).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article109
    Link, F., ``Photometric tables for Einstein's deflection of the
light'', Bull. Astron. Inst. Czechoslovakia, 18, 215-218, (1967).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article110
    Luppino, G.A., and Kaiser, N., ``Detection of weak lensing by a
cluster of galaxies at z=0.83'', Astrophys. J., 475, 20-28, (1997).
For a related online version see: G.A. Luppino, et al., ``Detection of
weak lensing by a cluster of galaxies at z=0.83'', (1997), [Article in
Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v475n1/34003/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article111
    Lynds, R., and Petrosian, V., ``Giant luminous arcs in galaxy
clusters'', Bull. Am. Astron. Soc., 18, 1014-1014, (1986).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article112
    Maoz, D., Bahcall, J.N., Schneider, D.P., Bahcall, N.A., and
Djorgovski, S., ``The Hubble Space Telescope snapshot survey. IV. A
summary of the search for gravitationally lensed quasars'', Astrophys.
J., 409, 28-41, (1993). For a related online version see: D. Maoz, et
al., ``The Hubble Space Telescope snapshot survey. IV. A summary of
the search for gravitationally lensed quasars'', (1993), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E409%2E%2E%2E28M&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article113
    Maoz, D., and Rix, H.-W., ``Early-type galaxies, dark halos, and
gravitational lensing statistics'', Astrophys. J., 416, 425-443,
(1993). For a related online version see: D. Maoz, et al., ``Early-
type galaxies, dark halos, and gravitational lensing statistics'',
(1993), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E416%2E%2E425M&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article114
    Maoz, D., Rix, H.-W., Gal-Yam, A., and Gould, A., ``A survey for
large-image separation lensed quasars'', Astrophys. J., 486, 75-84,
(1997). For a related online version see: D. Maoz, et al., ``A survey
for large-image separation lensed quasars'', (1997), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v486n1/35700/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article115
    Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Sanz, J. L., and Cayon, L., ``The Effect of
Weak Gravitational Lensing on the Cosmic Microwave Background
Anisotropy: Flat versus Open Universe Models'', Astrophys. J., 484,
1-6, (1997). For a related online version see: E. Martinez-Gonzalez,
et al., ``The Effect of Weak Gravitational Lensing on the Cosmic
Microwave Background Anisotropy: Flat versus Open Universe Models'',
(1997), [Article in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v484n1/35310/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
116
    McKenzie, R.H., ``A gravitational lens produces an odd number of
images'', J. Math. Phys., 26, 1592, (1985).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article117
    Mellier, Y., Fort, B., and Soucail, G., eds., Gravitational
Lensing, volume 360 of Lecture Notes in Physics, (Springer, Berlin,
1989). Proceedings of a Workshop held in Toulouse, France, September
13-15, 1989.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article118
    Metcalf, R.B., and Silk, J., ``Gravitational Magnification of the
Cosmic Microwave Background'', Astrophys. J., 489, 1-6, (1997). For a
related online version see: R.B. Metcalf, et al., ``Gravitational
Magnification of the Cosmic Microwave Background'', (1997), [Article
in Online Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJ/v489n1/35499/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article119
    Metzner, A.W.K., ``Observable Properties of large relativistic
masses'', J. Math. Phys., 4, 1194-1205, (1963).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article120
    Miralda-Escudé, ``Microlensing Events from Measurements of the
Deflection'', Astrophys. J., 470, L113-L116, (1996). For a related
online version see: Miralda-Escudé, ``Microlensing Events from
Measurements of the Deflection'', (1996), [Article in Online Journal]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v470n2/5347/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article121
    Moran, J.M., Hewitt, J.N., and Lo, K.Y., eds., Gravitational
Lenses: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the MIT in Honour of
Bernard F. Burke's 60th Birthday, number 330 in Lecture Notes in
Physics, (Springer, Berlin, 1989).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article122
    Narayan, R., and Bartelmann, M., ``Lectures on Gravitational
Lensing'', in Proceedings of the 1995 Jerusalem Winter School, (1995).
For a related online version see: R. Narayan, et al., ``Lectures on
Gravitational Lensing'', (1995), [Article in Online Proceedings]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External Linkhttp://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~narayan/papers/JeruLect.ps
. in press.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article123
    Natarajan, P., and Kneib, J.-P., ``Probing the dynamics of cluster-
lenses'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 283, 1031-1046, (1996). For a
related online version see: P. Natarajan, et al., ``Probing the
dynamics of cluster-lenses'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E283%2E1031N&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article124
    Natarajan, P., and Kneib, J.-P., ``Lensing by galaxy haloes in
clusters of galaxies'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 287, 833-847,
(1997). For a related online version see: P. Natarajan, et al.,
``Lensing by galaxy haloes in clusters of galaxies'', (1997), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E287%2E%2E833N&dbkey=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article125
    Nemiroff, R.J., ``Limits on compact dark matter from null results
of searches for lensing of quasistellar objects'', Phys. Rev. Lett.,
66, 538-540, (1991). For a related online version see: R.J. Nemiroff,
``Limits on compact dark matter from null results of searches for
lensing of quasistellar objects'', (1991), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?PhRvL%2E%2E66%2E%2E538N&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article126
    Noonan, T.W., ``The Effect of the Einstein Light Deflection on
Observed Properties of Clusters of Galaxies'', Astron. J., 76, 765,
(1971).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article127
    Observational Astrophysics Group, ``Gravitational Lensing'',
(1998), [Online HTML Document]: cited on 14 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://vela.astro.ulg.ac.be/themes/extragal/gravlens/ .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article128
    Observational Astrophysics Group, ``Radio Rings'', (April, 1997),
[Online HTML Document]: cited on 14 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://vela.astro.ulg.ac.be/themes/extragal/gravlens/bibdat/engl/table3.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article129
    Oscoz, A., Mediavilla, E., Goicoechea, L.-J., Serra-Ricart, M.,
and Buitrago, J., ``Time delay of QSO 0957+561 and cosmological
implications'', Astrophys. J., 479, L89-92, (1997). For a related
online version see: A. Oscoz, et al., ``Time delay of QSO 0957+561 and
cosmological implications'', (1997), [Article in Online Journal]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v479n2/5874/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article130
    Østensen, R., Refsdal, S., Stabell, R., Teuber, J., and
Emanuelsen, P.I., ``Monitoring of the Einstein Cross with the Nordic
Optical Telescope'', Astron. Astrophys., 303, 59-64, (1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article131
    Paczynski, B., ``Gravitational Microlensing at large optical
depth'', Astrophys. J., 301, 503-516, (1986). For a related online
version see: B. Paczynski, ``Gravitational Microlensing at large
optical depth'', (1986), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E301%2E%2E503P&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article132
    Paczynski, B., ``Gravitational Microlensing by the galactic
Halo'', Astrophys. J., 304, 1-5, (1986). For a related online version
see: B. Paczynski, ``Gravitational Microlensing by the galactic
Halo'', (1986), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E304%2E%2E%2E%2E1P&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article133
    Paczynski, B., ``Gravitational microlensing by double stars and
planetary systems'', Astrophys. J., 374, L37-L40, (1991). For a
related online version see: B. Paczynski, ``Gravitational microlensing
by double stars and planetary systems'', (1991), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E374L%2E%2E37M&dbkey=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article134
    Paczynski, B., ``Gravitational Microlensing in the Local Group'',
Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 34, 419-459, (1996). For a related
online version see: B. Paczynski, ``Gravitational Microlensing in the
Local Group'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ARA%26A%2E%2E34%2E%2E419P&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article135
    Pelt, J., Kayser, R., Refsdal, S., and Schramm, T., ``The light
curve and the time delay of QSO 0957+561'', Astron. Astrophys., 305,
97-106, (1996). For a related online version see: J. Pelt, et al.,
``The light curve and the time delay of QSO 0957+561'', (1996), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E305%2E%2E%2E97P&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article136
    Petters, A.O., Levine, H., and Wambsganss, J., Singularity Theory
and Gravitational Lensing, (Birkhäuser, Basel, 1998).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article137
    Pospieszalska-Surdej, A., Surdej, J., and Veron, P., ``The
`Gravitational Lensing' Bibliography'', in Astrophysical Applications
of Gravitational Lensing: IAU Symposium 173, 415-418, (Kluwer,
Dordrecht, 1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article138
    Pratt, M.R., and the GMAN collaboration, ``Real Time detection of
gravitational microlensing'', in Astrophysical Applications of
Gravitational Lensing: IAU Symposium 173, 221-226, (Kluwer, Dordrecht,
1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article139
    Press, W.H., ``Prognosticating the Future of Gravitational
lenses'', in Astrophysical Applications of Gravitational Lensing: IAU
Symposium 173, 407-414, (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article140
    Press, W.H., and Gunn, J.E., ``Method for detecting a cosmological
density of condensed objects'', Astrophys. J., 185, 397-412, (1973).
For a related online version see: W.H. Press, et al., ``Method for
detecting a cosmological density of condensed objects'', (1973), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E185%2E%2E397P&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article141
    Press, W.H., Rybicki, G.B., and Hewitt, J.N., ``The time delay of
gravitational lens 0957+561. II. Analysis of radio data, and combined
optical-radio analysis'', Astrophys. J., 385, 416-420, (1992). For a
related online version see: W.H. Press, et al., ``The time delay of
gravitational lens 0957+561. II. Analysis of radio data, and combined
optical-radio analysis'', (1992), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E385%2E%2E416P&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article142
    Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork, ``PLANET Homepage'', (April,
1998), [Online HTML Document]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.astro.rug.nl/~planet/index.html .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article143
    Rauch, K.P., and Blandford, R.D., Astrophys. J., 381, 39, (1991).
For a related online version see: K.P. Rauch, et al., ``Microlensing
and the structure of active galactic nucleus accretion disk'', (1991),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E381L%2E%2E39R&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article144
    Refsdal, S., ``The gravitational lens effect'', Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 128, 295, (1964).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article145
    Refsdal, S., ``On the possibility of determining Hubble's
parameter and the masses of galaxies from the gravitational lens
effect'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 128, 307, (1964).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article146
    Refsdal, S., ``On the possibility of determining the distance and
masses of stars from the gravitational lens effect'', Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 132, 101, (1966).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article147
    Refsdal, S., ``On the possibility of testing cosmological theories
from the gravitational lens effect'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 132,
101, (1966).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article148
    Refsdal, S., ``On the Propagation of light in universes with
inhomogeneous mass distribution'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 159,
357, (1970).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article149
    Refsdal, S., and Surdej, J., ``Gravitational Lenses'', Rep. Prog.
Phys., 56, 117, (1994).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article150
    Renault, C., Afonso, C., Aubourg, E., Bareyre, P., Bauer, F., and
Brehin, S., ``Observational limits on machos in the Galactic Halo'',
Astron. Astrophys., 324 (L69-L72), (1997). For a related online
version see: C. Renault, et al., ``Observational limits on machos in
the Galactic Halo'', (1997), [Online Journal]: cited on 15 September
1998, External Linkhttp://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00230/bibs/7324003/2300l69/small.htm
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article151
    Renn, J., Sauer, T., and Stachel, J., ``The origin of
gravitational lensing: A postscript to Einstein's 1936 Science
paper'', Science, 275, 184-186, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article152
    Rix, H.-W., ``Lensing Limits on the cosmological constant'', 1-6,
(1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article153
    Robinson, L.J., ``Early thoughts about Lenses in the Sky'', Sky
and Telescope, 387-389, (November, 1983).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article154
    Roulet, E., and Mollerach, S., ``Microlensing'', Phys. Rep., 279,
67-118, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article155
    Sachs, R.K., ``Gravitational Waves in General Relativity VI. The
outgoing radiation condition'', Phys. Rev. Lett., 264, 309, (1961).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article156
    Sanitt, N., ``Quasi-stellar objects and gravitational lenses'',
Nature, 234, 199-201, (1971).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article157
    Schechter, P., ``Distance Estimates From Time Delay Measurements
Of Multiply Imaged, Gravitationally Lensed QSOs: Observational
Perspective'', (1997), [Online Article from Strasbourg Meeting on
Distance Scale Proceedings]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://astro.u-strasbg.fr/howfar/schechter.html . Editorial note:
URL updated on 31 Aug 2001.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article158
    Schechter, P.L., Bailyn, C.D., Barr, R., Barvainis, R., and
Becker, C.M., ``The quadruple gravitational lens PG 1115+080: Time
delays and models'', 475, L85-L88, (1997). For a related online
version see: P.L. Schechter, et al., ``The quadruple gravitational
lens PG 1115+080: Time delays and models'', (1997), [Artcle in Online
Journal]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v475n2/5649/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article159
    Schild, R., and Thomson, D.J., ``Twin QSO Q0957+561 time delay
dataset'', Astrophys. J., 109, 1970-1979, (1995). For a related online
version see: R. Schild, et al., ``Twin QSO Q0957+561 time delay
dataset'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E109%2E1970S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article160
    Schild, R., and Thomson, D.J., ``The Q0957+561 time delay from
optical data'', Astrophys. J., 113, 130-135, (1997). For a related
online version see: R. Schild, et al., ``The Q0957+561 time delay from
optical data'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E113%2E%2E130S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
161
    Schneider, P., ``The amplification caused by gravitational bending
of light'', Astron. Astrophys., 40, 119-124, (1984). For a related
online version see: P. Schneider, ``The amplification caused by
gravitational bending of light'', (1984), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1984A%26A...140..119S&db_key=AST&high=336448a2a709160
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article162
    Schneider, P., ``A new formulation of gravitational lens theory,
time-delay, and Fermat's principle'', Astron. Astrophys., 143,
413-420, (1985). For a related online version see: P. Schneider, ``A
new formulation of gravitational lens theory, time-delay, and Fermat's
principle'', (1985), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E143%2E%2E413S&db_key=AST&high=a2a703530
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article163
    Schneider, P., ``Upper bounds on the cosmological density of
compact objects with sub-solar masses from the variability of QSOs'',
Astron. Astrophys., 279, 1-20, (1993). For a related online version
see: P. Schneider, ``Upper bounds on the cosmological density of
compact objects with sub-solar masses from the variability of QSOs'',
(1993), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E279%2E%2E%2E%2E1S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article164
    Schneider, P., ``Detection of (dark) matter concentrations via
weak gravitational lensing'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 283, 837-853,
(1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article165
    Schneider, P., and Bartelmann, M., ``Weak Gravitational Lensing'',
in preparation, (1998).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article166
    Schneider, P., Ehlers, J., and Falco, E.E., Gravitational Lenses,
(Springer, Berlin, 1992).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article167
    Schneider, P., and Seitz, C., ``Steps towards nonlinear cluster
inversion through gravitational distortions. I.Basic considerations
and circular clusters'', Astron. Astrophys., 294, 411-431, (1995). For
a related online version see: P. Schneider, et al., ``Steps towards
nonlinear cluster inversion through gravitational distortions. I.Basic
considerations and circular clusters'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E294%2E%2E411S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article168
    Schneider, P., and Weiss, A., ``A gravitational lens origin for
AGN-variability? Consequences of micro-lensing'', Astron. Astrophys.,
171, 49-65, (1987). For a related online version see: P. Schneider, et
al., ``A gravitational lens origin for AGN-variability? Consequences
of micro-lensing'', (1987), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on
15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E171%2E%2E%2E49S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article169
    Schramm, T., ``A toolbox for general elliptical gravitational
lenses'', Astron. Astrophys., 284, 44-50, (1994).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article170
    Seitz, C., Kneib, J.-P., Schneider, P., and Seitz, S., ``The mass
distribution of CL0939+4713 obtained from a `weak' lensing analysis of
a WFPC2 image'', Astron. Astrophys., 314, 707-720, (1996). For a
related online version see: C. Seitz, et al., ``The mass distribution
of CL0939+4713 obtained from a `weak' lensing analysis of a WFPC2
image'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E314%2E%2E707S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article171
    Seitz, S., and Schneider, P., ``Cluster lens reconstruction using
only observed local data: an improved finite-field inversion
technique'', Astron. Astrophys., 305, 383-401, (1996). For a related
online version see: S. Seitz, et al., ``Cluster lens reconstruction
using only observed local data: an improved finite-field inversion
technique'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E305%2E%2E383S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article172
    Seljak, U., ``Gravitational lensing effect on cosmic microwave
background anisotropies: a power spectrum approach'', Astrophys. J.,
463, 1-7, (1996). For a related online version see: U. Seljak,
``Gravitational lensing effect on cosmic microwave background
anisotropies: a power spectrum approach'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy
Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E463%2E%2E%2E%2E1S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article173
    Smail, I., Ellis, R.S., Fitchett, M.J., and Edge, A.C.,
``Gravitational lensing of distant field galaxies by rich clusters -
II. Cluster mass distribution'', Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 273,
277-294, (1995).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article174
    Soldner, J., ``Ueber die Ablenkung eines Lichtstrals von seiner
geradlinigen Bewegung, durch die Attraktion eines Weltkörpers, an
welchem er nahe vorbei geht'', Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch für
das Jahr 1804, 161-172, (1805).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article175
    Soucail, G., Fort, B., Mellier, Y., and Picat, J.P., ``A blue ring-
like structure in the center of the A 370 cluster of galaxies'',
Astron. Astrophys., 172, L14-L16, (1987). For a related online version
see: G. Soucail, et al., ``A blue ring-like structure in the center of
the A 370 cluster of galaxies'', (1987), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E172L%2E%2E14S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article176
    Space Telescope Science Institute, ``Gravitational Lens Captures
Image of Primeval Galaxy'', [Online HTML Document]: cited on 14
September 1998, External Linkhttp://oposite.stsci.edu/pubinfo/PR/96/10/A.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article177
    Squires, G., and Kaiser, N., ``Unbiased cluster lens
reconstruction'', Astrophys. J., 473, 65-80, (1996). For a related
online version see: G. Squires, et al., ``Unbiased cluster lens
reconstruction'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on
15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E473%2E%2E%2E65S&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article178
    Surdej, J., Fraipont-Caro, D., Gosset, E., Refsdal, S., and Remy.,
M., eds., Gravitational Lenses in the Universe, Proceedings of the
31th Liége Astrophysical Colloquium, (Presses universitaires de Liège,
Liège, 1993), Liége Astrophysical Colloquium.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article179
    Swings, J.P., ed., Quasars and Gravitational Lenses: Proceedings
of the 24th Liège Astrophysical Colloquim, (Presses universitaires de
Liège, Liège, 1983).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article180
    The AGAPE Collaboration, ``AGAPE Homepage'', (August, 1996),
[Online HTML Document]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://cdfinfo.in2p3.fr/Experiences/Astrop/AGAPE/agape-en.html .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article181
    The MOA Project, ``The MOA Project Homepage'', (August, 1998),
[Online HTML Document]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.vuw.ac.nz/scps/moa/index.html . Editorial note: URL
updated on 31 Aug 2001.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article182
    The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, ``OGLE Homepage'',
(1998), [Online HTML Document]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://bulge.princeton.edu/~ogle/ . Editorial note: URL updated on
31 Aug 2001.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article183
    Turner, E.L., ``Gravitational lensing limits on the cosmological
constant in a flat universe'', Astrophys. J., 365, L43-L46, (1990).
For a related online version see: E.L. Turner, ``Gravitational lensing
limits on the cosmological constant in a flat universe'', (1990), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E365L%2E%2E43T&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article184
    Turner, E.L., Ostriker, J.P., and Gott III, R., ``The statistics
of gravitational lenses: the distributions of image angular
separations and lens redshifts'', Astrophys. J., 284, 1-22, (1984).
For a related online version see: E.L. Turner, et al., ``The
statistics of gravitational lenses: the distributions of image angular
separations and lens redshifts'', (1984), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E284%2E%2E%2E%2E1T&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article185
    Tyson, J.A., Valdes, F., Jarvis, J.F., Mills, A.P., and Tyson,
J.A., ``Galaxy mass distribution from gravitational light
deflection'', Astrophys. J., 281, L59-L62, (1984). For a related
online version see: J.A. Tyson, et al., ``Galaxy mass distribution
from gravitational light deflection'', (1984), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E281L%2E%2E59T&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article186
    Tyson, J.A., Valdes, F., and Wenk, R.A., ``Detection of systematic
gravitational lens image alignments: mapping dark matter in galaxy
clusters'', Astrophys. J., 349, L1-L4, (1990). For a related online
version see: J.A. Tyson, et al., ``Detection of systematic
gravitational lens image alignments: mapping dark matter in galaxy
clusters'', (1990), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E349L%2E%2E%2E1T&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article187
    Udalski, A., Kubiak, M., and Szymanski, M., ``Optical
Gravitational Lensing Experiment. OGLE-2 - The second phase of the
OGLE project'', Acta Astron., 47, 319-344, (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article188
    Udalski, A., Szymanski, M., Ka tex2html_wrap3355 uzny, J., Kubiak,
M., and Krzeminski, W., ``The optical gravitational lensing
experiment. Discovery of the first candidate microlensing event in the
direction of the Galactic Bulge'', Acta Astron., 43, 289-294, (1993).
For a related online version see: A. Udalski, et al., ``The optical
gravitational lensing experiment. Discovery of the first candidate
microlensing event in the direction of the Galactic Bulge'', (1993),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AcA%2E%2E%2E%2E43%2E%2E289U&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article189
    Udalski, A., Szymanski, M., Mao, S., Di Stefano, R., Ka
tex2html_wrap3355 uzny, J., Kubiak, M., Mateo, M., and Krzeminski, W.,
``The optical gravitational lensing experiment: OGLE no. 7: Binary
microlens or a new unusual variable?'', Astrophys. J., 436, 103-106,
(1994). For a related online version see: A. Udalski, et al., ``The
optical gravitational lensing experiment: OGLE no. 7: Binary microlens
or a new unusual variable?'', (1994), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E436L%2E103U&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article190
    Udalski, A., Szymanski, M., Stanek, K.Z., Ka tex2html_wrap3355
uzny, J., Kubiak, M., Mateo, M., Krzeminski, W., Paczynski, B., and
Venkat, R., ``The optical gravitational lensing experiment'', Acta
Astron., 44, 165-189, (1994). For a related online version see: A.
Udalski, et al., ``The optical gravitational lensing experiment'',
(1994), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AcA%2E%2E%2E%2E44%2E%2E165U&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article191
    Valdes, F., Tyson, J.A., and Jarvis, J., ``Alignment of faint
galaxy images: Cosmological distortion and rotation'', 431-441,
(1983).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article192
    Vanderriest, C., Schneider, J., Herpe, G., Chèvreton, M., Moles,
M., and Wlérick, G., ``The value of the time delay
tex2html_wrap_inline3347 T (A, B) for the `double' quasar 0957+561
from optical photometric monitoring'', Astron. Astrophys., 215, 1-13,
(1989). For a related online version see: C. Vanderriest, et al.,
``The value of the time delay tex2html_wrap_inline3347 T (A, B) for
the `double' quasar 0957+561 from optical photometric monitoring'',
(1989), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E215%2E%2E%2E%2E1V&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article193
    Walsh, D., ``0957+561: The unpublished Story'', in Gravitational
Lenses: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the MIT in Honour of
Bernard F. Burke's 60th Birthday, Lecture Notes in Physics, 11-22,
(Springer, Berlin, 1989).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article194
    Walsh, D., Carswell, R.F., and Weymann, R.J., ``0957+561 A, B:
twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens?'', Nature, 279,
381-384, (1979). For a related online version see: D. Walsh, et al.,
``0957+561 A, B: twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens?'',
(1979), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?Natur%2E279%2E%2E381W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article195
    Wambsganss, J., Gravitational Microlensing, PhD thesis, (Munich,
1990). Also available as preprint MPA550, MPI für Astrophysik. For a
related online version see: J. Wambsganss, ``Gravitational
Microlensing'', (1990), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?N92%2D22300%2E%2E%2E%2E%2EW&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article196
    Wambsganss, J., ``Discovering Galactic planets by gravitational
microlensing: magnification patterns and light curves'', Mon. Not. R.
Astron. Soc., 284, 172-188, (1997). For a related online version see:
J. Wambsganss, ``Discovering Galactic planets by gravitational
microlensing: magnification patterns and light curves'', (1997), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E284%2E%2E172W&db_key=AST&high=336448a2a707922
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article197
    Wambsganss, J., Cen, R., Xu, G., and Ostriker, J.P., ``Effects of
Weak Gravitational Lensing on the Determination of q
tex2html_wrap_inline3339 '', Astrophys. J., 475, L81-L84, (1997). For
a related online version see: J. Wambsganss, et al., ``Effects of Weak
Gravitational Lensing on the Determination of q
tex2html_wrap_inline3339 '', (1997), [Article in Online Journal]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ApJ/journal/issues/ApJL/v475n2/5399/sc0.html
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article198
    Wambsganss, J., and Kundic, T., ``Gravitational microlensing by
random motion of stars: analysis of light curves'', Astrophys. J.,
450, 19-26, (1995). For a related online version see: J. Wambsganss,
et al., ``Gravitational microlensing by random motion of stars:
analysis of light curves'', (1995), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E450%2E%2E%2E19W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article199
    Wambsganss, J., Paczynski, B., and Schneider, P., ``Interpretation
of the microlensing event in QSO 2237+0305'', Astrophys. J., 358, L33-
L36, (1990). For a related online version see: J. Wambsganss, et al.,
``Interpretation of the microlensing event in QSO 2237+0305'', (1990),
[ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?ApJ%2E%2E%2E358L%2E%2E33W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article200
    Webster, R.L., Ferguson, A.M.N., Corrigan, R.T., and Irwin, M.J.,
``Interpreting the lightcurve of Q 2237+0305'', Astrophys. J., 102,
1939-1945, (1991). For a related online version see: R.L. Webster, et
al., ``Interpreting the lightcurve of Q 2237+0305'', (1991), [ADS
Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E102%2E1939W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article201
    Webster, R.L., Hewett, P.C., and Irwin, M.J., ``An automated
survey for gravitational lenses'', Astron. J., 95, 19-25, (1988). For
a related online version see: R.L. Webster, et al., ``An automated
survey for gravitational lenses'', (1988), [ADS Astronomy Abstract
Service]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E%2E95%2E%2E%2E19W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article202
    Weinberg, S., Gravitation and Cosmology, (Wiley, New York, 1972).
A2
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article203
    Welch, D., and Quinn, P., ``MACHO Project WWW Home Page'',
(August, 1998), [Online HTML Document]: cited on 14 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://wwwmacho.mcmaster.ca/ .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article204
    Williams, L.L.R., and Irwin, M.J., ``Angular correlations between
LBQS and APM: Weak Lensing by the Large Scale Structure'', submitted
to Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., (1997).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article205
    Williams, L.L.R., and Schechter, P.L., ``Measurement of the Hubble
Constant via Gravitational Lensing - A Review of the Jodrell Bank
`Golden Lenses' Workshop'', Astron. and Geophys. J., 38, 10-14,
(1997). For a related online version see: L.L.R. Williams, et al.,
``Measurement of the Hubble Constant via Gravitational Lensing - A
Review of the Jodrell Bank `Golden Lenses' Workshop'', (1997), [Online
Los Alamos Archive Preprint]: cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9709059 .
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article206
    Wilson, G., Cole, S., and Frenk, C.S., ``Cluster mass
reconstruction from weak gravitational lensing'', Mon. Not. R. Astron.
Soc., 280, 199-218, (1996). For a related online version see: G.
Wilson, et al., ``Cluster mass reconstruction from weak gravitational
lensing'', (1996), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15
September 1998, External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?MNRAS%2E280%2E%2E199W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article207
    Witt, H.J., Kayser, R., and Refsdal, S., ``Microlensing
predictions for the Einstein Cross 2237+0305'', Astron. Astrophys.,
268, 501-510, (1993). For a related online version see: H.J. Witt, et
al., ``Microlensing predictions for the Einstein Cross 2237+0305'',
(1993), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]: cited on 15 September 1998,
External Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?A%26A%2E%2E%2E268%2E%2E501W&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article208
    Wu, X.-P., ``Gravitational Lensing in the universe'', Fundamentals
Cosm. Phys., 17, 1-94, (1996).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article209
    Yee, H.K.C., Filippenko, A.V., and Tang, D., ``A high-resolution
gravitational lens survey'', Astron. J., 105, 7-16, (1993). For a
related online version see: H.K.C. Yee, et al., ``A high-resolution
gravitational lens survey'', (1993), [ADS Astronomy Abstract Service]:
cited on 15 September 1998, External
Linkhttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?AJ%2E%2E%2E%2E105%2E%2E%2E%2E7Y&db_key=AST
.
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article210
    Zwicky, F., ``Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses'', Phys. Rev. Lett.,
51, 290, (1937).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC][close]
Jump To The First Citation Point In The Article211
    Zwicky, F., ``On the Probability of Detecting Nebulae Which Act as
Gravitational Lenses'', Phys. Rev. Lett., 51, 679, (1937).
    [BibTeX][RIS][EndNote][RefDB XML][RDF+DC]
Technical Details
Message-ID: <ffde466d-2b00-49d8-a220-7905cc407724@l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com>
Path: arc1-ca.pugleaf.net!g2news1.google.com!postnews.google.com!l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com!not-for-mail
References: <acc87498-7d1a-4bf8-b205-e24b29b6f04b@s8g2000prg.googlegroups.com> <v2Wjj.38861$lD6.27743@newssvr27.news.prodigy.net> <f45cdd6a-6cba-49f6-aef9-089ac65e4d1b@k2g2000hse.googlegroups.com> <fmr47v$fqo$03$1@news.t-online.com> <3783ed0d-aae7-4f13-b98e-cfe1317f8846@i29g2000prf.googlegroups.com> <103d8159-99ea-4e36-ae69-9ec44ab0f656@i72g2000hsd.googlegroups.com> <3fdd0a4e-750d-4827-8c08-43bb149a1ea8@c23g2000hsa.googlegroups.com> <2779c90b-ee26-4e4a-984b-ac47a699e7e4@s8g2000prg.googlegroups.com> <d7fe61d8-2240-448d-be59-546335c2d78b@l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com> <df20ae31-5415-42df-a347-94d36ba77f12@s8g2000prg.googlegroups.com> <8293d8b7-8057-4a2a-a7f0-d190c3ddc8df@s12g2000prg.googlegroups.com>

Show Full Headers
Complete Article Headers
X-Google-Thread: 10f545,e60ad8b8bd890c74
X-Google-Thread: 10b271,4fd262761489fde
X-Google-Thread: f74ae,4fd262761489fde
X-Google-Thread: fa4c1,4fd262761489fde
X-Google-Thread: 1139f8,4fd262761489fde
X-Google-Attributes: gid10f545,gid10b271,gidf74ae,gidfa4c1,gid1139f8,public,usenet
X-Google-Language: ENGLISH,ASCII
Path: arc1-ca.pugleaf.net!g2news1.google.com!postnews.google.com!l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com!not-for-mail
From: Dono <sa_ge@comcast.net>
Newsgroups: sci.physics.relativity, sci.physics, sci.astro, fr.sci.physique, 
 fr.sci.maths
Subject: Re: Fermat's principle and curved spacetime
Date: Thu, 24 Jan 2008 06:19:38 -0800 (PST)
Organization: http://groups.google.com
Lines: 1713
Message-ID: <ffde466d-2b00-49d8-a220-7905cc407724@l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com>
References: <acc87498-7d1a-4bf8-b205-e24b29b6f04b@s8g2000prg.googlegroups.com> 
 <v2Wjj.38861$lD6.27743@newssvr27.news.prodigy.net> <f45cdd6a-6cba-49f6-aef9-089ac65e4d1b@k2g2000hse.googlegroups.com>
 <fmr47v$fqo$03$1@news.t-online.com> <3783ed0d-aae7-4f13-b98e-cfe1317f8846@i29g2000prf.googlegroups.com>
 <103d8159-99ea-4e36-ae69-9ec44ab0f656@i72g2000hsd.googlegroups.com>
 <3fdd0a4e-750d-4827-8c08-43bb149a1ea8@c23g2000hsa.googlegroups.com>
 <2779c90b-ee26-4e4a-984b-ac47a699e7e4@s8g2000prg.googlegroups.com>
 <d7fe61d8-2240-448d-be59-546335c2d78b@l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com>
 <df20ae31-5415-42df-a347-94d36ba77f12@s8g2000prg.googlegroups.com>
 <8293d8b7-8057-4a2a-a7f0-d190c3ddc8df@s12g2000prg.googlegroups.com>
NNTP-Posting-Host: 24.7.124.53
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
X-Trace: posting.google.com 1201184378 5415 127.0.0.1 (24 Jan 2008 14:19:38 GMT)
X-Complaints-To: groups-abuse@google.com
NNTP-Posting-Date: Thu, 24 Jan 2008 14:19:38 +0000 (UTC)
Complaints-To: groups-abuse@google.com
Injection-Info: l32g2000hse.googlegroups.com; posting-host=24.7.124.53; 
 posting-account=vma-PgoAAABrctSmMdefNKZ-c5S8buvP
User-Agent: G2/1.0
X-HTTP-UserAgent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.7.2) 
 Gecko/20040804 Netscape/7.2 (ax),gzip(gfe),gzip(gfe)